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To Live

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1994, directed by Yimou Zhang After Fugui and Jiazhen lose their personal fortunes to Fugui's gambling habit, they raise a family and survive difficult cultural changes during 1940s to 1970s China.

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Dangerous Straits

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March 2001, a Chinese fighter pilot flies into an American reconnaissance plane, the air force were able to pull the plane out of a dive, but it was very close and the plane has to emergency land in China. The chinese pilot died. The Americans felt that the Chinese were exploiting the incident to increase their power The US ambassador meets with Chinese officials, accuses the Americans of flying into the Chinese plane, and of flying into their air space The incident turned into a confrontation, China called it an invasion of Chinese sovereignty

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Four Modernizations

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Modernizing Agriculture Expanding Industry Developing Science and Technology Upgrading China's military

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Tragedy at Tianamen

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1989 At least 10,000 people died Protests were focibly put down after the government imposed martial law Students called for democracy, freedom of speech, freedom of press

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Fifth Modernization

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Democracy, called for by Wei Jing'sheng in 1978-79

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Rape of Nanking

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Ended in 1938 50,000-300,000 dead mass murder and mass rape committed by Japanese troops in Nanjing, the capital of the Republic of China, during the Second Sino-Japanese War

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Sun Yat'sen

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1912-1925 First president of the Republic of China Three People's Principles, 1923 Nationalism: people's spirit of independence and true national independence Democracy: constitutional republicanism, not constitutional monarchy People's Livelihood: Strive to minimize the differences in wealth inequality so common in modern industrial societies

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Unification of China, 1911-1949

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A republic was formally established on 1 January 1912 following the Xinhai Revolution, successfully overthrowing the Qing Dynasty and ending over two thousand years of imperial rule in China. From its founding until 1949 it was based on mainland China.

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New Culture Movement

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mid 1910s and 1920s sprang from the disillusionment with traditional Chinese culture following the failure of the Chinese Republic, founded in 1912 to address China's problems

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Warlords/Northern Expedition

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the centralised gov't failed and the country was divided among its military cliques in the mainland regions. The era lasted from the death of Yuan Shikai in 1916 until 1928 w/ the end of the Northern Expedition. The Kuomintang expedition led to the end of the Warlord Era, the unification of China in 1928 and the est. of the Nanjing gov't

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Small Happiness

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To give birth to a boy is big happiness. To give birth to a girl is small happiness. A boy will remain in the household while a girl is married off, so wives are called 'the people inside the home' There are about 900,000 to a million villages in still China & some women still live like 2nd class citizens

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Second Sino-Japanese War

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1937-1945 20 million Chinese casualties Nationalist armies tried to resist the invasion but were overcome by the technological supremacy/preparedness of the Japanese. China's underdeveloped industries were incapable of supplying munitions or engineering quickly or in sufficient quantities. The Chinese had no tanks & only a few aircraft.

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Civil War, 1945-49

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fought between the nationalists-led government and the Communist Party ideological split between nationalism and communism Communist victory

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Republic of China

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Founded in 1912, dissolved in 1949 Yuan Shi'kai is President from 1912-1915

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Xian Incident

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1936, political crisis in Xi'an prior to the 2nd Sino-Japanese War Chaing Kai'shek was detained by his subordinates, make him change his policies toward Japan and the CPC. Ends after 2 weeks, Chiang agrees to end the civil war against the CPC, & began actively preparing for war w/ Japan

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Northern Expedition

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1926-1928 a military campaign launched by the Nationalists against the Beiyang government and other regional warlords in 1926. The purpose was to reunify China The nationalists won, and it marked the beginning of the Chinese Civil War.

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Chou En-lai

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first Premier of the People's Republic of China, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976

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Marco Polo Bridge

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1937 a battle in Beijing between the National Revolutionary Army and the Imperial Japanese Army It marked the beginning of the full scale invasion of China during the 2nd Sino Japanese war

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Chen Shui-bian

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Taiwanese politician/lawyer, President of the Republic of China from 2000 to 2008 1st president from the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) which ended the nationalists more than 50 years of continuous rule in Taiwan

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Chiang Ching-kuo

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a politician in Taiwan Son of Chiang Kai-shek

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Jiang Qing

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AKA Madame Mao, was a Chinese Communist Revolutionary, Chinese actress, and major political figure during the Cultural Revolution Married to Mao from 1938-1976, his fourth wife

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Cultural Revolution

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lasted from 1966-1976 utilized themes/movements from years in Yan'an, during the Great Leap Forward, and in the Socialist Education Movement The PLA was viewed as the best model of socialism Red is favored over expert Adversity can be overcome with courage, perseverance, etc. What appears to be new is the central focus of purging people in power within the paty

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Gang of Four

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A political faction led by Jiang Qing, Mao's wife, with 4 communist party officials They are later blamed for the failures of the cultural revolution and charged with treason

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Lin Biao

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Mao's choice for Minister of Defense, replaces Peng De'huai

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Deng Xiaoping

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Paramount leader of China from 1978 to 1987 His four modernizations: Modernizing Agriculture Expanding Industry Developing Science and Technology Upgrading China's military

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Wei Jiangsheng

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Working class electrician and son of party parents 1978-79, he called for a fifth modernization, Democracy Democracy Wall, on Xi'dan St. in Beijing which was torn down and he was put in jail

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Chiang Kai-shek

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Married into money, Soong Mei-ling Relationship to Sun Yat-sen 1927-1933, Chiang K'ai-shek takes control of much of southern China the leader of the Republic of China between 1928 and 1975

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Zhao Ziyang

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Head of the CCP, supported the students during the protests in Tianamen square Because of this, Deng fires him after getting military and CCP support remained under house arrest until his death in 2005, replaced by Jiang Ze'min

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May Fourth Movement

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when the allies defeated Germany, the Treaty of Versailles (1919) ending the war awarded Jiao'zhou to Japan massive protests in Beijing @ Tian'an'men Square, several thousands outraged students & others They denounced the allies at Versailles & the Chinese delegation at Versailles which offered little resistance

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Taiwan Politics

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1996, a free election is held, and will most likely be won by a Taiwanese person China wants to let Taiwan know that they should not be looking for independence Bill Clinton gets involved, he's very sympathetic to Taiwan

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Xinjiang

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autonomous territory in northwest China a vast region of deserts and mountains, home to many ethnic minority groups (incl. the Turkic Uyghur). The Silk Road trade route linking China and the Middle East passed through Xinjiang

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Tibet

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The 13th Dalai Lama expelled Chinese troops stationed in Lhasa in the chaos following the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911. He declared independence in 1912, and Tibet largely ruled itself until 1950, when China struggled with foreign invasion and civil wars.

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Land Reform

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Agrarian Reform Law of 1950, the property of rural landlords was confiscated and redistributed, fulfilled a promise to the peasants & smashed a class identified as feudal/semifeudal

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Five Year Plan

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An economic program that ran from 1953 to 1957. After the Korean War, Mao & the CCP prioritise economic development. Drawing on a 1949 trip to Moscow, Mao embraced the Soviet 'five year plan' model for economic development.

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Great Leap Forward

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1957-1960 Communes the instrument that allows people to do nothing but work No laundry, cooking, childcare Commune laundries, cafeterias, KinderCares 16 hour days The promise was an early Chinese catching up to the West, but party ended up squandering a lot of good faith

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Hu Shi

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(1891-1962) A Boxer Indeminity student, studied in the US, was inspired by John Dewey pragmatist, one of his articles: "Study More Problems, Talk Less of 'ISM'" Became the chief promoter of the Chinese vernacular (bai hua) He later became Chinese ambassador to the United States

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Hai Rui/Hai Jui Dismissed

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A play that tells the story of a Ming dynasty official who told the emperor he was full of it, and was dismissed. It was an allegory for Peng Dehuai and Mao's conflict

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Consequences of the great leap

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Great Leap begins to be dismantled in 1960 Famine, 20-40 million deaths, mostly in the countryside Peng removed and Mao's choice, Lin Biao, becomes Minister of Defense Mao is semi retirement, Liu Shao Qi becomes both the party and China's leader Mao's model vs. Soviet style model continues to divide CCP and PRC ad USSR

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