Exploring Creation with Biology 2nd Edition Module #11 Study Guide From Book
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Invertebrates
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Animals that lack a backbone
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Vertebrates
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Animals that possess a backbone
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Spherical symmetry
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An organism possesses spherical symmetry if it can be cut into two identical halves by any cut that runs through the organism's center.
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Radial symmetry
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An organism possesses radial symmetry if it can be cut into two identical halves by any longitudinal cut through its center.
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Bilateral symmetry
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An organism possesses bilateral symmetry if it can be cut into two identical halves by a single longitudinal cut along its center which divides it into right and left halves.
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Epidermis
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An outer layer of cells designed to provide protection
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Mesenchyme
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The jellylike substance that separates the epidermis from the inner cells in a sponge
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Collar cells
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Flagellated cells that push water through a sponge
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Amoebocytes
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Cells that move using pseudopods and perform different functions in different animals
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Gemmule
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A cluster of cells encased in a hard, spicule-reinforced shell
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Polyp
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The sessile, tubular form of a cnidarian with a mouth and tentacles at one end and a basal disk at the other
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Medusa
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A free-swimming cnidarian with a bell-shaped body and tentacles
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Epithelium
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Animal tissue consisting of one or more layers of cells that have only one free surface, because the other surface adheres to a membrane or other substance
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Mesoglea
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The jellylike substance that separates the epithelial cells in a cnidarian
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Nematocysts
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Small capsules that contain a toxin which is injected into prey or predators
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Testes
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Organs that produce sperm
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Ovaries
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Organs that produce eggs
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Anterior end
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The end of an animal that contains its head
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Posterior end
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The end of an animal that contains its tail
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Circulatory system
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A system designed to transport food and other necessary substances throughout a creature's body
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Nervous system
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A system of sensitive cells that respond to stimuli such as sound, touch, and taste
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Ganglia
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Masses of nerve cell bodies
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Hermaphroditic
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Possessing both the male and the female reproductive organs
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Regeneration
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The ability to regrow a missing part of the body
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Mantle
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A sheath of tissue that encloses the vital organs of a mollusk, makes the mollusk's shell, and performs respiration
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Shell
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A tough, multilayered structure secreted by the mantle, generally used for protection, but sometimes for body support
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Visceral hump
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A hump that contains a mollusk's heart, digestive, and excretory organs
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Foot
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A muscular organ that is used for locomotion and takes a variety of forms depending on the animal
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Radula
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An organ covered with teeth that mollusks use to scrape food into their mouths
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Univalve
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An organism with a single shell
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Bivalve
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An organism with two shells
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Do the vast majority of animals have backbones?
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No, the majority of them are vertebrates.
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Determine the symmetry of the following organisms: 1. Eagle 2. Jellyfish 3. Centipede 4. Mushroom
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1. Bilateral 2. Radial 3. Spherical 4. Radial
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How do sponges get their prey?
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They get it by constantly extracting food out of water.
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If a sponge is soft, does it contain spicules or spongin? What purpose do these substances serve in a sponge?
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It contains spongin which provides a framework for the sponge.
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What is the predominant mode of asexual reproduction in a sponge?
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Budding.
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What roles do amoebocytes play in the anatomy of a sponge?
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They are used for digestion, transportation of waste products, exchange gases, produce lime/silica to form spicules.
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When does a sponge produce gemmules?
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During inclement temperatures.
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What is the difference between nematocysts of a hydra and those of a sea anemone?
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The nematocysts in the sea anemone are triggered chemically. Hydra's are triggered by pressure.
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Why do cnidarians not need respiratory or excretory systems?
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Because their epithelial layers are so thin, that gases and water can pass through.
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Some biology books say that jellyfish live \"dual lives.\" Why?
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Because they spend part of their lives as a polyp and the other as medusa.
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If a jellyfish reproduces sexually, what form is it in?
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Medusa
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What is another name for a large coral colony?
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Coral reefs
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What benefits do earthworms give the plants in the soil that they inhabit?
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They help loosen soil, spred nutrients, and their tunnels allow oxygen to travel to roots of plants.
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If you pick up 2 earthworms and he first feels very slimy near the clitellum and the second does not, what can you conclude about the first one?
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That it would've recently mated but not yet produced a cocoon.
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What similarities exist between the hydra's sexual reproduction and the earthworm?
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They are both hermaphroditic.
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What differences exist between the hydra's sexual reproduction and the earthworm?
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The hydra can reproduce with itself.
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What will happen to an earthworm if its cuticle gets dry?
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It will suffocate.
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Why don't planarians need circulatory systems?
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Because the intestines are close enough to the cells so that digestion can be done by diffusion.
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If a flatworm has no complex nervous or digestive systems, is it most likely free-living or parasitic?
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It is parasitic.
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What is the main mode of asexual reproduction in a planarian?
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Regeneration.
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What phyla does the sea anemone belong in?
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Cnidaria.
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What phyla does the clam belong to?
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Mollusca.
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What phyla does the sponge belong in?
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Porifera.
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What phyla does the flatworm belong in?
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Platyhelminthes
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What phyla does the segmented worm belong in?
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Annelida
