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applied research

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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems, research undertaken to solve a specific problem

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basic research

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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

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behaviorism

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the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

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biopsychosocial approach

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an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis, This integrated viewpoint incorporates various levels of analysis [biological, psychological, and socio-cultural] and offers a more complete picture of any given behavior or mental process.

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case study

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an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles, a detailed analysis of a person or group from a social or psychological or medical point of view

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clinical psychology

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a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

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cognitive neuroscience

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the branch of neuroscience that studies the biological foundations of mental phenomena, the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

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control group

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in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

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correlation

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a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

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counseling psychology

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a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being

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critical thinking

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thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

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culture

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the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

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dependent variable

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The variable in an experiment measured to determine if it changes as a result of manipulations of the independent variable; in applied behavior analysis, it represents some measure of a socially significant behavior., The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

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double-blind procedure

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an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 037), a control procedure used to prevent experimenters' and subjects' expectations from influencing the results of an experiment.

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experimental group

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in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

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humanistic psychology

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historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth

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hypothesis

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possible explanation for a set of observations or possible answer to a scientific question, a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

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illusary correlation

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the perception of a relationship where none really exists/ a perceived but nonexistent correlation, the tendency to see relationships between events that are actually unrelated

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independent variable

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Factor in an experiment that researchers manipulate so that they can determine its effect, factor in a controlled experiment that is deliberately changed; also called manipulated variable

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naturalistic observation

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observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation/it does not explain behavior, it describes it

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operational definition

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a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures

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placebo effect

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experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent

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population

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All the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

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psychiatry

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a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy

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psychology

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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes/the science of behavior(what we do)and mental processes(sensations,perceptions,dreams,thoughts,beliefs & feelings)/study of psychology will help teach one how to ask and answer important questions and how to think critically when evaluating competing ideas and claims/developed from the more established fields of philosophy and biology(*see Wundt)

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random assignment

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assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups

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replication

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the repetition of an experiment in order to test the validity of its conclusion/repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic findings extends to other participants and circumstances

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S Q 3 R

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a study method incorporating 5 steps: Survey-Question-Read-Rehearse-Review this method is recommeded for students/to master information requires one to actively process it (Myers p.29)

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survey

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a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

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theory

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an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events/good theories explain by organizing & linking observed facts with the implying hypothesis that offers testable predictions and, sometimes, practical applications

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hindsight bias

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to perceive events as obvious or inevitable after the fact/the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.) (Myers Psychology 8e p. 020)

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Wilhelm Wundt

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(1832 - 1920) - A German Physiologist(also a Philosopher) who is generally credited as being the founder of Psychology. Founded the first Psychology research laboratory in 1879.Established psychology as experimental philosophy, defined as the science in the mental world. Introspection - The act of observing and analyzing one's own thoughts and feelings. Structuralism - The analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind

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Ivan Pavlov

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a Russian researcher in the early 1900s who was the first research into learned behavior (conditioning) who discovered classical conditioning, discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell

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Sigmund Freud

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Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do).

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Jean Piaget

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Swiss psychologist remembered for his studies of cognitive development in children (1896-1980), Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation

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William James

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United States pragmatic philosopher and psychologist (1842-1910), founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; wrote first psychology textbook - The Principles of Psychology

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Mary Calkins

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1863-1930 American psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality, and dreams; established one of the first US psychology research laboratories; first woman president of the American Psychological Association (1905); a student of William James; denied the PhD she earned from Harvard because of her sex (later, posthumously, it was granted to her)(offered degree from radcliffe which calkins resisted unequal treatment and declined)

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introspection

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The process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts, feelings, and motives whereby psychology was defined as \"the science of mental life\"/common approach to psychology until 1920's

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nature-nurture issue

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the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture

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levels of analysis

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the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon/3 main levels : BIOLOGICAL= natural selection of adaptive traits genetic predispositions environmental response brain mechanisms hormonal influences PSYCHOLOGICAL= learned fears & other expectations emotional responses cognitive processing perceptual interpretations SOCIAL-CULTURAL INFLUENCES= presence of others cultural,societal & family expectations peer & other group influences compelling models (i.e. the media)

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empirical approach

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A method of developing knowledge based on evaluating evidence gathered from experiments and careful observation.

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Amazing Randi

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James Randi, skeptic trying to prove that any super powers/psychic phenomena does not exist, -the magician who exemplified skepticism (doubt) and conducted the experiment when trying to find someone behind a wall by an aura -has $1 million to whoever can prove something...

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psychologists as scientists

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view theories with curiosity, skepticism, & humility/this means they are willing to ask questions and to reject claims that cannot be verified by research

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cause-effect relationship

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the reasons (causes) for a result (effect) occurring, Causality is the relationship between an event (the cause) and a second event (the effect), where the second event is a consequence of the first.

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scientific method

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a self-correcting process for asking questions and observing nature's answers/a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses, a series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions

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random sample

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a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

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correlation coefficient

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Describes the direction and strength of the relationship between two sets of variables., the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 (perfect negative correlation)through 0 (no correlation) to +1 (perfect positive correlation)/brings understanding as it clarifys and reveals the extent to which two things relate

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correlation and causation

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Correlation shows association, not causation, Correlaton indicates the possibility of a cause-effect relationship but it does not prove causation

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positive correlation

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A correlation where as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other. Both variables move in the same direction.

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negative correlation

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the relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other variable decreases

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hypotheses

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predictions implied by a theory/specific, testable predictions derived from a theory

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correlated

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provides a basis for prediction/two variables are said to be correlated if they tend to go up or down together, this need not imply causation

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experiment

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A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors.

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variable

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in an experiment, anything that can change (within the bounds of what is feasible and ethical)

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psychology subfields

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1.)Basic Research- Pure scientific to build psychology's Knowledge base. 2.) Applied Research- Solving practical Problems. 3.) Helping Professions- Counseling, Psychologists. 4.) Clinical Psychologists- Determine problems With no medication. 5.) Psychiatrists- Dr. who treats with medication.

exploring psychology ch 1

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