Exsc 387: Exam 2 – Flashcards
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At the lowest concentration, which part of the apple was shown in research to reduce cancer cell spreading?
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Peel only
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Which of the following is the most significant source of calorie intake in the diet of most Americans?
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Carbohydrate
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True or False: Most Americans get the recommended 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day.
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False
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Approximately how many grams of trans fat could a person consume and not increase their risk of heart disease?
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0 grams
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About how many grams of trans fat could be in 3 servings of food that is labeled as trans fat free?
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Less than 1.5 grams
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True or False: Supplements are usually a good way to lower risk of certain disease conditions.
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False
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Identify at least 4 sources of free radical exposure.
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burned food toxic chemicals industrial waste UV light
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Which blood pressure category is considered high for both systolic and diastolic pressure?
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140-159/90-99
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How much could a person's risk of heart attack go down if they were able to drop their diastolic blood pressure 10 points?
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2-3% per 1 point drop in blood pressure 20-30%
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What are the four characteristic risk factors for metabolic syndrome?
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1. Insulin resistance 2. presence of obesity from abdominal fat 3. high blood cholesterol 4. high blood pressure
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Which type of study matches people with disease with people without disease who share similar characteristics like gender, age, and ethnicity and then determines which differences may contribute to disease?
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Case-Control Study
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Which type of study places study volunteers by random assignment into groups where one group receives a treatment and the other does not?
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Randomized Clinical Trial Study
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Which Body Mass Index category is considered overweight or moderate risk?
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25-29
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The French have low coronary heart disease mortality with high fat consumption; this epidemiological anomaly is known as What?
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The French Paradox
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In the Nurses' Health Study what were at least 3 of the 5 components of a low-risk profile?
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- No current smokers - BMI under 25 - Moderate-vigorous activity min. 1/2 hour per day - highest 40% of cohort for healthy eating score - 1/2 drink of alcohol per day
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In the Nurses' Health Study population attributable risk for coronary disease went from 64% for women who had 4 low-risk factors to 82% for women who had 5 low-risk factors. What additional risk factor was thought to contribute to the increase in population attributable risk?
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Alcohol consumption
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When studied, which drink was most effective in inhibiting atherosclerosis and improving lipids when polyphenol dose was normalized?
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Grape Juice?
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According to the results in the study, for every 1 MET increase in exercise capacity there was a _______% increase in survival.
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12
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Which is the most common (highest prevalence) cancer in men?
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Prostate
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The lifetime risk for developing cancer is greater for women than men. True or False.
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False
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What is it called when malignant tumor migrates to a distance site from its origin?
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Metastasis
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Which cancer is most affected (in a beneficial way) by physical activity?
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Colon Cancer
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What disease contributes to more years of life lost?
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Cancer
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Which is the most lethal cancer for men and women?
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Lung Cancer
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What is the tumor classification for cancer that begins in bone, muscle, or other connective tissue?
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Sarcoma
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Which is the most common (highest prevalence) cancer in women?
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Breast cancer
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What is the tumor classification for cancer that begins in the skin or tissues that line or cover internal organs?
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Carcinoma
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What term describes a malignant cancer initiating the process of producing its own blood supply?
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Angiogenesis
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True/False: Moderate alcohol consumption has been shown to decrease cancer risk similar to the reduction in risk seen for cardiovascular disease.
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False
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True/False: Fish, poultry, and eggs can be part of a healthy dietary pattern.
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True
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True/False: There appears to be a specific dietary pattern for reducing diabetes risk and another, different, specific dietary pattern for reducing, cardiovascular disease risk.
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False
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True/False: The Prudent dietary pattern has been linked to decreased risk of CVD but not to increased risk of diabetes.
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False
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True/False: You can trust the media and advertising regarding milk consumption and health because there is only supporting research on milk and good health.
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False
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One study indicated that the prevalence of CHD would increase 5%-16% by 2035 due to the childhood obesity epidemic. If this happens how many more cases of CHD would be expected?
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100,000
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Are men or woemn most a risk of obesity-related morbidities with increasing BMI?
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men
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Even though diabetes in children is not considered "high" diabetes has increased by what factor in the past 2 decades?
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10
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Of all the obesity-related morbidities which has the most pronounced 10-year risk?
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Diabetes
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What could be the cause of a shortened life expectancy by mid-century?
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Childhood Obesity Epidemic
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What is the term used to describe the increased risk of obesity in offspring through non-genetic factors?
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Perinatal programing
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True/False: Education could be a significant factor in preventing and treating obesity.
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True
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True/False: The initial development of obesity comes with few side effects and overt clinical symptoms.
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True
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What percentile BMI would classify a child or adolescent as obese?
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BMI above the 95th percentile
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What variable accounts for most of the variance in BMR?
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Lean Body Mass
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True/False: One factor related to dietary over-consumption has been the increase in portion sizes over time.
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True
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True/False: From a calorie basis we eat less fat and from a percentage basis we eat more fat than in times past for the US population.
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False
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The most common approach to weight loss is...
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Eat fewer calories
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Studies that have used nutrition and exercise programs to lower health risks such as blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes have also exhibited what "healthy lifestyle side effect"?
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Weight loss
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What is the term that Kelly Brownell of Yale University uses to describe the pervasive problem of over consumption and sedentary lifestyle?
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"a toxic environment"
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True/Flase: Genetics can account for nearly all of the increasing prevalence of obesity in the U.S.
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False
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True/False: The cause of the entire obesity epidemic can be attributed to consuming more calories than expending.
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True
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Which variable in the energy balance equation is related to energy expenditure?
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Basal Metabolic Rate
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Which produces the best outcomes for weight loss?
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Diet and Exercise combined
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Leisure time sedentariness has been linked to a calorie expenditure deficit of 100-200 kcal/day and can be attributed to what?
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pervasive mechanization
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True/False: Excess CHO consumption promotes greater fat storage than excess fat consumption.
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False
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Which nutrient type has the lowest priority for oxidation?
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Fat
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Which overconsumption category reduced fat oxidation the most?
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CHO
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True/False: It is easy to lose weight because all you need to do is consume fewer calories than you expend.
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False
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True/False: Most weight loss programs are successful at both promoting weight loss and maintaining weight loss.
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False
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True/False: There was no difference in weight loss maintenance between lower compared to higher exercise groups.
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False
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Which nutrient type has the highest priority of oxidation?
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Alcohol
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True/False: Overconsumption of both fat and carbohydrate results in excess calories being stored as fat.
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True
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True/False: A large majority of persons diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are obese at the time of diagnosis.
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True
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True/False: Like many other chronic disease conditions, diabetes is more common among men than women.
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True
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Which category would be considered "impaired fasting glucose" or "pre-diabetes".
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100-125 mg/dl
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Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is also called what?
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Type 2 diabetes
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What is insulin dependent diabetes mellitus also called?
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Type 1 Diabetes
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In one 14-year study of about 6,000 men it was discovered that for each 500 kcal increase in physical activity energy expenditure there was an associated decrease in risk of what percent for diabetes?
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6%
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Which is the leading cause of diabetes-related death?
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Heart Disease
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According to some research which is more effective for reducing diabetes incidence: lifestyle or medication?
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lifestyle
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What is a distinguishing characteristic of phytochemicals?
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They are responsible for the color of fruits and vegetables
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What can phytochemicals do?
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- decrease inflammation - kill bacteria, viruses, and fungi - neutralize free radicals - reduce oxidative stress in the body - protect DNA
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How many fruits and vegetables should we eat each day?
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5 a day
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What percent of Americans don't eat 5 servings of fruits and vegetables every day? And what is the average daily consumption of fruits and vegetables?
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78% 2.7 servings
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What are free-radicals?
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destructive oxygen atoms that are missing an electron. Most are produced by our own bodies.
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What is one significant source of free radicals?
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Cigarette smoke
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What would prevent 70 percent of cancer deaths in the US?
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Good nutrition regular physical activity avoiding tobacco
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What are saturated fats?
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They have all hydrogen atoms and are found in foods made from plants and animals but generally comes from animal products and is solid at room temperature. -raises total blood cholesterol levels which can increase CVD and T2D
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What are monounsaturated fats?
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found mainly in plant foods. -can decrease risk of heart disease
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What are polyunsaturated fats?
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found primarily in plant foods and is also shown to improve cholesterol. -One type is Omega-3 oils
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What are trans fats?
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Type of fat that occurs naturally in small amounts, but is primarily made from poly- or monounsaturated oils through partial hydrogenation
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What is the typical recommendation for fat intake?
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20-35% of total calories Saturated fats should be limited to no more than 10% of total calories
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What is minimum amount of trans fats a person can consume and not increase risk?
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ZERO
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What is a cohort study?
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Large groups of people are followed for extended periods of time until some participants develop diseases of interest or die
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What is a Case-Control study?
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participants with a disease of interest are matched with participants who do not have the disease. Participants are matched based on age, gender, and ethnicity
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What is a randomized clinical trial?
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a small group of participants are randomly assigned to one or more groups. One group gets a treatment and the other group acts as a control with no treatment
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What are the Diet recommendations?
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-eat min. of 5 servings of fruits and vegetables every day - Eat whole-grain breads, cereals, and other high fiber foods. Half of grain servings whole grains. - Limit consumption of red meat and processed meat (fish, poultry, and eggs are good alternatives.) - consume nuts and beans - limit consumption of saturated fat -avoid all trans fats
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What are the physical activity recommendations?
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Accumulate 30 min or more of moderate-intensity activity on most days of the week
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What are the blood pressure levels?
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Normal: <120/<80 High: 140-159/90-99
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What are the Cholesterol levels?
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Normal: 240
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What are the BMI categories?
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<19 Underweight 19-24 Ideal weight 25-29 Overweight 30 Obese
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What is atherosclerosis?
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Build-up of fatty plaque in the inner layer of the artery wall
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What is the process of atherosclerosis?
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1. artery wall is damaged 2. Injuries lead to changes in normal enodthelium fx and chronic inflammatory response 3. Monocytes and T cells penetrate the endothelium into the intima. 4. Monocytes convert to macrophages and ingest oxidized LDL and other substances. 5. Macrophages convert to foam cells. 6. Additional LDL causes further injury, attracting more monocytes and a civious cycle leads to development of a fatty streak. 7. Injured endothelial cells attract platelets. 8. Macrophages and smooth muscle cells release collagen and other proteins 9. Engorged foam cells die and release cholesterol debris into the artery wall. 10. mature plaque may become hardened prompting formation of blood clots.
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What are the three layers in the arteries?
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1. intima, a single squamous cell thickness. 2. media, a smooth muscle layer 3. adventitia, outermost layers
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What are major lifestyle risk factors for CHD?
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- smoking - high blood pressure - high blood cholesterol - physical inactivity - obesity - diabetes
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What are the two most modifiable risk factors for CVD and CHD?
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Physical Inactivity Poor Diet
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What is 1 MET?
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energy expended in sitting quietly
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What is a flavanoid?
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any of a large group of phytonutrients that are water-soluble pigments
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What is cancer
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the spread and uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells
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What are some of the suspected causes of cancer?
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- obesity - smoking - alcohol consumption - poor diet - environmental pollution - heavy metal exposure - household chemicals
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What are the cancer stages and modifiers?
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T- primary tumor N- lymph node involvement M- distant mestastases I= early stage IV= late stage
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What fruit has the highest total phenolic content and the highest antioxidant activity?
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Cranberries
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What type of cancer has the strongest link with physical inactivity?
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Colon cancer
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What percent of adults in the United States are over weight or obese?
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70%
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What are the psychosocial complications of childhood obesity?
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- poor self-esteem - anxiety - depression - eating disorders - social isolation - lower educational attainment
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What are neurological complications of childhood obesity?
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- pseudotumor cerebri
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What are endocrine complications of childhood obesity?
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- insulin resistance - T2D - Precocious puberty - polycystic ovaries - hypogonadism
