question

The statement that "culture is the complex whole" was made by:

answer

Edward B. Tylor

question

Which discipline defines itself as "the systematic study of human society?"

answer

sociology

question

What is the term for the ways of thinking, ways of acting, and material objects that together form a people's way of life?

answer

culture

question

Standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful are called:

answer

values

question

What researchers employing (blank) methods do is collect data from written reports, newspaper articles, journals, transcripts, television programs, diaries, artwork, and other artifacts hat date tot he period they want to study

answer

Historical

question

The process by which people act and react in relation to others is called

answer

Social interaction

question

The functions of schooling include

answer

Creating new culture, helping to integrate a diverse society, socializing the young

question

Knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings is known as:

answer

technology

question

An internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of settings, regardless of whether we've encountered those people or places before is known as:

answer

generalized others

question

behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status is known as

answer

role

question

the social sciences, including sociology, make the claim that

answer

humans have instincts that guide our lives

question

Peter Berger describes using the sociological perspective as seeing the (blank) in the (blank)

answer

general; particular

question

the concept "sociology" was coined in 1838 by

answer

Auguste Comte

question

According to the text, we might define (blank) as any formats or vehicles that carry, present or communicate information

answer

media

question

Most of today's sociologists agree with Auguste Comte's claim that

answer

science has an important place in sociology

question

Which concept refers to a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life?

answer

master status

question

Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of the

answer

id

question

Which early sociologist received the first doctorate ever awarded by Harvard University to a person of color?

answer

W.E.B. Du Bois

question

Cars, computers, and iPhones are all examples of which of the following?

answer

Material culture

question

Which of the following is an important element of nonverbal communication

answer

hand gestures

question

Which of the following would be the focus of a social-conflict analysis of sports

answer

how sports reflect social inequality

question

a research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions is known as

answer

an experiment

question

who coined the term sociological imagination

answer

C. Wright Mills

question

Shawna is an excellent artist, but as a mother she feels that she cannot work and devote enough time to her family. She is experiencing

answer

role conflict

question

unlike simple stereotypes, sociological generalizations

answer

all of the above

question

When Charles Horton Cooley used the concept of the "looking-glass self," he claimed that

answer

people see themselves as they think others see them

question

Personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life . . . in other words, not being able to make sense of your surroundings is known as

answer

culture shock

question

A framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is known as:

answer

structural-functionalist approach

question

Family is important to the socialization process because

answer

all of the above

question

(blank) refers to ties that reinforced through indirect paths within a social network

answer

embeddedness

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Cultural transmission refers to the process of

answer

passing cultural patterns from one generation to another.

question

Which of the following examples illustrates a micro-level focus?

answer

two people on an airplane getting to know one another

question

W.E.B. Du Bois described African Americans as having a "double consciousness" because

answer

they are Americans citizens who have a second identity based on their skin color

question

When speaking about the social-conflict approach, Karl Marx argued that the point of studying society should be

answer

to bring about greater social justice

question

From a historical perspective, the importance of the mass media to the socialization process has

answer

increased over time

question

A ________________ is anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture.

answer

symbol

question

________________ refers to the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male.

answer

gender

question

_____________________ refers to how many rules guide your daily life and what you can reasonably expect from the world on a day-to-day basis.

answer

social regulation

question

All of the statuses a person holds at any given time is known as:

answer

Status set

question

A theoretical approach that explores ways in which human biology affects how we create culture is known as:

answer

sociobiology

question

The surrounding area over which a person makes some claim to privacy is known as:

answer

their bedroom

question

Which pioneering sociologist founded Chicago's Hull House to assist immigrants and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize?

answer

Jane Addams

question

Humor is produced by:

answer

the social construction of reality

question

A scientific approach to knowledge based on "positive" facts as opposed to mere speculation is known as:

answer

positivism

question

The view advanced by Erving Goffman of social life as essentially a theatrical performance in which we are all actors is known as:

answer

dramaturgical theory

question

Who helped launch the discipline of sociology by studying the evils of slavery and also by translating the writings of Auguste Comte?

answer

Harriet Martineau

question

As part of human culture, religion is an example of:

answer

nonmaterial culture

question

__________ are rules about everyday, casual living; __________ are rules with great moral significance.

answer

folkways; mores

question

A complex group of interdependent positions that, together, perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time, also defined in a narrow sense as any institution in a society that works to shape the behavior of the groups or people within it is known as a

answer

social institution

question

Which sociological perspective claims that it is not so much what people do that matters as much as what meaning they attach to their behavior?

answer

symbolic approach

question

crime differs from deviance in that crime

answer

refers to a violation of norms enacted into the law

question

a temporary, loosely formed collection of people who may or may not interact is a

answer

crowd

question

which type of leader encourages everyone in a group to have a say in what happens?

answer

democratic leader

question

(blank) was known as the first lady of management

answer

Lillian Gilbreth

question

(blank) had what many referred to as a humanizing influence on management

answer

Henry Gantt

question

(blank) was known as the mother of conflict resolution

answer

Mary Parker Follett

question

the U.S. department of justice has determined that a (blank) crime is organized criminal activity across one or more national borders

answer

transnational crime

question

what is the sociological term coined by Irving Janis for a limited understanding of some issue resulting from group conformity

answer

groupthink

question

the argument that some organizational researchers make that women bring special management skills that actually strengthen an organization is known as

answer

female advantage

question

men are arrested (blank) as often as women for property crimes

answer

twice

question

in Marx's view, social stratification is rooted in

answer

people's relationship to the means of production

question

the concept feminization of poverty refers to the fact that in the US

answer

women make up an increasing percentage of the poor

question

which type of social group commands a member's esteem and loyalty

answer

an in-group

question

according to the text, in general terms, the concept of due process means that anyone charged with a crime must receive all but one of the following

answer

the right to have an arresting officer removed from the force

question

according to the ancient Greek philosopher (blank) every culture considers some type of inequality fair

answer

plato

question

a business supplying illegal goods or services is known as

answer

organized crime

question

crimes against the person are known as

answer

violent crimes

question

the attempt by society to regulate people's thought and behavior is known as

answer

social control

question

which of the following statements illustrates the medicalization of deviance

answer

all of the above

question

in Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance, which of the following concepts refers to the process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting the conventional means to achieve them

answer

innovation

question

Stanley Milgram's research, in which subjects used a shock generator showed

answer

people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders of not only real authority figures but also groups of ordinary individuals

question

relative poverty is

answer

found everywhere

question

(blank) is closely related to social standing

answer

health

question

the concept of mcdonaldization of society refers to

answer

mcdonald's organizational principles moving to dominate all of society

question

social stratification based on personal merit is known as

answer

meritocracy

question

which of the following is the best example of a primary group

answer

a family that has gathered to celebrate a religious holiday

question

by world standards, the U.S. crime rate is

answer

high

question

while some deviance may be necessary for a society to function (blank) argued that too much deviance results from particular social arrangements

answer

Robert Merton

question

According to the text, one important dimension of economic inequality is

answer

income

question

work involving mostly mental activity is called

answer

white-collar work

question

A statistical technique called "individual fixed effects" is sometimes used in the social sciences. This technique involves:

answer

comparing an outcome across time as some factor changes

question

Your text defines poverty as a condition of deprivation due to:

answer

economic circumstances

question

Which of the following is a practice that supports the culture of poverty argument?

answer

multifamily households

question

During the mid-twentieth century in the United States, many blacks moved north to escape Jim Crow laws in

answer

competition for housing and employment in the North, resulting in violent clashes between whites and blacks

question

Asians have been applauded for their smooth assimilation and are referred to as:

answer

model minority

question

The study of gender is basically the study of how two spheres shape each other. What are the two spheres?

answer

nature and nurture

question

Which theoretical perspective assumed that every society had certain structures that existed to fulfill some set of necessary functions?

answer

structural-functionalism

question

Alfred Kinsey's 1948 study, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, is important because:

answer

it studied subjects that were once considered abnormal

question

Although race has no deterministic, biological basis, it still:

answer

important social influence

question

Which term refers to the belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal traits?

answer

racism

question

Which nation has one of the highest poverty rates in the advanced world?

answer

United States

question

One of the explanations of continued racism in America is:

answer

we colonized others within the country itself, as with slavery

question

According to the underclass thesis, the poor are:

answer

deviant and dangerous to the mainstream

question

Surgeons today recommend prompt surgery to make intersex children conform to an ideal of normal genitalia. About 90 percent of these surgeries

answer

change a male into a female

question

A lot of people who are eligible for food stamps in the United States don't apply for them. Why?

answer

are not always optimally located for recipients.

question

What was one of the major outcomes of Clinton's 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act?

answer

limited the amount of time one could receive benefits

question

Which term describes the measurement of poverty where a household's income falls below the necessary level to purchase food to physically sustain its members?

answer

absolute poverty

question

Inappropriate jokes on the job and sexual bartering are both examples of:

answer

sexual harrassment

question

Jobs that have been feminized, such as teaching or secretarial work, are also referred to as:

answer

pink-collared jobs

question

Although women now outnumber men in terms of college enrollment, men still dominate which fields?

answer

math and physics

question

Until 1973, the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association listed homosexuality as:

answer

mental disorder

question

In cultures where scant resources are available, homosexuality is practical because:

answer

keep down the birthrate

question

Patricia Hill Collins claims that gender intersects with race, class, nationality, and religion. Which group has made the case that early liberal feminism was largely by, about, and for white middle-class women?

answer

black feminists

question

Which of the following situations provides an example of how the social categories of gender influence the biology of sex?

answer

Growing up as the opposite sex because of socialization

question

The basic idea behind feminism is that women and men should be:

answer

accorded equal opportunities and respect

question

As defined by C. Wright Mills, which of the following "enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society?

answer

sociological imagination

question

How does the textbook author use the dialogue from Pulp Fiction, in which the characters discuss how in Holland people put mayonnaise on their french fries?

answer

to explain the sociological imagination

question

Sociologists and economists have shown that the benefits of higher education include higher median incomes for college graduates. This is known as:

answer

the returns to schooling

question

In today's society, Randall Collins might suggest that getting a "piece of paper" is more important to many than actually having the knowledge to do a job. He calls the priority placed on formal education:

answer

credentialism

question

A family, as a group of people living together sharing individual stories, make up a(n):

answer

social institution

question

Which of the following sociologists developed the theory of positivism?

answer

August Comte

question

Which of the following lists the individuals known as "the founding fathers of the sociological discipline"?

answer

Durkheim, Marx, and Weber

question

Which of the following sociologists wrote Suicide in 1897?

answer

Emile Durkheim

question

Which of the following was the first African American to receive a PhD from Harvard University?

answer

W.E.B. Du Bois

question

In contrast to functionalism, which modern sociological theory borrows from Marx's belief that competition, not consensus, is the essential cause of social change?

answer

conflict theory

question

In the "nature versus nurture" argument regarding socialization, the "nurture" component refers to ________.

answer

the social environment

question

What concept do sociologists refer to when they say that "society makes us human"?

answer

socialization

question

The author of the text notes that ____________________ said because we are all actors with roles, the __________________ theory argues that we also need scripts, costumes, and sets.

answer

Erving Goffman, dramaturgical analysis

question

According to the text, the socialization that occurs within the ______________ can be affected by various demographics.

answer

families

question

The way in which we are socialized as adults is known as _____________________

answer

adult socialization

question

Charles Horton Cooley referred to a small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships as

answer

primary group

question

What do sociologists call two or more people who identify and interact with one another?

answer

a social group

question

The concept "bureaucracy" refers to

answer

an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently.

question

The concept "McDonaldization" of society refers to

answer

McDonald's organizational principles moving to dominate all of society.

question

Max Weber noted many traits of bureaucracy. Which of the following list is NOT one of them?

answer

favoring family members over strangers

question

Formal organizations are

answer

large secondary groups with a goal orientation.

question

In general, which of the following categories of people are "well connected" in terms of social networks?

answer

All of these responses are correct.

question

Which of the following concepts refers to a social group that people use as a point of reference in making evaluations or decisions?

answer

reference group

question

Stanley Milgram's research, in which subjects used a "shock generator," showed

answer

people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders of not only real authority figures but also groups of ordinary individuals.

question

Solomon Asch's research, in which subjects were asked to match lines, showed that

answer

group membership has the power to generate conformity.

question

the basic idea behind labeling theory is that

answer

deviance arises not so much from what people do as how others respond to what they do.

question

Which of the following statements illustrates the "medicalization of deviance"?

answer

All of these responses are correct.

question

Which of the following concepts refers to "the recognized violation of cultural norms"?

answer

deviance

question

Based on your reading, it would be correct to say that biological approaches offer

answer

a very limited understanding of crime.

question

Both Albert Cohen and Walter Miller argue that deviance is MOST likely to arise among

answer

low-income youths

question

Cloward and Ohlin extended Merton's theory of deviance, stating that crime

answer

results from limited (legal) opportunity as well as accessible (illegal) opportunity

question

In legal terms, a crime is composed of which two components?

answer

the act and criminal intent

question

The concept of due process refers to

answer

the criminal justice system operating within the bounds of the law

question

The concept criminal recidivism refers to

answer

later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes.

question

Read the following four statements about the social foundations of deviance. Select the one statement that is FALSE.

answer

There are many acts that are always deviant everywhere.

question

Using the sociological perspective, we see that social stratification

answer

gives some people more privileges and opportunities than others

question

The concept of structural social mobility refers to

answer

a shift in the social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society itself than to individual efforts

question

According to Karl Marx, social stratification in a capitalist society always involves

answer

class conflict

question

The concept "conspicuous consumption" refers to

answer

the practice of buying things to make a statement about one's social position

question

The wealthiest 1 percent of U.S. families (the "super-rich") controls about _____ percent of the nation's privately held wealth.

answer

35 percent

question

Looking around the world today, income inequality is greatest in which of the following regions?

answer

Latin America and Africa

question

Who coined the concept "survival of the fittest"?

answer

Herbert Spencer

question

The concept "meritocracy" refers to social stratification

answer

based entirely on personal merit

question

Comparing societies in history and around the world, we see that social stratification may be universal, but ______________ varies from one society to another.

answer

what is unequal, how unequal people are, and why people are unequal

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