Exam Questions – Flashcards

Clostridium

chauvoei

Haemophilus

paragallinarum

Haemophilus parasuis

;

;

Serosal surfaces and joints

(polyserositis)

Clostridium

piliforme

Taylorella

equigenitalis

Bordetella

pertussis

Actinobacillus

lignieresii

Oral cavity and GI tract of

Ruminants

Actinobacillus

pleuropneumoniae

Fusobacterium

necrophorum

Fusobacterium

necrophorum

Brachyspira

hyodysenteriae

Campylobacter

jejuni

Brucella

melitensis

Brucella

suis

Lawsonia

intracellularis

Ticks and cotton-tailed rabbits

Septic shock

(DIC and endotoxemia)

Vibrio

cholerae

Brucella

abortus

Eradication in the US

Abortion and hepatitis

Black disease

YAWS

Redwater disease

This is associated with Clostridium hemolyticum

Limberneck

Clostridium botulinum grows in sediment at the bottom of ponds because it is anerobic.  They eat veatation from the bottom of the pond and ingest it.

Delayed calving, poor conception rates, and heifers keep coming into heat for 4-5 months before settling.

A) the amount of Leukotoxin produced

B) Whether it is a biotype A organism

The toxins bind to the target sites irreversibly and produce long-term inhibition of function, so treatment needs to be administered until regeneration occurs.

Bordetella bronchiseptica causes mild destruction of the nasal turbinates by releasing dermonecrotic toxin.  This allows for colonization with Pasteurella multocida, which has a toxin that causes turbinate atrophy.

Chronic (4-6 wks), dry, non productive cough, vomiting

Cause: damaged tracheal ciliated epithelium

Pseudomembranous colitis in humans is E)both associated with antimicrobial therapy that destroys normal flora and predisposes the intestine for infection, and is caused by Clostridium difficile.

Although guinea pigs , rabbits and hamsters may get infected with C. difficile, the major Clostridial infection effecting LAB RODENTS is Clostridium piliformae.

Leptospira interrogans is a UNIQUE bacterial pathogen because A) it can actively invade mucosal surfaces such as eyes, mouth, nose, genitalia, water-softened skin, wounds. It does so VERY AGGRESSIVELY and only needs a few seconds of contact to penetrate.

Leptospira interrogans DOES survive in ponds & streams.

It also IS SHED IN URINE, as most serovars can be naturally found in proximal convoluted tubule of kidneys.

It DOES NOT require an intermediate host, but MAY cause life threatening disease.

D) serological tests to detect antibody against toxin is LEAST effective in detecting organisms involved in Clostridium infections because the diseases are too acute to generate antibody

Foot rot in sheep B) can be transmitted in sale barns by turning sheep into pens that recently held infected sheep. 

The organism can survive in a pen for a week or two.

Contagious foot rot in sheep is caused by Dichelobacter nodosus, Fusobacterium necrophorum is the primary invader that causes EPIDERMIS only.

It is most often seen in LUSH, DAMP pastures

It is also quick spread and hard to eliminate.

Rusty nails are good at inducing tetanus because E) the rust reduced the Eh in the local area where sore are introduced, allowing spores to germinate AND are contaminated with facultative anaerobes that remove oxygen from the injury site

Brucella abortus is true of E) none of the above.

Brucella species are susceptible to most chemical disinfectants.

B. abortus can cause disease in cattle, humans, SHEEP, GOATS, horses, boars, wild undulates and other animals.

It causes LATE TERM abortion in cattle.

It can cause EPIDIDYMITIS and ORCHITIS leading to sterility in BULLS.

Reduction of nitrates in cured meats could lead to a higer incidence of C) Botulism

This is why nitrites are added to cured meats preserve them.

Meat transmission of Campylobacteriosis is often assocaited with the chilling process in poultry.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections are most often caused by shellfish.

Brucella suis is A) more likely to cause sterility than other Brucella spp.

Brucella suis is NOT eradicated, but not often found in the US, except FERAL swine.

Swine DO NOT produce a Humoral reponse, and are thus diagnosed by AGGLUTINATION test.

The DISEASE of Brucella is generalized and causes focal abscesses in organs, lamness, and sterility

Brucella canis is unique among the Brucella species because B) it is shed in urine and other excretions of male and female dogs

Brucella canis PRIMARILY causes disease in dogs, but can infect humans. Felines DO NOT serve as a reservoir host. 

Also it produces a PERSISTANT BACTEREMIA.

The main receptors of the epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens type D are located E) in the vasculature of the brain causing neurological signs.

C. perfringens type D causes Enterotoxemia known as OVEREATING disease in sheep. 

It DOES cause Pulpy Kidney, but not main receptor site.

FALSE

IgA is the protective antibody of the VAGINA, immobilizing the organism to prevent it from ascending the reproductive tract.

FALSE

Clostridium tetani DOES NOT ACTIVELY INVADE and multiply. The organism relys solely on toxin production at local tissue sites.

TRUE

FALSE

The Brucella abortus RB51 vaccine is infectious for humans (as well as the old strain 19 vaccine, which was infectious to the testes of bull calves)

TRUE

TRUE

SYMMETRICAL weakness to flaccid paralysis occurs following infection.  The epitopes of lipopolysaccharide of organism mimic host neural tissue, causes host to make anti-bodies against it own neurons.

FALSE

Brucella melitensis is NOT found in the US, but is common in the Mediterranean, central Asia, Latin America, and Mexico. Primarily effects GOATS, but can be fatal in humans.

FALSE

Brachyspira pilosicoli is an organism all by itself, causing porcine intestinal spirochetosis. 

Both of these organisms are in the Order Spirochaetale.

TRUE

Pretty much the only thing Lyme, Connecticut has brought to us...

FALSE

There is no mentioned OspB in the reading material, and the OspA (a lipoprotein) vaccine is currently the better product, despite causing autoimmune reactions.

Im asking him about this and will update it...

Enterotoxemia

Overeating disease

Pulpy liver disease

Vibrio cholerae

THRUSH

TETANOSPASMIN

Mannheimia haemolytica

Pasteurella multocida

Lawsonia intracellularis

Bordetella bronchiseptica

Mannheimia haemolytica

Clostridium sordellii

Clostridium novyii type D

Brucella canis

Actinobacillus equuli

Arcanobacterium pyogenes

& Fusobacterium necrophorum

Clostridium colinum

Clostridium difficile

Tyzzer's Disease

;

;

;

Branhamella ovis

;

UV light

Dust

Trauma from long stemmy grass

Face flies

Mycoplasma bovoculi

;

;

;

;

Septicemia

TEME (Throboembolic Meningioencephalitis)

Pneumonia

;

;

Feeder lambs are on a high energy grain ration (older ewes are not), this provides the necessary environment for Clostridium perfringens type D that produces epsilon toxin

;

;

;

;

TRUE

;

;

FALSE

;

Pasteurella multocida capsular type A causes fowl cholera.; Birds are effected as an acute septicemia, not respiratory.

;

;

;

;

TRUE

;

;

FALSE

;

The immune response to Fransciella tularensis cell mediated, making live attenuated vaccines the best prevention. The organism survive for a long time inside monocytes allowing for relapse.

;

;

TRUE

;

The pneumonic form in humans is if the organism is inhaled.

The typhoidal form is if the organism is ingested.

;

;

TRUE

;

Blackleg is caused by Clostridium chauvoei in ruminants, effecting the best of the herd (unusually fat rapid growing animals).; This lesion appears as black necrotic muscle with gas bubbles.

;

;

FALSE

;

There is a vaccine of aluminum hydroxide-precipitated from formalinized cultures.;

Black leg is caused by Clostridium chauvoei

;

TRUE

;

Clostridium novyi is normally present in low numbers in the liver, so would be an insignificant finding of liver culture.; The alpha is readily absorbed into the bloodstream and can be tested for in serum or tissue.

Black disease = infectious necrotic hepatitis

;

;

;

FALSE

;

In the US, it is only a problem in feral swine, but it occurs commonly in most swine-raising countries.

2004 question 39

;

;

TRUE

The other species are more localized:
Brucella abortus - placenta, epididymus (cattle), liver (humans)

Brucella canis - epididymus, testes

;

;

;

;

TRUE

;

;

FALSE

;

Brucella maris is the proposed name of a Brucella species that has been isolated in marine mammals.

Include: B. pinnipediae and B. cetaceae

;

;

FALSE

;

Although Brucella abortus IS nearly eradicated in the US, calfhood vaccination (as well as blood testing, and culling of positive cattle) is part of the STATE-FEDERAL cooperative control program.;

The vaccine used is the LIVE RB51.;

;

;

FALSE

;

The Ring Test is part of the STATE-FEDERAL COOPERATIVE CONTROL PROGRAM in the US, which requires each dairy herd to be tested 3 times per year.

;

;

FALSE

;

Brucella melitensis causes the most signifcant disease in humans. Typically asymptomatic in the primary host of goats, it can often be FATAL in humans who have consumed unpasteurized milk.

;

;

;

;

TRUE

;

FALSE

;

Brucella melitensis is typically asymptomatic - mild in infected goats, but when infected, unpasteurized milk is consumed by humans it can be FATAL.

;

;

TRUE

;

The Strain 19 and the newer RB51 vaccine both cause infections of the testes and should not be administered to bull calves.

;

;

;

;

TRUE

;

;

;

;

FALSE**

;

;

Somatic antigens

Capsular antigens

;

;

;

Mannheimia haemolytica

;

;

;

;

Pasteurella multocida

;

;

;

;

Bibersteinia trehalosi

;

;

;

;

Campylobacter jejuni

;

;

;

;

Fusobacterium necrophorum

;

;

;

;

FOWL CHOLERA

;

;

;

;

FOWL CORYZA

;

;

;

;

Lawsonia intracellularis

;

;

;

Vibrio cholerae

;

;

;

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

;

;

;

;

EPSILON TOXIN

;

;

A - Abortus

M - Melitensis

R - Rough

;

;

;

This toxin has an A-B structure.

The A subunit enters the intestinal epithelial cell,

acts as a adenylate cyclase.

;

;

1) Too many fibrial types that would need to be included in vaccine.

;

2) Limited antibody is present in the area of lesions, until lesions are severe.

C) Bibersteinia trehalosi produces a RTX toxin that is toxic SPECIFICALLY to ruminant leukocytes and platelets.

;

Fransciella tularensis - no mention of toxins

Clostridium septicum - produces 4 toxins, none described, but produce edema

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae - produces 3 RTX toxins but against SWINE

Histophilus somni - effects ruminants, mainly produces ENDOTOXIN

The most common method for diagnosing Tuleremia is an E) Agglutination test on patient serum.

;

This organism is difficult to grow on isolation, and biochemical indentification is difficult and hazardous.

;

ALSO, fluorescent antibody test can be used to identify the organism itself.

Actinobacter species C) are commonly resistant to available antibiotics.

;

Actinobacter species typically causes tissue infections, septicemia, enteritis, respiratory disease.

Not a disease of goats.

;

;

;

TRUE

Several sertypes are needed to cause disease in sheep and goats which includes septicemia in newbrons, pneumonia in adults, and mastitis (BLUE BAG) in sheep.

;

;

;

FALSE

;

The habitat of Fransciella tularensis is within ticks and in wild rodents and rabbits that all act as reservoirs.;

Disease primarily occurs in rabbits and humans.

;

;

;

It is under control in the US, and is not found in the general population.; There are strict regulations on importing, and horses must have 2 negative tests.

;

;

FALSE

;

Although this organism is isolated to the reproductive tract causing contagious equine metritis, vaginitis, cervicitis, and endometritis this organism DOES NOT CAUSE ABROTION.

;

;

TRUE

;

Bovine foot rot is caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum and this organism has miminal to no invasive capabilities but can enter and multiply in damaged tissues. Typical lesions have a FOUL ODOR.

;

;

FALSE

;

Contagious Ovine Footrot, typically caused as by an injury + invasion of Fusobacterium necrophorum then infection with Dictelobacter nodosus, is a rapidly spreading disease.; The disease is both severe and difficult to eliminate and treat.

;

;

FALSE

;

Calves vaccinated with RB51 are serologically negative for Brucella on standard testing, which includes the card test.

;

TRUE

;

Brucella abortus has been eliminated from almost all of the US

;

B. melitensis, B. ovis, canis and maris do not typically occur in cattle.

;

;

;

;

TRUE

FALSE

Brucella canis does NOT typically present with clinical signs.  In humans, there have been relatively rare and mild infections.

TRUE

Brucella pinnipediae and Brucella cetaceae are lumped into the category Brucella maris and are the appearent cause of abortion in marine mammals.

FALSE

Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus is best diagnosed by characteristic liver lesions, or smears from cotyledon and stomach contents.

FALSE

clearing of the uterus by IgA is a mechanism assocaited with Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis. IgG would be the antibody to clear the organism from the uterus and oviducts.

FALSE

Campylobacter species are all transmitted from feces to oral, and are inhabitants of the intestinal tract.

This is except for C. fetus subspecies fetus which is spread venereally and lives in the genatalia.

TRUE *** i copied down false 2003

The cytotoxin of Maxorella bovis/bovoculi is an RTX toxin that lyse corneal epithelial cells and neutrophils.  Extensive ocular damage is caused by the neutrophilic degrading enzymes being released.

CAUSE: Clostridium septicum

HOST: cattle, horses, humans and others

Clostridium perfringens type A

MILD ENTERITIS

Clostridium perfringens type C

Clostridium novyi type B

Host: Sheep

HOST: Primarily CATTLE

DISEASE: EARLY embryonic death and infertility

Clostridium botulinum

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Clostridium difficile

Dichelobacter nodosus

Brucella melitensis

Bordetella pertussis

HOST: HUMANS

Bordetella avium

Fransciella tularensis biovar tularensis

Lesions/Diseases: QUAIL'S DISEASE, ulcerative colitis

;

HOST: Quails, many other bird species

;Normal flora of bovine UPPER respiratory tract + Stress ; entry to LOWER respiratory tract ; pneumonia

; enters monocytes ; carried to bloodstream

; joints, pericardium (SEPTICEMIA)

;

= Endotoxin ; apoptosis vascular endothelium ; TEME

= Fc receptor protein ; release of GMP, adenine, guanine ; inhibited phagosome/lysosome function ; inhibited host immune function

;

;

Spread via water ; infects trachea of turkey poults ;

damage to cilliated epithelium ; secondary invaders enter respiratory tract (E. coli) ; toxins and virulence factors released like Histamine sensitizing factor

;

;

;

The PRIMARY HOST is YOUNG HUMANS,

and older vaccines were composed of type B polysaccharide antigen, that humans less than 2-3 yo could not build an immune response against.

;

;

The most common source of botulinum toxin in horses comes from small animals being baled in hay.

;

The organism is in the normal intestinal flora and is released with decay, toxins are produced, and consumed by the horse.

;

;

Clostridium difficile

;

This organism is associated with enteric infections of primarily horses and humans as a result of notmal flora destruction by antimicrobial therapy.

;

;

;

Bordetella bronchiseptica

;

This can be transmitted between cats and dogs in the same household, and vaccinations are recommended in shelters, kennels and catteries.

;

;

Clostridium colinum

;

Causing Quail disease or ulcerative enteritis that is transmitted orally.

;

;

;

Brucella ovis

;

;

;

Campylobacter jejuni

;

;

Actinobacillus lignieresii

;

Causes WOODEN TONGUE in cattle, occurs primarily in soft tissue and causes granulomatous abscesses and granules of the bacteria are found in these as causes by their cementing gylcocalyx.

;

;

;

Haemophilus paragallinarum

;

The cause of FOWL CHORYZA in chickens

;

;

Taylorella equigenitalis

;

Very difficult to culture, and will only make pinpoint colonies.; Spread venereally, and causes CONTAGIOUS EQUINE METRITIS.

;

;

Bordetella pertussis

;

Obligate anaerobe causing WHOOPING COUGH in humans

;

;

Clostridium septicum

;

Causes disease in various species that includes pitted edema which results in malignant edema.; This is primarily assocaited with wound invasion, and can be a secondary agent in blackleg.

;

;

;

Clostridium piliformae

;

This organism causes hepatic necrosis and enteritis in laboratory rodents called TYZZER's DISEASE.  This occurs primarily in younger, stressed animals.

GUILLIAN - BARRE syndrome

This often symmetrical paralysis is associated with infection with Campylobacter jejuni. The ganglioside-like epitopes of endotoxin that mimic host neural tissue. This causes an autoimmune response against neurons. 

Haemophilus influenza and Neisseria menigiditis

Neisseria is the PRIMARY cause of human meningitis, effect adults

Haemophilus is the leading cause of INFANT bacterial meningitis

Clostridium novyi Type B and Clostridium haemolyticum (novyi Type D)

Fransciella tularensis

Clostridium botulinum

The main cause of forage poisoning in horses - specifically from baled up animals decomposing and releasing C. botulinum from intestines.

Brucella canis

Dogs often have NO clinical signs, and may present with generalized lymphadenitis, splenitis, embryonic death and UNILATERAL testicular atrophy

NAD

RB51 vaccine

Clostridium perfringens Type D

EPSILON TOXIN

Causes "overeating disease/ pulpy kidney disease" in sheep (enterotoxemia)

The Spsilon toxin is activated by cleavage of prototoxin by trypsin, and has permease activity to enahnce its absorption.  There are receptors in vascular endothelium of brain which causes liquefactive necrosis, edema and hemorrhage

LEUKOTOXIN

This toxin is potent against neutrophils, macrophages, and hepatocytes by inducing apoptosis at low concentrations, and lyses them at higher concentrations.

Brucella melitensis

In prevalent in Mexico, often associated with consumption of unpasteurized milk, causing severe disease to fatality.

Although Brucella abortus also effects humans by causing uldulant fever, but is less severe.

Brucella abortus

It also is the primary cause of abortion in cattle.

RING TEST

This is used to detect immunoglobulins in milk and is run 3 times a year on dairy herds as part of State-Federal cooperative control program in the US.

It is difficult to ISOLATE, easy to grow on culture.

Also the clinical presentation is very characteristic of Fusobacterium necrophorum.

Fowl cholera (acute septicemia) - Capsular type A  - birds

Cat and Dog bite wounds - Type D - Cats and dogs

Hemorrhagic septicemia - B&E - bison, cattle, water buffalo

The leukotoxin of Mannheimia haemolytica is toxic for ruminant leukocytes and platelets.

In low concentrations it causes inhibiton of leukocytes.

In high concentrations it causes lysis of leukocytes and releases hydrolytic enzymes from neutrophils.

DESCENDING TETANUS

Wound → organism enters as SPORE → germination of spores → production of tetanospasmin →

absorption into BLOOD AND LYMPH →

acts as protease & blocks neurotransmittor release →

 first nerves effected are those most sensitive of the head and neck @ level of spinal cord / brain stem →

LOCKJAW → respiratory muscles then effected

POLYVALENT ANTITOXIN

Clostridium botulinum has many types of toxins.

To produce an antitoxin that is inclusive of all toxin strains → hyperimmunize a horse with toxoids of all the main types of toxins

Then TITER to make sure you have adequate serum antibody against ALL toxins

Then COMBINE different antibodies to produce a POLYVALENT antitoxin

TRUE

Calves do not maintain infections, but adults (both male and female) carry the organism for life.  Cows can shed the organism post partuition.

TRUE

FALSE

It causes coryza in turkey poults, which is a rhinotracheoitis.

Kennel cough is associated with Bordetella bronchiseptica infections in dogs that causes a tracheobronchitis.

FALSE

It is most often seen during periods of wet weather and is associated with transportation. Infection typically occurs 2-4 weeks after shipment.

TRUE

Both Mannheimia haemolytica and Bibersteinia trehalosi produce a similar RTX class leukotoxin (pore forming cytolysin) the is specifially toxic for ruminant leukocytes and platelets.

In low concentrations it inhibits function.

In high concentrations it lyses cells.

FALSE

PIGS are NOT effected by Bibersteinia trehalosi  because the leukotoxin is specific for ruminant leukocytes and platelets ONLY>

FALSE

It can also cause septicemia in feeder lambs, where entry is gained via esophagus.

TRUE

TRUE

Most adult cattle haev antibody to Fusobacterium necrophorum

TRUE

Most adult cattle have antibody to Fusobacterium necrophorum, although a vaccine is available to limit liver abscesses. 

TRUE

Actinobacillus equuli is often found in the joints of foals causing the lamness associated with Sleep foal syndrome. Other lesions include purulent nephritis and kidney abscesses. 

TRUE

TRUE

It is also a disease of high health status swine, and the disease is more severe in older pigs.

FALSE

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae causes exudative and proliferative bronchopneumonia with fibrinous pleuritis.

Haemophilus parasuis causes polyserositis, arthritis and meningitis.

FALSE 

The causative agent is Haemophilus paragallinarum.  Treatment is not usually preformed and control is maintained by depopulation. 

FALSE

SHEEP - Campylobacter jejuni

CATTLE - Brucella abortus, Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis and fetus

TRUE

Endotoxin is the major toxin, and the O-Ag side chain (LOS) lacks complexity, which induces apoptosis of endothelial cells.

TRUE

FALSE

Contagious equine metritis is caused by Taylorella equigenitalis. Immunity of mares to this is poor and they often relapse.

TRUE

Both species are not invasive under normal circumstances.  Occurs in cattle especialyl in summer and fall, predispoing factors include dust, UV light,  and face flies.

FALSE

Fransciella tularensis biovar palaeartica is typically found in Russia and is known as the "beaver strain". The most prevalent strain in the US is biovar tularensis. 

FALSE

ONLY RTX class cytolytic toxins form pores in target cell membranes.

FALSE

TRUE

subspecies necrophorum is more virulent to cattle, and produces higher amounts of leukotoxin.

FALSE

Campylobacter jejuni is the cause of sheep abortions, and cannot be prevented using antibiotics in feed.

TRUE

FALSE

It only seems to produce disease in humans, resulting in enteritis.  It is carried in the intestinal tract of pigs, but doesnt seem to produce disease in them.

TRUE/FALSE

According to our notes - it is transmitted from pig intestinal flora to humans. But th eexam exam from 2006 (#61) claims that this is false.

TRUE

Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis can be spread through semen.

TRUE

Brucella abortus can cause sterility but as sequelae to epididymitis and orchitis.

TRUE

These are both under the grouping of Brucella maris

E) HAEMOPHILUS PARASUIS does not have an RTX class cytotoxin

Maxorella bovis  has a RTX cytotoxin that lyses corneal epithelial cells and neutrophils

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae has 3 RTX toxins

Mannheimia haemolytica has a leukotoxin against ruminant leukocytes and platelets.

Actinobacillus suis has Apx1 and Apx2 RTX cytotoxins

Clostridium perfringens type A does NOT cause

A) Malignant edema.

Malignant edema is caused by Clostridium septicum.

When isolating Bordetella bronchiseptica it is best to use MacConkeys agar with 1% dextrose because A) it is one fo the few organisms that grows on MacConkeys and does NOT ferment dextrose or lactose.

Turkey poults can be partially protected against rhinotracheitis (coryza) by D) All of the Above.

;

The cause of of turkeu poult coryza is Bordetella avium and it is routinely protected against by:

;

Maternal immunization in breeder hens

Antibiotics to newly hatched poults

Chlorination and sanitation of water

;

Pink eye vaccines in cattle protect by E) None of the above

;

Pink eye is caused Moraxella bovoculi/bovis and the antibody response in tears (which would be IgA) is not highly protective.

Vaccines against Moraxella bovoculi/bovis are fimbrial, and only reduce severity of disease.

Brucella species should be rerun after serum is treated with reducing agent because

C) the reducing agent breaks up non-specific IgM that could have been formed against other bacterial antigens similar to Brucella.

;

Contagious foot rot in sheep is A) most common during wet season.;

;

Chances of Contagious foot rot in sheep in increased during periods of extended wet weather.;

The causing bacteria Dichtelobacter nodosus is difficult to eliminate from a flock involving;

Putting sheep on clean pasture, paring away necrotic areas, foot bath (which cannot be easy with sheep..), and topical sprays.

Treatment of Brucella canis is not recommended because A) it is difficult to completely clear and they remain carriers for life.

;

Euthanization is recommended for positive animals, and can be placed on antibiotics but owners should be warned that even long term antibiotics have equivocal results.

;

;

;

Legionella pneumophila

Actinobacillus suis

Calf Diptheria

Foot Rot

Liver Abscesses

Metritis

Clostridium botulinum

Most often from small mammals getting baled into hay, as natural flora of intestines it thrives when the animal deteriorates then horses comsume the infective hay.

Clostridium perfringens type A

Clostridium perfringens type A

Clostridium difficle

ENTEROTOXEMIA

Overeating disease

Pulpy kidney disease

Clostridium chauvoei

Which causes BLACKLEG the term associated with the gas producing necrotic lesions.

Clostridium hemolyticum

This disease is termed REDWATER DISEASE or Bacillary Hemoglobinuria, because of the blood in urine.

Disease assocaited with swampy areas and liver fluke migration.

Brucella suis

Can also effect other species such as humans, dogs, horses, rodents, and more.

Although only a problem in the US among feral swine, it is still found in most-swine raising countries.

Campylobacter jejuni

Most associated with undercooked or mishandled poultry, and can spread through the chilling step of poultry processing.

BRUCELLA MILK RING TEST

Used to detect immunoglobulinin milk from a bulk tank, as part of the State-Federal cooperation control program in the US.

Brucella canis

Lacking A and M antigens. This organism causes generalized disease in dogs, often showing no clinical signs.  Few cases have been seen in human lab workers.

CELL SURFACE ANTIGENS

and

LEUKOTOXIN

Both components are needed to produce an adequate immunizing agent, because Leukotoxin alone failed to provide protection.

Haemophilus paragallinarum

Occurs in CHICKENS causing acute inflammation of turbinates, acute air sacculitis, sneezing, conjunctivitis, swelling of head and wattles, decreased food intake and marked loss of egg production!

When this occurs in turkey poults it is caused by Bordetella avium.

Pasteurella multocida type A

This is one of the few NON respiratory diseases associated with Pasteurella multocida.

Bordetella avium

TEME

PNEUMONIA

SEPTICEMIA

Lameness

CONTAGIOUS EQUINE METRITIS

DOES NOT CAUSE ABORTION

VENEREAL

Spreads the disease of Contagious Equine Metritis,

DOES NOT CAUSE ABORTION.

Fransciella tularensis

Pasteurella multocida type A

Causes "snuffles", a respiratory tract infection that can lead to pneumonia, septicemia, and death.

Bordetella bronchiseptica

Causes upper respiratory disease

IN CATTLE

Pasteurella multocida type A: is a component of shipping fever, can cause abscesses in lungs,

Pasteurella multocida type B & E: causes hemorrhagic septicemia and can effect water buffalo, reindeer, elk and bison

Chronic joint infections

Arthritis

NASOPHARYNGEAL

Can be found in the nasopharynx in normal swine, is highly contagious and spread through aerosol and contact.

The tetanspasmin (toxin) is produced locally at the site of infection and travels through the bloodstream and lymph.

This process referred to as descending tetanus.

At the level of the brain stem and spinal cord, tetanospasmin effects the most sensitive nerves first - -

which are those of the head and neck.

Lesions seen first are lockjaw, followed by respiratory problems.

It is difficult to diagnose Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis because it is present in contaminated environment and it is hard to find viable organisms among them. It is also biochemically inert.

For diagnosis we rely on clinical signs of poor conception rates in replacement animals.

OR direct smear of fetal membranes.

SEVERE DEHYDRATION

Cholera toxin gets into cells and causes excessive cAMP production which stimulates fluid loss. Fluid replacement is the key to recovery.

Antitoxin is a antibody to the toxin produced.

This is made by hyper immunizing a horse with toxoid and using the serum containing this toxin antibodies.

Initial infection from Bordetella bronchiseptica, destroys nasal mucosa and predisposes the nasal cavity to colonization of Pasteurella multocida type D.

The Pasteurella causes dermonecrotic toxin increases the osteoclastic activity and decreases new bone formation.  This causes turbinate atrophy.

IgA in the serum can bind to Neisseria meningiditis and block IgG and IgM from binding.

Since IgA cannot opsonsize, so it does nothing to kill the bacteria which allows it to multiply and produce septicemia.

Causative agent: Moraxella oculi

Predisposing agents: UV light, long grass, dust, flies and Mycoplasma bovoculi

LPS is found on the OUTER SHEATH of Spirochaetales,

which is the "envelope" of the organism that is analogous to the Outer Membrane of a gram negative organism.

TRUE