Existential and Gestalt Therapy - Corey Chapter 8 - Flashcards

Q: Awareness

The process of attending to and observing one\'s own sensing, thinking, feelings, and actions; paying attention to the flowing nature of one\'s present-centered experience.

Q: Contact

The process connection with one\'s environment and with other people without losing one\'s sense of individuality. Done by seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, and moving.

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Awareness

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The process of attending to and observing one's own sensing, thinking, feelings, and actions; paying attention to the flowing nature of one's present-centered experience.

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Blocks to energy

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Paying attention to where energy is located, how it is used, and how it can be blocked. (defense mechanism)

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Confluence

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A disturbance in which the sense of the boundary between self and environment is lost

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Confrontation

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An invitation for the client to become aware of discrepancies between verbal and nonverbal expressions, between feelings and actions, or between thoughts and feelings.

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Contact

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The process connection with one's environment and with other people without losing one's sense of individuality. Done by seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, and moving.

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Continuum of Awareness

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Staying with the moment to moment flow of experiencing, which leads individuals to discover how they are functioning in the world.

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Deflection

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avoiding authentic contact and awareness by being vague and indirectlly using distraction.

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Dichotomy

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A split in which a person experiences or sees opposing forces; a polarity (weak/strong, dependence/independent)

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Dream work

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The Gestalt approach does not interpret and analyse dreams. Instead, the intent is to bring dreams back to life and relive them as though they were happening now.

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Emotion-focused therapy

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entails practice of therapy being informed by understanding the role of emotion in psychotherapeutic change.

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Empty-chair technique

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A role-playing intervention in which clients play conflicting parts. This typically consists of clients engaging in an imaginary dialogue between different sides of themselves.

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Exercises

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Ready-made techniques that are sometimes used to make something happen in a therapy session or to achieve a goal.

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Experiments

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Procedures aimed at encouraging spontaneity and inventiveness by bringing the possibilities for action directly into the therapy session. Experiments are designed to enhance here-and-now awareness. They are activities clients try out as a way of testing new ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

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Field theory

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organism must be seen in it's environment, or in its context, as part of the constant changing field.

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Figure

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aspects of the individual's experience that are most salient at any moment. not ground.

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Figure-formation process

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Describes how the individual organizes the environment from moment to moment and how the emerging focus of attention is on what is figural.

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Ground

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Those aspects of the individual's experience that tend to be out of awareness or in the background. not field.

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Holism

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Attending to a client's thoughts, feelings, behaviors, body, and dreams.

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Impasse

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point where you are stuck.

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Introjection

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A quality or attribute of another (like values/attitudes) is unconsciously internalized as if they were your own.

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Organismic self-regulation

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In order to grow, we must accept the good and reject the bad, within the environment

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Paradoxical theory of change

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A theoretical position that authentic change occurs more from being who we are than from trying to be who we are not.

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Projection

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Attributing (disowning) one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another.

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Relational Gestalt Therapy

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A supportive, kind, and compassionate style that emphasizes dialogue in the therapeutic relationship, rather than the confrontational style of Fritz Perls.

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Retroflection

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doing to oneself what one would like to do to someone else.

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Techniques

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Exercises or interventions that are often used to bring about action or interaction, sometimes with a prescribed outcome in mind.

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Unfinished business

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Unexpressed feelings or unresolved issues from the past interfere with the present experience.

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Gestalt Therapy Goals

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To assist clients in gaining awareness of moment to moment, experiencing and to expand the capacity to make choices, to foster integration of the self

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Gestalt Therapy Philosophy

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Person strives for wholeness and integration of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Concepts include contact with self and others, contact boundaries and awareness. Experiential approach, grounded in here and now and emphasizes awareness, personal choice and respnsibility

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Homeostasis

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Every moment we are phased with two factors that try to disturb the balance external (demands of environment) and internal (needs).

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gestalt

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means whole or completion.

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Therapist Function and Role Gestalt Therapy

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Therapists pays attention to non verbal messages/body language/tone of voice

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Clients Experience in Gestalt Therapy

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dialogue, interpretation is done by the client and formal diagnosis is not typically done.

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phenomenological inquiry

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Through a therapist asking what and how questions, clients are assisted in noticing what is occurring in the present moment.

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contact boundaries

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The process of connecting to or separating from others or the environment.

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body boundaries

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bodily sensations off limits (restricted). They maybe challenged, changed or reinforced.

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value boundaries

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values we hold that are resistance to changing. They maybe challenged, changed or reinforced.

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familiarity boundaries

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events and behaviors that occur frequently and routinely without much thought or challenge. They maybe challenged, changed or reinforced.

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expressive boundaries

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behaviors learned early in life. They maybe challenged, changed or reinforced.

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contact boundary disturbances

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when contact boundaries are broken which results in resistance to contact. Effects present experiences.

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Discovery, Accommodation, and Assimilation

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Process of therapeutic change and growth.

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converting questions to statements

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this technique helps clients acknowledge their own beliefs and feelings and take responsibility for them by making statements instead of questions.

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Using personal pronouns

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take responsibility by saying I or me.

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assuming responsibility

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"And I take responsibility for it."

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playing the projection

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technique where client is asked to play out a particular quality they don't like in someone else.

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making the rounds

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gestalt technique in which one member of the group is asked to either speak or do something with every other group member.

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exaggeration

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gestalt technique where client is asked to act out more intensively and expansively a particular behavior and to focus more attention on what that behavior feels like.

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may i feed you a sentence?

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gestalt technique to help clients verbalize feelings when they are struggling by being given a statement that they will repeat themselves.

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staying with the feeling

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gestalt technique that encourages the client to continue with the feeling that is being reported, instead of blocking or avoiding them.

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the reversal technique

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gestalt technique - selecting a personality trait, and then assume the opposite characteristic as fully as possible.

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angst

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A Danish and german word whose meaning lies between dread and anxiety. The uncertainty in life and the role of anxiety in making decisions about how we want to live.

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anxiety

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a condition that results from having to face choices without clear guidelines and without knowing what the outcome will be.

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authenticity

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the process of creating, discovering or maintaining the core deep within one's being; the process of becoming the person one is capable of becoming.

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Existential Analysis

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The emphasis of this therapy approach is on the subjective and spiritual dimensions of human existence.

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existential anxiety

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an outcome of being confronted with the four givens of existence: death, freedom, existential isolation and meaninglessness

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existential guilt

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the result of, or the consciousness of, evading the commitment to choosing for ourselves.

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existential neurosis

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feelings of despair and anxiety that result from inauthentic living, a failure to make choices and avoidance of responsibility.

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existential tradition

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seeks a balance between recognizing the limits and the tragic dimensions of human existence and the possibilities and opportunities of human life.

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EXISTENTIAL VACUUM

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a condition of emptiness and hollowness that results from meaninglessness in life.

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existentialism

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a philosophical movement stressing individual responsibility for creating one's ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving

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freedom

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an inescapable aspect of the human condition. we are the authors of our lives and therefore are responsible for our destiny and accountable for our actions.

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"givens of existence"

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death, freedom, existential isolation and meaninglessness

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inauthenticity

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lacking awareness of personal responsibility and passively assuming that our existence is largely controlled by external forces

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intersubjectivity

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the fact of our interrelatedness with others and the need for us to struggle with this in a creative way.

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logotherapy

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developed by Frankl, this brand of existential therapy literally means "healing through reason

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neurotic anxiety

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an appropriate response to an event being faced

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phenomenology

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a method of exploration that uses subjective human experiencing as its focus. the phenomenological approach is part of the fabric of existentially oriented therapies (Adlerian, person centered, gestalt and reality therapies)

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presence

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both a condition and a goal of therapeutic change, which serves the dual functions of reconnecting people to their pain and attuning them to the opportunities to transform their pain.

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resistance

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from an existential-humanistic perspective, resistance manifests as a failure to be fully present both during therapy and in life.

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restricted existence

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a state of functioning with a limited degree of awareness of oneself and being vague about the nature of one's problems.

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self-awareness

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the capacity for consciousness that enables us to make choices

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Unfinished business

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Unexpressed feelings (such as resentment, guilt, anger, grief) dating back to childhood that now interfere with effective psychological functioning; needless emotional debris that clutters present-centered awareness.

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Techniques

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Exercises or interventions that are often used to bring about action or interaction, sometimes with a prescribed outcome in mind.

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Retroflection:

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The act of turning back onto ourselves something we would like to do (or have done) to someone else.

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Relational Gestalt therapy

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A supportive, kind, and compassionate style that emphasizes dialogue in the therapeutic relationship, rather than the confrontational style of Fritz Perls.

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Projection

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The process by which we disown certain aspects of ourselves by ascribing them to the environment; the opposite of introjection.

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Phenomenological inquiry

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Through a therapist asking "what" and "how" questions, clients are assisted in noticing what is occurring in the present moment.

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Paradoxical theory of change

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A theoretical position that authentic change occurs more from being who we are than from trying to be who we are not.

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Organismic self-regulation

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An individual's tendency to take actions and make contacts that will restore equilibrium or contribute to change.

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Introjection

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The uncritical acceptance of others' beliefs and standards without assimilating them into one's own personality.

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Impasse:

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The stuck point in a situation in which individuals believe they are unable to support themselves and thus seek external support.

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Holism

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Attending to a client's thoughts, feelings, behaviors, body, and dreams.

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Ground

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Those aspects of the individual's experience that tend to be out of awareness or in the background.

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Figure-formation process

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Describes how the individual organizes the environment from moment to moment and how the emerging focus of attention is on what is figural.

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Figure:

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Those aspects of the individual's experience that are most salient at any moment.

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Field theory

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Paying attention to and exploring what is occurring at the boundary between the person and the environment.

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Field

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A dynamic system of interrelationships.

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Experiments:

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Procedures aimed at encouraging spontaneity and inventiveness by bringing the possibilities for action directly into the therapy session. Experiments are designed to enhance here-and-now awareness. They are activities clients try out as a way of testing new ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

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Exercises:

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Ready-made techniques that are sometimes used to make something happen in a therapy session or to achieve a goal.

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Empty-chair technique

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A role-playing intervention in which clients play conflicting parts. This typically consists of clients engaging in an imaginary dialogue between different sides of themselves.

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Empty chair

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A vehicle for the technique of role reversal, which is useful in bringing into consciousness the fantasies of what the "other" might be thinking or feeling.

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Dream work

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The Gestalt approach does not interpret and analyze dreams. Instead, the intent is to bring dreams back to life and relive them as though they were happening now.

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Dichotomy:

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A split by which a person experiences or sees opposing forces; a polarity (weak/strong, dependent/independent).

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Deflection:

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A way of avoiding contact and awareness by being vague and indirect.

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Continuum of awareness:

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Staying with the moment-to-moment flow of experiencing, which leads individuals to discover how they are functioning in the world.

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Contemporary relational Gestalt therapy

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stresses dialogue and the I/Thou relationship between client and therapist. Therapists emphasize the therapeutic relationship and work collaboratively with clients in a search for understanding.

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Contact

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The process of interacting with nature and with other people without losing one's sense of individuality. Contact is made by seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, and moving.

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Confrontation

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An invitation for the client to become aware of discrepancies between verbal and nonverbal expressions, between feelings and actions, or between thoughts and feelings.

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Confluence

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A disturbance in which the sense of the boundary between self and environment is lost.

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Blocks to energy

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Paying attention to where energy is located, how it is used, and how it can be blocked.

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Awareness:

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The process of attending to and observing one's own sensing, thinking, feelings, and actions; paying attention to the flowing nature of one's present-centered experience.

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Who among the following is not considered a relational Gestalt therapist? a. Fritz Perls b. Laura Perls c. Miriam Polster d. Erving Polster

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a. Fritz Perls

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Gestalt therapy is a form of: a. Freudian psychoanalytic therapy. b. neo-Freudian analytic therapy. c. behavior therapy. d. existential therapy.

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d. existential therapy.

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Field theory asserts that: a. the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. b. human beings have a innate capacity to self regulate. c. the organism must be seen in its environment, or in its context, as part of the constantly changing field. d. phenomenological inquiry is the key to behavior change.

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c. the organism must be seen in its environment, or in its context, as part of the constantly changing field.

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Prerequisites for good contact involves all of the following except: a. zest. b. creativity. c. imagination. d. projection.

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d. projection.

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Erving Polster believes that storytelling: a. is always a form of resistance. b. can be the heart of the therapeutic process. c. is acceptable only if one's client is a writer. d. is an indication that one's client is a pathological liar.

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b. can be the heart of the therapeutic process.

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It is essential that counselors establish a relationship with their clients, so that the clients will: a. be less divulging during an assessment. b. be less focused on the here and now. c. feel trusting enough to participate in the learning that can result from Gestalt experiments. d. be more willing to be involved in process-oriented diagnosis

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c. feel trusting enough to participate in the learning that can result from Gestalt experiments.

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A critical difference between early Gestalt therapy and relational Gestalt therapy is the: a. emphasis on contact. b. approach to confrontation. c. use of techniques. d. focus on the figure formation process.

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b. approach to confrontation.

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The Gestalt therapist: a. freely makes interpretations for the client. b. pays attention to the client's nonverbal language. c. is mainly nondirective. d. helps the client understand why he or she is behaving in self-defeating ways.

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b. pays attention to the client's nonverbal language.

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In Gestalt theory, the experiment is: a. a specific technique of therapy. b. tailored to fit the client's unique needs and presented in an invitational manner. c. a ready-made exercise used to achieve a behavioral goal. d. a scientific procedure to assess the effectiveness of therapy.

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b. tailored to fit the client's unique needs and presented in an invitational manner.

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When a person experiences an internal conflict (namely a conflict between top dog and underdog), which of the following techniques would be most appropriate? a. Making the rounds b. The reversal technique c. The internal dialogue exercise d. The rehearsal exercise

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c. The internal dialogue exercise

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Often Greta, who struggles to feel good about herself, comes to sessions with slouched posture. In order to help Greta gain a clearer understanding of the inner meaning of her slouched posture, a Gestalt therapist might: a. ask Greta to exaggerate her poor posture, which is likely to intensify her feelings attached to it. b. have Greta undergo hypnosis. c. ask Greta to free associate to the words "slouched posture." d. refer her to an orthopedic surgeon to rule out scoliosis.

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a. ask Greta to exaggerate her poor posture, which is likely to intensify her feelings attached to it.

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A Gestalt technique that is most useful when a person attempts to deny an aspect of his or her personality (such as tenderness) is: a. making the rounds. b. the reversal exercise. c. the rehearsal exercise. d. the empty chair technique.

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b. the reversal exercise.

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Mariah tells her therapist, a Gestaltist, that she dreamt she got married to a pit bull and felt uneasy about telling her parents that she married a dog. When her parents discovered their son-in-law was a pit bull, they disowned her and suddenly became dogs themselves. In response to this dream, Mariah's therapist: a. may need to contact a psychiatric hospital (and possibly an animal shelter) since it is likely Mariah unconsciously desires to marry a dog. b. should interpret the dream for her client. c. should assist her client in reliving the dream as though it was happening in the now and have her become each part of the dream. d. should encourage her client to forget the dream since it was meaningless.

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c. should assist her client in reliving the dream as though it was happening in the now and have her become each part of the dream.

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The paradoxical theory of behavior change suggests: a. we change by setting future-oriented goals. b. clients should pay particular attention to becoming the person they wish to be. c. careful attention should devoted to changing behavior in the moment it is happening. d. authentic change occurs more from being who we are than from trying to be who we are not.

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d. authentic change occurs more from being who we are than from trying to be who we are not.

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The basic goal of Gestalt therapy is: a. attaining awareness and contact with the environment. b. to understand why we feel as we do. c. to uncover repressed material. d. to help clients develop better social skills.

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a. attaining awareness and contact with the environment.

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According to the Gestalt perspective, if people do not remember their dreams: a. they may be refusing to face what is wrong with their lives. b. that suggests they have no internal conflicts. c. they are sound sleepers. d. they lack creativity.

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a. they may be refusing to face what is wrong with their lives.

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A contribution of this therapeutic approach is: a. it enables intense experiencing to occur over a long period of time. b. it can be a relatively long therapy. c. it stresses talking about problems, as opposed to doing and experiencing. d. the exciting way in which the past is dealt with in a lively manner by bringing relevant aspects into the present.

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d. the exciting way in which the past is dealt with in a lively manner by bringing relevant aspects into the present.

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According to Gestalt theory, people use avoidance in order to: a. help assist them in facing unfinished business. b. keep from feeling uncomfortable emotions. c. help the work to change. d. help express feelings openly

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b. keep from feeling uncomfortable emotions.

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Empirical support for Gestalt therapy is: a. weak. b. well-developed. c. becoming stronger. d. unavailable.

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c. becoming stronger.

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According to Gestalt theory, all of the following are true about contact except: a. contact is necessary for change and growth to occur. b. one maintains a sense of individuality as a result of good contact. c. withdrawal after a good contact experience indicates neurosis. d. contact is made by seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, and moving.

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c. withdrawal after a good contact experience indicates neurosis.

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In Gestalt therapy, the relationship between client and counselor is seen as: a. the heart of therapy. b. a place for the therapist to work on personal issues. c. not being an I/Thou interaction. d. technique bound.

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a. the heart of therapy.

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Which of the following is not true about Gestalt techniques? a. "Exercises" are ready-made techniques. b. "Experiments" grow out of the interaction between therapist and client. c. Clients need to be prepared for their involvement in Gestalt techniques. d. Experiments are always carried out during the therapy session, rather than outside it.

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d. Experiments are always carried out during the therapy session, rather than outside it.

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Which of the following is not true about Fritz Perls? a. He was the main originator and developer of Gestalt therapy. b. During his childhood, he was a model student. c. He was influenced by psychoanalytic concepts. d. He took issue with Freud's theory on a number of grounds.

answer

b. During his childhood, he was a model student.

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The five different kinds of contact boundary disturbances include all of the following, except: a. retroflection. b. projection. c. introjection. d. introflection.

answer

d. introflection.

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Which of the following aspects of a client's use of language would a Gestalt therapist not focus on? a. "It" talk b. "You" talk c. Questions d. Semantics

answer

d. Semantics

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Which of the following is not true about the Gestalt view of the role of confrontation in therapy? a. It is not possible to be both confrontational and gentle with clients. b. It is important to confront clients with the ways they are avoiding being fully alive. c. Confrontation does not have to be aimed at negative traits. d. Confrontation should be a genuine expression of caring.

answer

a. It is not possible to be both confrontational and gentle with clients.

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Which of the following Gestalt techniques involves asking one person in a group to speak to each of the other group members? a. The rehearsal exercise b. The reversal technique c. Making the rounds d. The exaggeration technique

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c. Making the rounds

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The empty chair technique: a. assists clients in deciding what chair they like. b. is a vehicle for the technique of role reversal. c. allows clients to internalize a role and not share. d. does not help resolve unfinished business.

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b. is a vehicle for the technique of role reversal.

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Which of the following is not one of Miriam Polster's three stages in her integration sequence? a. Reunification b. Discovery c. Assimilation d. Accommodation

answer

a. Reunification

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A teenage girl is angry with her parents and cuts on her arm. In Gestalt terms, she is most likely engaging in: a. introjection. b. projection. c. retroflection. d. confluence.

answer

c. retroflection.

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Because of his need to be liked, Jose makes careful efforts to get along with everyone and minimize interpersonal conflicts. Which boundary disturbance is Jose exhibiting? a. Introjection b. Projection c. Retroflection d. Confluence

answer

d. Confluence

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Which of the following is not one of the Gestalt group leader's roles? a. Designing experiments for group members b. Evoking group catharsis c. Engaging in self-disclosure d. Facilitating contact in the group setting

answer

b. Evoking group catharsis

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__________ are preplanned activities that can be used to elicit emotion, produce action, or achieve a specific goal. a. Cathartic events b. Faulty experiments c. Exercises d. Conflicting opinions

answer

c. Exercises

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Contemporary Gestalt therapists view client resistance as a: a. way that clients avoid confrontation. b. sign of poor motivation for therapeutic work. c. therapy interfering force that needs to be overcome. d. creative adjustment to a situation and something to be respected.

answer

d. creative adjustment to a situation and something to be respected.

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One of the main contributions of the Gestalt approach is its: a. behavioral training models. b. emphasis on learning to appreciate and fully experience the present moment. c. attempt to remain focused on the past. d. ability to allow the client to remain oblivious to his or her behavior.

answer

b. emphasis on learning to appreciate and fully experience the present moment.

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__________ involves blurring the differentiation between the self and the environment. a. Confluence b. Deflection c. Retroflection d. Projection

answer

a. Confluence

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When a client recognizes he or she has a choice describes which stage of Miriam Polster's three-stage integration sequence? a. Discovery b. Accommodation c. Assimilation d. Retroflection

answer

b. Accommodation

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__________ grow out of the interaction between client and therapist and emerge within this dialogic process. a. Exercises b. Figure-formations c. Fantasies d. Experiments

answer

d. Experiments

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Which technique takes an anticipated event and brings it into the present moment to act out? a. Empty-chair b. Future projection c. Internal dialogue d. Making the rounds

answer

b. Future projection

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When a client learns how to influence his or her environment describes which stage of Miriam Polster's three-stage integration sequence? a. Discovery b. Accommodation c. Assimilation d. Retroflection

answer

c. Assimilation

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Gestalt theory is best considered as a form of psychoanalytic therapy. T or F

answer

False

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The Gestalt therapist typically uses diagnosis and interpretation as a basic part of the therapeutic process. T or F

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False

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In the Gestaltist view, unfinished business is best explored in the present. T or F

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True

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A Gestalt therapist pays attention to ways the client uses language. T or F

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True

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Therapy is based upon the successful resolution of the transference relationship. T or F

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False

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Both contact and withdrawal are necessary and important to healthy functioning. T or F

answer

True

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Gestalt therapy makes use of a wide variety of techniques that are designed to increase the client's awareness of his or her present experiencing. T or F

answer

True

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According to Perls, awareness of and by itself is not sufficient to lead to change; clients must also put their experiences into some type of cognitive framework if change is to happen. T or F

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False

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The Gestalt approach to dream work consists of the therapist interpreting the meaning of the symbols in the dream. T or F

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False

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Since Gestalt therapists believe that questions have a tendency to keep the questioner hidden, safe, and unknown, they often ask clients to change their questions into statements. T or F

answer

True

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Gestalt therapy is designed for individual counseling, and it typically does not work well in groups. T or F

answer

False

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One of the contributions of Gestalt therapy is the vast empirical research that has been done to validate the specific techniques used. T or F

answer

False

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The goal of Gestalt therapy is to solve basic problems, to resolve one's polarities, and to help the individual to adjust to his or her environment. T or F

answer

False

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Gestaltists typically ask why questions in the attempt to get clients to think about the source of their problems. T or F

answer

False

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Gestalt therapy focuses on the cognitive aspects of therapy. T or F

answer

False

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Gestalt techniques can be considered experiments. T or F

answer

True

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Part of success in using Gestalt techniques is contingent upon preparing clients for these techniques. T or F

answer

True

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Most of the Gestalt techniques are designed to intensify one's experiencing. T or F

answer

True

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Gestalt therapies view a client's avoidance behavior as related to unfinished business. T or F

answer

True

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Blocked energy is a form of defensive behavior. T or F

answer

True

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Retroflection involves doing to others what we would like them to do to us. T or F

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False

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In Gestalt therapy, a client's resistance is welcomed and used to deepen their therapeutic work. T or F

answer

True

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People who rely on retroflection tend to inhibit themselves from taking action out of fear of embarrassment, guilt, and resentment. T or F

answer

True

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A current trend in Gestalt therapy is toward greater emphasis on the client/therapist relationship rather than on techniques. T or F

answer

True

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Gestalt therapy is lively and promotes direct experiencing rather than the abstractness of talking about situations. T or F

answer

True

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Since Gestalt therapy focuses on the here-and-now, the past is neither explored nor given emphasis. T or F

answer

False

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In Gestalt terms, awareness refers to our connectedness to our external and internal worlds. T or F

answer

True

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Genuine knowledge is the product of what the person understands of the situation of another. T or F

answer

False

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Although Perls used a highly confrontational approach in dealing with client avoidance and resistance, the confrontational model is not representative of contemporary Gestalt therapy. T or F

answer

True

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Gestalt group therapists use experiments to encourage clients to move from talking about action to taking action. T or F

answer

True

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