FCS Ch8 – Flashcard
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According to Freud, the development of the anal stage occurs between what ages of children?
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1-3 years old
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The authors of your text describe the period of early childhood in terms of ______
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more social. relationships other than parents
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Freud's view of children's development during the preschool years focuses on which two stages?
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Anal and Phallic
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According to Erikson, a preschooler's development is centered on ______
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anatomy vs shame and doubt
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The preschool years, from age two to age six, include which two of Erikson's stages of development?
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anatomy vs shame and doubt and initiative vs guilt
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Which of the abilities initiates the Eriksonian crisis of initiative versus guilt?
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ability to plan and new cognitive skills
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What is a central theme that emerges from both Freud's and Erikson's view of development during the preschool period?
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gain control of the body and negotiable with parents
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Children who are able to classify other people into groups such as "people who are nice" and "people who are mean" are demonstrating _____________
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perception
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According to your text, individuals are more likely to remember faces of people of their own race than those of a different race. This demonstrates which principles?
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cross-race effect
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By what age do children generally believe that it is more wrong for a child to hit another person than to forget to say "please"?
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2-3
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Give an example of a social convention.
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holding a door for someone
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Summarize young children's understanding of intentions.
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children were incapable of doing so, but recent research says they can
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According to Li-Grining, how do children learn impulse control?
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Negative social responses --> social interactions
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How does temperament change in early childhood?
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they are born with it and then they begin to adapt to the environment
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In early childhood, what characterizes the development of the emotional self?
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Acquiring emotional regulation, learning empathy, having an awareness of cultural views or right and wrong
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What is the term that describes a child's ability to cheer themselves up when they are sad or calm themselves when they are angry?
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emotional regulation
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As the categorical self and the emotional self mature, what new component of self-concept is likely to develop?
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social self
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What is Hoffman's first stage of empathy development, which is characterized by an infant matching the strong emotion of another?
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global empathy
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Tyler saw that his mother was upset. He toddled over to her and tried to hand her his bottle, as if to comfort her. Hoffman would say that Tyler is demonstrating _________
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egocentric empathy
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Georgia feels sad whenever she sees homeless people. She worries that they are cold at night and may not have enough to eat. Hoffman would suggest that Georgia is exhibiting ________
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empathy for other's life conditions
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Describes egocentric empathy.
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12-18 months - respond to others distress with their own
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Guilt, shame, and pride are all examples of which of the following?
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moral emotions
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According to Koenig, Cicchetti & Rogosch (2004), what is likely to happen to a child who does not have a warm trusting relationship with their parents?
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may not develop moral emotions
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Kyle and Tawnie are playing school. Kyle is pretending to be the teacher and Tawnie is pretending to be the student. Tawnie is well- behaved as a "student" and answers questions appropriately when Kyle asks them. Tawnie's behavior is an example ____________
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taking on a script
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According to Freud, What plays a key role in children's development of a gender role concept and a sex role?
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3-6 years - overcome attraction with opposite gender parent by getting to know the other parent and adapting
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The psychological and social associates and implications of biological sex" defines _______
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gender
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When 4-year-old Mariella thinks of activities, behaviors, or personal characteristics as being "for mommy" or "for daddy," she is using __________
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gender schemes
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Gender schema theory grew out of which perspectives?
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Information processing theorists
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Crystal labels boys and girls according to their hairstyle and the types of clothes they wear. Crystal has not yet developed ______________
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gender schema constancy
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Deion tells his mother that he will always be a boy and can never be a girl. This is an illustration of Deion's grasp of what principle?
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gender stability
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According to gender schema theory, What will be true of a 5- or 6-year-old child?
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They will a schema (treat as an absolute rule) of what their gender is supposed to be like
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By what age does a child's gender identity develop?
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2-3
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A child's ability to label his or her own sex correctly and to identify other people as men or women is called __________.
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gender identity
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If Matthew understands gender stability, what will he likely assume?
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That gender is stable and lifelong
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What best summarizes the biological influence on the psychological differences between males and females?
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presence or absence of testosterone which impacts behavior
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Multicultural studies have found similar gender stereotypes across cultures. What is a common gender stereotype for men?
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competent, assertive, skillful, strong
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Multicultural studies have found similar gender stereotypes across cultures. What is a common gender stereotype for women?
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weakness, gentleness, appreciativeness
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By what age have children figured out that gender is permanent?
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5-6 years
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Which is a style of communicating that usually involves girls using suggestions, support, and agreement between themselves?
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enabling style
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The constricting, or restrictive, pattern of interacting with playmates
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Brings the interactions to an end --> more common between boys
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What is an accurate statement about cross-gender behavior in childhood?
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more acceptable for girls to be tomboys than for boys to act like girls
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Which terms is used to describe behavior that is not typical of one's own gender?
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cross-gender behavior
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What is an accurate statement about the attachment relationships of children in early childhood?
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Baby has established attachment and 2-3 year olds
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Give the best description of Bowlby's goal-corrected partnership.
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Attachment changes at 4 but know its still there
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Give an example of the typical pattern of parents' wishes for a two-year-old.
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they want them to listen and understand instructions
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Define the term parenting styles.
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the characteristic strategies parents use to manage their child's behavior
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Which of the dimensions of family functioning conceptualized by Diana Baumrind in her study of parenting styles?
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warmth and nurturance, clarity and consistency of roles, level of expectation, communication between parent and child
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The parenting style that is high in nurturance and low in maturity demands, control, and communication is
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permissive
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According to research, which parental characteristic is most consistently related to children's secure attachments, altruistic and empathetic behaviors, and school achievements?
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Authoritative
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Children with parents who have high maturity demands tend to exhibit which personality traits?
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high self-esteem
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Authoritarian and authoritative parents would vary most widely on which of dimensions of parenting?
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nurturing and responding to child's needs
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Which parenting style has the most consistently positive outcomes?
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Authoritative
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Six-year-old Harry asks his mother if he can stay up until 9 P.M. on Friday night to watch a special educational TV program. His mother says, "We'll try it this once to see how it goes." What is Harry's mother's parenting style?
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Authoritative
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Will rarely turns in his school work and does not seem concerned when he gets bad grades. His parents seem to love him and they give him pretty much whatever he asks for and believe that most parents are too strict. When he was in trouble at school, Will's parents minimized the teacher's concerns as silly and did not punish Will. Which parenting style would you say best describes Will's parents?
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Permissive
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Which parenting style is associated with the most socially competent children?
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Authoritative
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When a child misbehaves and the parent responds by sticking to their rules, but does not assert unnecessary power over the child, which parenting style is being used?
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Authoritative
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Which of the following might contribute to neglecting or uninvolved parenting?
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Parental depression and over whelming stress
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Give an example of inductive discipline.
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when the parents explain why what the child is doing is wrong
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Children who have difficult temperaments and enjoy risk-taking will likely respond best to which type of discipline?
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Firm discipline
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What is a negative consequence of spanking as a form of discipline?
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Models pain as a way of getting what you want and emotional detachment and higher aggression
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Under which circumstances might spanking be used as effective punishment?
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sparingly and premac principle
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In a study of how ethnicity and socioeconomic status interact with parenting styles, researchers found that which parenting style was linked to positive outcomes for African American and Asian American adolescents?
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Authoritarian
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What is the most likely reason that African American and Asian American families use an authoritarian parenting style with their children?
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African Americans = enhance success Asian Americans = they think they will succeed and ethnic identity
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In the United States, approximately how many children live with both of their biological or adoptive parents?
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60%
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Your text reports that, as of the year 2010, what percentage of children in the United States were living in two-parent homes?
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70%
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What is the term sociologists use for the Native American tradition of viewing parenting as the responsibility of the child's entire family, including grandparents and aunts and uncles?
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kin orientation
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Give a statement regarding family structure and ethnicity.
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single parent families are more common in African American families and Native American families
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Children of gay or lesbian parents ____________
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develop sex role identity the same way as families with heterosexual parents
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What changes in children would one expect to see in the first few years after divorce?
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decline in school performance and show more aggressive and depressed behaviors
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What is perhaps the most important factor that negatively affects children after a divorce?
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change in parenting style - moving away from authoritative
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Justin borrowed a crayon from Jason. Both boys are coloring in separate coloring books. In what type of play are the boys engaging?
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parallel play/ Associative play
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Give one reason a child might experience peer rejection?
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They try to gain acceptance through aggression
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If Sue wants an item or an activity, she will attack her parents with her fists until they laughingly and protestingly give her what she wants. Her parents' decision to give into Deidra's demands in this fashion
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unknowingly enforcing behavior
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Which parental behaviors is linked to higher rates of altruistic or prosocial behavior in their children?
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creating a warm and loving environment...
