Film and history – Flashcards
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Paris Peace Treaty 1947
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• Hungary's 1937 borders were restored • Strength of the army was restricted • 300 million US dollars to be paid in reparation Negotiate what to do with the axis powers
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Constitution and one party system
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• The elimination of the multi-party system, 1947-1949 • In 1948: the Hungarian Communist Party and the Hungarian Social Democratic Party were united as the Hungarian Workers' Party - It became the ruling party in 1949 New constitution August 1949 - People's Republic - Modeled the Soviet constitution - The leading role of the Hungarian Workers' Party
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Rakosi
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- 1945 - 1948: General Secretary of the Hungarian Communist Party - 1948 - July 1956: General Secretary of the Hungarian Workers' Party - Prime Minister: August 1952 - July 1953 • Personality cult: Ra?kosi as "Stalin's best pupil" -Collectivisation -Heavy industry -Politicial and economic show trials
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Show Trials
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1949 - 1953: about 750,000 Hungarians were charged with offenses against the state - About 200,000 underwent imprisonment, internment or forced labour - Famous show trials: • Trial of Jo?zsef Mindszenty, the Cardinal Primate of the Catholic Church • Trial of La?szlo? Rajk, communist leader (Minister of Interior, Foreign Minister) - Internment camps, e.g. Recsk
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Laszlo Rajk
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Communist leader (Minister of Interior, Foreign Minister) Was a party member but they went after him because he was supposedly a Titoist spy and one who hope to restore capitalism. Calling out within their own party. 1956 they reburied him because they realized he had died a martyr and Rakosi was wrong.
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New course 1953
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1953 (REFORMS-fixed Raksoi policy and he remains general secertary) Imre Nagy's reform policy - He ended the forced development of heavy industry - He stopped the collectivization - He closed the labour camps and gave amnesty to political prisoners - More consumer goods - Occupational mobility
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Imre Nagy
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New course 1953 (Stalin dies Khruschev) Imre Nagy became Prime Minister 1955, demoted/expelled from Hungarian Workers Party Oct 24, 1956 proposed as prime minister because he wants to abolish the newly signed Warsaw Pact Imre Nagy formed his government on October 27 1958- Escapes to Yugoslovia and the USSR kills him
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Janos Kadar
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Kadar Regime 60's -Political amnesty, "if you're not against us you're with us" - General Secretary 1956 - 1988 (32 years) until negotiated revolution Goulash Communism New Economic Mechanism Social Welfare
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October 23, 1956
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Beginning of the revolution They want Nagy to come back into power The delegation of the Hungarian Workers' Party, led by Gero?, arrived back from Belgrade in the morning of 23 October Demonstration on street (Stalin's statue), in front of the Radio
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4 November 1956
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The Soviet intervention started Imre Nagy's message "This is Imre Nagy speaking, the President of the Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People's Republic. Today at daybreak Soviet forces started an attack against our capital, obviously with the intention to overthrow the legal Hungarian government. Our troops are fighting. The Government is in its place. I notify the people of our country and the entire world of the fact." 4 November 1956, Szolnok: Ja?nos Ka?da?r announced the formation of the "Revolutionary Workers' and Peasants' Government".
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Khrushchev and the "Thaw" in the USSR
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Stalin died 1953 and he came to power and criticized his regime Khrushchev - the new First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union The beginning of the "Thaw" - Changes in policy • "Virgin Lands Campaign": to boost the agricultural development - production in order to alleviate the food shortage • Better relations with Yugoslavia • Amnesty • Beginning of rehabilitations • A modest liberalisation in the Arts
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"Secret speech" Khrushchev 1956
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1956-1964 In his "secret speech" Khrushchev attacked abuses of the Stalin era - He described Joseph Stalin as a brutal despot. - He said that a regime of "suspicion, fear, and terror" had been built up under the former dictator. • In Hungary - In July 1956 Ra?kosi was demoted and replaced by Erno? Gero? (Ra?kosi's close associate since 1948)
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Warsaw Pact
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1955 • Imre Nagy was demoted and later expelled from the Hungarian Workers' Party • Andra?s Hegedu?s became Prime Minister (1955-1956) and he signed the Warsaw Pact on 14 May 1955 • A mutual defence treaty, 1955-1991 • Albania (formally withdrew in 1968) • Bulgaria • Czechoslovakia • German Democratic Republic (withdrew in 1990) • Hungary • Poland • Romania • The Soviet Union Imre Nagy canceled Warsaw pact November 1st
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Trial of Imre Nagy
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Nagy take refuge in Yugoslovia with Tito, and is told it is safe to leave Based on a pact between the Ka?da?r government and the Soviet and Romanian party leaderships, after being held in home custody, in April 1957 Imre Nagy and his colleagues are arrested and transported to the jail in Gyorskocsi street in handcuffs. Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party on 21 December 1957, the political trial begins. In the show trial Nagy unfalteringly denies the charges against him and maintains his principles and his belief that the revolution was a pure movement. sentenced to death on 15 June 1958. Improper burial in jail courtyard.
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Austrian State Treaty
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• The Soviet Union • The Austrian State Treaty, 15 May 1955 - re-established Austria as a sovereign state. (Austria became neutral, the Allied troops were withdrawn by October 1955.)
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Goulash communism or Fridge Socialism
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Middle of the 1960s till the end of the 1980s -Mixed ideology -Steadily rising living standards -More than enough food, basic symbol of material well-being like refrigerator, more people bought cars Reform phase of the Kadar era
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New Economic Mechanism
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January 1, 1968 - Nyers led the work directed at reforming the system of central planning Goals of the reform: • Better incentives • To raise the living standards • Agriculture and infrastructure received more attention than before. Modernization of farming • Co-operatives and industrial and agricultural firms attained greater independence. They made greater efforts to adjust to market conditions and consumer demands. • Various forms of private enterprise were permitted (retails, repairs, catering)
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Prague Spring 1968
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A period of liberalization in Czechoslovakia in 1968. -Economic program: freedom for industrial and agricultural enterprises -Political reforms: individual freedoms, ex. freedom of speech -Suppressed by Warsaw Pact
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Warsaw pact intervention of Czech intervention
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the armies of five Warsaw Pact countries invaded Czechoslovakia- Resistance (mainly non-violent) (Breschnev did this)
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Political amnesty 1963
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"Those who are not against us are with us" - Ka?da?r's speech in 1962 • 1963: amnesty for political prisoners - the material prosperity of the depoliticized masses
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The social welfare system in the Kadar era
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Political Amnesty The system was continuously improved • Unemployment did not exist • Retirement system • Free medical care • Free, widespread education • 48-hour working week; then in the early 1980s switch to a 5-day working week • "Childcare benefit"
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Building of the Berlin Wall 1961
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The East German government (GDR) closed the border btwn East and West Berlin on August 13, 1961 -They were not allowed to enter into the other part of the city -Guard patrol then barbed wire -The barbered wire was then replaced by the wall -House windows were bricked up -1961 Honecker was in charge of building the Berlin Wall -Programme of "consumer socialism", which resulted in a marked improvement in living standards More than 2.5 million East Germans escaped to West Berlin -Khrushchev thought the West was using Berlin to spy of the USSR
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Stasi
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The ministry of state security -"Protection and defense of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (GDR)" -Sent spies to the west and had enormous influence inside -A huge organization; ex. in 1989 there were 91,000 salaried workers -Well functioning system with good structure -Regime critics were wiretapped and watched by Stasi - "Decomposition" - to manipulate and destroy the personality of the victim
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Fall of Berlin Wall
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Novemeber 9, 1989 - The reunification of Germany - On 3 October 1990, East Germany officially joined the Federal Republic of Germany, while East and West Berlin were united.
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Josip Broz Tito
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Tito led Yugoslavia 1944-1980 - Prime Minister 1944-1963 - President, later President for Life 1953-1980 - General Secretary of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia An extreme fascist group, known as the Ustashas, was installed in power in the Croatian capital Zagreb • Resistance in Serbia: - "Chetnik" forces loyal to the old Serbian-dominated Yugoslav order - A communist dominated resistance, the Partisans under Josip Broz - also known as Tito (He went on to lead Yugoslavia as Marshal Tito) -Tito and Stalin Agreement of friendship April 11, 1945 Tito/ Stalin split -Tito did not accept Moscow as supreme Communist authority -Tito's aspirations to create a true "Land of the South Slavs" between Yugoslavia and Bulgaria Non-aligned movement: Tito became the First General Secretary
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Leonid Brezhnev
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General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1964 -1982 -Ended liberalizing reforms of Khrushchev -Economic stagnation -Brezhnev doctrine: Warsaw intervention of Czech (1968) -Intervention in Afghanistan "When people starts to turn towards capitalism when they should be socialist. Don't spread capitalism within Czech"
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Mikhail Gorbachev
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General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1985 -1991 Perestroika - restructuring of economy and the political system -Entrepreneurs and small cooperatives legalized -Multiplicity of candidates on elections -Glasnost - openness, greater freedom in the media and culture New thinking in foreign affairs: -US presidents conferences -Withdrawal of troops of Afghanistan -No east/central Europe intervention
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The Chernobyl nuclear disaster
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April, 26 1986: An explosion and fire released large quantities of radioactive particles into the atmosphere -Gorbachev first speaks in television about the disaster on 14 May 1986 (irresponsible) -Gorbachev, spent the equivalent of $18 billion decontamination, bankrupt -The accident gave great significance to the new Soviet policy of glasnost (being open to work with the world for economic aid) - Strengthen Soviet-US relations at the end of the Cold War, through scientific cooperation
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Negotiated Revolution
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1989-1990 Election for National Assembly Kadar was removed replaced by Grosz Multi-party system was implemented. Result: 10,5% of parliamentary seats were won by independent candidates
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Reburial of Imre Nagy
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June 1989 in Heros Square. Hungarian Parliament and justice system renounced him as an innocent martyr. Showed world his reforms were trying to do good for the country.
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Republic was declared 23 October 1989,
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Mátyás Sz?rös, Speaker of Parliament, Provisional President declared Hungary a republic
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Free elections Spring 1990
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József Antall, Hungarian PM 1990-1993 - the Prime Minister of the first democratically-elected coalition government after the collapse of communism. Soviets leave 1991
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Solidarity Trade Union (formed in 1980)
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POLAND- people were unhappy about wages -Solidarity was the first non-Communist-controlled, independent trade union in a Warsaw Pact country. -Independent Self-governing Trade Union -Solidarity became a social movement -USSR threatens the Solidarity and the Prime Minister suspends -Founded September 17, 1980 at the Gda?sk Shipyard, led by Lech Wa??sa.
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Lech Walesa
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• A wave of strikes and factory occupations • On 14 August the shipyard workers began their strike at the Lenin Shipyard in Gda?sk. • The workers were led by electrician Lech Wa??sa -Independent Self-governing Trade Union "Solidarity" • It was founded on 17 September 1980 at the Gda?sk Shipyard, led by Lech Wa??sa.
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Round Table Talks
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1989 • The "Solidarity" Trade Union survived as a strong underground movement • Nationwide strikes in 1988 forced the government to open a dialogue with Solidarity • Round Table Talks, 6 February - 4 April 1989 • Semi-free elections in Poland - Non-Communists are also allowed to field candidates The overwhelming victory of Solidarity • A new non-Communist government, the first of its kind in the former Eastern Bloc, came into office in September 1989
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Nicolae Ceausescu
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ROMANIA REVOLUTION -Romania dictator: General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party (1965-1989) -No de-stalinization -Securitate: secret police -„Systematization": demolition of villages, resettlement - Birth policy: contraception and abortion were banned - The situation of the ethnic groups: Romanization -Personality cult -Nepotism: positions given to family members -Domestic shortage, food rationing, black outs
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Revolution in December 1989
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Romania December 16 a protest broke out in Timi?oara (Temesvár) in response to an attempt by the government to evict a Hungarian Reformed pastor, László T?kés -General anti-government demonstrations - Police and Securitate fired on demonstrators - State of emergency in Timi?oara -By December 20 the Army decided not to shoot the protestors Protests broke out in all major Romania cities Ceau?escu declared state of emergency for the whole country, martial law was introduced • After a last attempt to make a speech, Ceau?escu and his wife Elena fled the capital by helicopter • The execution of Ceau?escu • Nicolae Ceau?escu and his wife fled from Bucharest on 22 December 1989 • The police captured them and turned them over to the army • On Christmas Day they were condemned to death by a summary court martial • They were executed immediately after the trial
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The policy of Ma?tya?s Ra?kosi and the main features of the Ra?kosi-era
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-Stalins best pupil -1945-1948 General secretary of the Communist Party -1948-1956 General secretary of the Hungarian Workers Party -Repressive regime -Collectivization (kulaks) -Show trials (Rajk and Mindstey) -Internment camps -Industrialization
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The 1956 Hungarian revolution: reasons, goals and outcome
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Reasons: -Withdrawal Soviet troops -Multi-party elections -Foriegn trade -No agricultural deliveries -Abolish the Warsaw Pact -Get ride of Rakosi -Imre Nagy appointment Outcomes: -Students and activists died -City was partly ruined -Imre Nagy had to flee -Kadar came to power
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The policy of Imre Nagy in the 1950s, his role in the 1956 revolution and his trial
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-Occupational mobility -Created martial law -Abolished collectivization -Speech warning against the Soviet troops coming (Nov. 4 speech) -1958 the KGB find him in Yugslovia he was trialed and killed -Prime minister 1953-1956
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Imre Nagy and Ja?nos Ka?da?r - Compare the policy of these Hungarian politicians
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Imre Nagy: -Opposed to repressive regime, show trials, abolish internment camps and collectivization, abolish Warsaw Pact, reform Kadar: -Working under Soviet regime, Goulash communism (not against us youre with us), social welfare (education, childcare, healthcare), Soviet Union present, political amnesty -1956 General secretary
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Life in East-Germany in 1961-1989, with special emphasis on the Berlin Wall and the Stasi
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-Goodbye Lenin -Wall before 1961 starts as political statement -2.5 million East Germans go to West Germany -Want to contain the people so they build a physical wall -Honecerk builds the wall. Gaurds, barbed wire to wall -Stasi
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The last years of the Ka?da?r-era and the 1989-1990 transition to democracy in Hungary
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Breschnev comes into power 1964
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The revolutions of 1989-1991 (Choose any two countries of East-Central Europe and describe/compare their revolutions.)
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Poland: Solidarity was the first non-Communist-controlled, independent trade union in a Warsaw Pact country. -Independent Self-governing Trade Union -Solidarity became a social movement -USSR threatens the Solidarity and the Prime Minister suspends ROUND TABLE TALKS Romania:
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The Witness
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-Hungary during Stalinist era 1948-1953 (Rakosi) -Show trial Pelican, ask him to lie for the regime as a witness (Rajk and Mindzety) -Trials put together by the government not for justice but to show order -Comedy shows how absurd the system was
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Freedom's Fury
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-Water polo team -1956 revolution -Fought for rights and hopefully the West would be there to recognize them and to support them -Meeting up years later and forgetting history. Finally able to recognize each other as human beings. -Battle for freedom
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Time stands still
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-Kadar Era in Hungary -Goulash Communism -The father flees during the 1956 Hungarian uprising rather than face prison, or worse, as a "counterrevolutionary." His wife chooses to stay behind with their two sons. The film covers the next ten or twelve years. -A more liberal new order replaces that teacher with one who encourages class participation—a ploy to catch them in a political trap, their father's understandably paranoid comrade, released from prison, insists. The boys' struggle with adolescence, then, is compounded by issues of political authority: a state too repressive for their ache towards freedom and independence; the quarrel between different "orders" of Hungarian communism.
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Goodbye Lenin
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-East Germany GDR, simplistic lifestyle, grocery store shelves were empty -West many brands -Use of existing archival news material - Life in East Germany - Changes after the Fall of the Wall Die Wende - The Change, 1989-1990: o protests, demonstrations against the political system of the GDR (peaceful revolution) the Fall of the Berlin Wall, starting on 9 November 1989 (following a press conference by Günter Schabowski, who announced the opening the border) economic merger (on 1 July 1990 the Deutsche Mark replaced the East German Mark as the official currency of East Germany) Germany was officially reunited on 3 October 1990 (East Germany joined the Federal Republic)
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Negotiated revolution
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1987: The Hungarian Democratic Forum- a conservative political movement formed. 1988: Janos Kadar was removed and replaced by Grosz October 23, 1989: Constitutional Court declared Hungary a republic 1990: Free democratic elections , Prime Minister of democratically elected government Jozsef Antal
