exper psych 5 – Flashcards
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QUESTION Which of the following is a dependent variable in Dr. Lonsbary's study? _____________________________________
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Number of Words Remembered
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QUESTION What is the independent variable in Dr. Lonsbary's study? ________________________
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listening to the CD
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QUESTION How many conditions/levels of the independent variable were in Dr. Lonsbary's study? _______
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3
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QUESTION Which of the following is a control variable in Dr. Lonsbary's study, YES or NO? ___The number of words on the word list ___ The amount of time allowed for remembering/writing the words ___ The amount of time allowed for memorizing the words
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yes yes yes
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QUESTION Which of the following allows Dr. Lonsbary to conclude that she met the covariance rule for causality? YES or NO ___Noting that there is a difference between the number of words recalled by the happy and neutral people ___Having people listen to music or silence before they wrote down the list of words they remembered ___Making sure that all participants were asked to remember the same list of words
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no yes no
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QUESTION Which of the following allows Dr. Lonsbary to conclude that she met the temporal precedence rule for causality? YES OR NO ___Noting that there is a difference between the number of words recalled by the happy and neutral people ___ Having people listen to music or silence before they wrote down the list of words they remembered ___Making sure that all participants were asked to remember the same list of words
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no yes no
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QUESTION In Dr. Lonsbary's study, which of the following types of groups exists? TRUE OR FALSE ___ Control group ___ Treatment group ___ Placebo group
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true true false
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QUESTION What type of design did Dr. Lonsbary use in her study? ____________________________
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independent groups design
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QUESTION Dr. Lonsbary's study contains which of the following techniques designed to address a threat to construct validity? TRUE OR FALSE ___Counterbalancing ___A placebo group ___A demand characteristic ___Random sampling ___A manipulation check
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false false false true true
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QUESTION Dr. Lonsbary's decision to randomly assign participants to the three groups was done to avoid which of the following? TRUE OR FALSE ___An order effect ___A selection effect ___A practice effect ___A carryover effect
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false true false false
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QUESTION Dr. Lonsbary's study asked participants to report on their mood before completing the memory test. Dr. Lonsbary's decision to include this step was done to address the study's ___________ validity:
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construct
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QUESTION Which of the following should Dr. Lonsbary conclude from her study? YES or NO ___Being in a mood other than neutral causes people to have a better memory. ___Listening to music can cause changes in mood. ___Being in a happy mood does not cause more of a change in memory than being in a sad mood.
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yes yes yes
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QUESTION Prior to conducting the current study, Dr. Lonsbary asked her research assistant to use the same mood manipulation with a sample of 30 college students to determine if people's moods really did change after listening to the music. This preliminary study is known as a:
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pilot study
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QUESTION Prior to conducting the current study, Dr. Lonsbary asked her research assistant to use the same mood manipulation with a sample of 30 college students to determine if people's moods-really did change after listening to the music. Running this preliminary study helps establish which of the forms of validity?
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construct
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15. When conducting an experiment what is provided by the independent variable? YES OR NO ___ A comparison group ___ Evidence of covariance ___Proof of temporal precedence ___Confirmation of internal validity
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yes yes yes yes
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16. Dr. Kline (an environmental psychologist) conducts a study to examine whether visiting zoos causes people to have more positive attitudes toward environmental conservation. He asks a group of 45 people attending the zoo on a Saturday morning about their attitudes. He finds that 69% of the people report having a positive attitude after their visit. Which of the following is true for Dr. Kline's study? TRUE OR FALSE ___He is lacking a control group. ___ He did not manipulate an independent variable. ___ He cannot make a causal statement. ___ He is unable to determine covariance.
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true true false
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20.A threat to internal validity occurs only if a potential design confound varies ________________with the independent variable. TRUE OR FALSE ___ Haphazardly ___ Systematically ___ Selectively ___ Spontaneously ___ Cyclically
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Systematically
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18. Which of the following is true of selection effects? TRUE OR FALSE ___ They are a type of confound. ___They can occur when experimenters allow participants to choose their own treatment group. ___They can occur when researchers assign one type of person to one treatment group and another type of person to another treatment group.
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true true true
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19. Experiments use random assignment to avoid which of the following? TRUE OR FALSE ___Random selection ___Selection effects ___Carryover effects ___Large effect sizes ___Demand characteristics
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Selection effects
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20. Which of the following research designs is used to address possible selection effects? YES OR NO ___Posttest-only designs ___ Matched-groups designs ___Pretest/posttest designs
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all
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21. Using a matched-group design is especially important in which of the following cases? TRUE OR FALSE ___ When you have only a few people in your study ___ When you have at least three levels/conditions of the independent variable ___ When you do not have a control group
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true false .
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22. An independent-groups design is also known as a _____________ design.
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between-subject design
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23. For which of the following reasons might a researcher choose a pretest/ posttest design? TRUE OR FALSE ___To ensure that random assignment made the treatment/comparison groups equal ___To determine how groups change over the course of the experiment ___To avoid selection threats
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To ensure that random assignment made the treatment/comparison groups equal
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24. Dr. Alfonse, a developmental psychologist, conducts a study to determine whether children prefer books with drawn illustrations or with photographs. A group of 45 first graders are given two copies of a book (Little Red Riding Hood) at the same time. Although the story is the same, one book is illustrated with drawings and the other is illustrated with photos. Students are then asked to indicate which book they prefer. This is an example of which of the following designs? TRUE OR FALSE ___Longitudinal design ___Repeated-measures design ___Concurrent-measures design ___Posttest-only design
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Concurrent-measures design
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25. Which of the following are advantages of within-groups designs: TRUE OR FALSE ___Participants in the treatment/control groups will be equivalent ___It is less time-consuming for the participants ___It gives researchers more power to find differences between conditions ___They require fewer participants
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true true true true
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26. Which of the following is a threat to internal validity found in within- groups designs but not in independent-groups designs? FIRST - Define internal validity ___ Then answer T or F ___Selection effects ___Design confounds ___Counterbalancing ___Demand characteristics ___Practice effects
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alternative explanations, T T F T T
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27. Order effects can be controlled by using which of the following techniques? TRUE OR FALSE ___ Random assignment ___ Design confounds ___ Increasing demand characteristics ___ Counterbalancing
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Counterbalancing
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28. Which of the following is a disadvantage of within-groups designs? YES OR NO ___ There is a potential for order effects. ___ There is a potential for demand characteristics. ___ Depending on the independent variable, these designs are not always possible.
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yes yes yes
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30. Which of the following study designs is Dr. Acitelli using? YES OR NO ___ Pretest/posttest design ___ Concurrent-measures design ___ Repeated-measures design ___ Posttest-only design
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Posttest-only design
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31. Dr. Acitelli was concerned that asking participants how long it took them to fall asleep would lead them to suspect that was the purpose of the study. Her decision to measure how long it took participants to go to sleep using the EEG instead of self-report was meant to decrease which of the following? TRUE OR FALSE ___ Order effects ___ Selection effects ___ Demand characteristics ___ Counterbalancing effects
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Demand characteristics
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External validity
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concerned with extending the results to other situations.