Exam One – Microbiology – Flashcards
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| What was considered the golden age of microbiology? |
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| 1800's |
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| The scientific study of the source, cause, and transmission of disease within a population. |
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| Epidemiology |
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| Who was Ignaz Semmelweis and what was his contribution to epidemiology? It was thought to be an odd practice at the time and he lost his job over it. |
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| Hungarian OB who directed his staff to wash hands before dealing with his OB moms and babies. |
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| English surgeon who studied and discovered the source and reason for cholera's spread throughout London |
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| John Snow |
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| Which scientist formulated the germ theory of disease? |
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| Louis Pasteur |
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| What theory states that some microorganisms are responsible for infectious disease? |
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| The germ theory of disease |
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| German country doctor that studied anthrax and rod-shaped bacteria as the cause of TB. |
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| Robert Koch |
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| Which scientist had procedures specifically named after him and what were they? |
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| Koch; Koch's postulates |
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| Denmark scientist who introduced staining system to identify bacterial cells |
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| Hans Christian Gram |
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| Japanese scientist who isolated a cause of bacterial dysentery. |
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| Kiyoshi Shiga |
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| German scientist who described the bacterium responsible for infant diarrhea |
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| Theodore Escherich |
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| Scientist who synthesized the first "magic bullet" - chemical that could kill pathogens w/o damaging the surrounding tissue. It was called salvarsan and it cured syphilis. |
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| Paul Ehrlich |
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| The use of anitmicrobial chemicals to kill microbes |
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| Antibacterial chemotherapy |
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| Scottish scientist that discovered penicillium mold and developed penicillin to kill bacterial pathogens. |
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| Alexander Fleming |
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| The scientific study of microscopic organisms and viruses, and their interactions with other organisms and the environment. |
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| Microbiology |
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| An environment free from living microorganisms, spores, and viruses |
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| Sterile environment |
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| The study of the diversity of life and its evolutionary relationships |
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| Systematics |
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| The science dealing with the systematized arrangements of related living things in categories |
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| Taxonomy |
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| Cell or organism in the domain bacteria or archaea composed of single cells having a single chromosome but no cell nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles |
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| Prokaryote |
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| A cell or organism containing a cell nucleus with multiple chromosomes, a nuclear envelope, and membrane-bound organelles. |
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| Eukaryote |
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| Two part naming system for naming organisms |
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| Binomial Nomenclature |
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| The scientific study of fungi |
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Mycology |
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| The scientific study of algae |
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| Phycology |
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| The scientific study of the structure and function of the immune system |
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| Immunology |
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| The scientific study of viruses |
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| Virology |
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| The commercial application of genetic engineering using living organisms |
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| Biotechnology |
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| The study of the environment |
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| Ecology |
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| Standard reference book to identify and classify bacteria through the use of dichotomous keys. |
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| Bergey's Manual |
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| What are the available magnifications on a compound microscope? |
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| 10x 40x 100x |
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| How do you determine the total magnification on a microscope? |
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| The occulars x the objectives |
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| Microscopy in which visible light passes directly through the lenses and specimen. |
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| Light microscopy |
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| Microscopy that uses a special condenser and objective lenses. Condenser splits the light beam and throws the light rays slightly out of phase. Allows scientists to observe organisms alive and unstained when suspended in water. |
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| Phase-contrast Microscopy |
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| Microscopy that uses a special condeser lens under the stage. Condenser scatters light and causes it to hit the specimen from the side. Only light bouncing off the specimen makes the specimen visible. Surrounding area appears dark. |
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| Dark-field Microscopy |
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| Microscopy in which fluorescent dyes are used |
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| Fluorescence microscopy |
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| What is the highest powered microscope available? |
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| Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) |
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| Electron microscope used for viewing ultrathin slices of nonliving microorganisms, internal components, and viruses. |
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| Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) |
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| Electron microscope used for viewing surfaces and textures on nonliving microorganisms, cell components, and viruses. |
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| Scanning electron microscope (SEM) |
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| Microscope capable of magnifying 100x-200,000x |
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| TEM |
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| Microscope capable of magnifying 10x-20,000x |
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| SEM |
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| The ability to stay in focus despite changing the magnification of the objectives |
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| Parafocal |
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| A measure of the light-bending ability of a substance |
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| Refractive index |
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| What is the magnification of the oil objective? |
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| 100x |
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| What kind of staining is it when the sample is flooded with a basic dye |
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| Simple staining |
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| What color will gram-positive bacteria stain? |
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| Blue-purple |
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| What color will gram-negative bacteria stain? |
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| Orangish-red/pink |
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| What does the oil do for the oil immersion lens? |
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| It bends the light and redirects it back into the objective so light is lost. |
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| How can we identify unknown bacteria? |
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| Observe under microscope, determine pro vs. euk, use the dichotomous key, determine the cellular morphology (the form and structure of cells), look at where genetic material is, metabolism |
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| Why do we stain organisms? |
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| Colorless cells are hard to see, also kills organisms. |
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| What is the approx. size of bacterial organisms? |
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| approx. 100 nm to 10 um's |
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| What does the scientific method consist of? (5 steps) |
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1. Make observations 2. Propose a hypothesis to explain observations or predict an outcome 3. Test hypothesis 4. Decide whether to accept or reject the hypothesis 5. If necessary, propose and test a new hypothesis |
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| Positively charged particles that are found in the atomic nucleus |
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| Protons |
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| Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called |
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| isotopes |
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| This type of bond involves the attraction of a partially positive hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to one other polar molecule toward another polar molecule having either a partially negative oxygen atom or nitrogen atom. |
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| Hydrogen bond |
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| The electrical attraction between oppositely charged ions |
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| Ionic bond |
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| Chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. |
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| Covalent bond |
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| Bond formed by the unequal sharing of an electron pair. |
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| Polar covalent bond |
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Name the following chemical reaction:
A+B = AB |
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| Synthesis |
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Name the following chemical reaction:
AB = A+B |
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| Decomposition |
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Name the following chemical reaction:
A+BC = AC+B |
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| Substitution |
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Name the following chemical reaction:
When H+ ion is donated or combines with H+ |
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| Acid-Base reaction |
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Name the following chemical reaction:
Involves the transfer of electrons between chemicals |
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| Redox reaction |
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What is a neutral pH?
Acidic?
Basic? |
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7 = neutral
;7 = acidic
;7= basic |
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| Substances that absorb -OH and H+ and resist pH change? |
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| Buffers |
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| What do most biological buffers consist of? |
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| A weak acid and a weak base. |
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| Redox Reactions? |
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| LEO says GER |
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| What are the 3 types of carbohydrates? |
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Monosaccharides (one sugar) - simple Disaccharides (2 sugars) - simple Polysaccharides (many sugars) - complex |
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| What kind of carbohydrate is glucose? |
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| Monosaccharide |
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| Nonpolar organic compounds that are hydrophobic. Consist of a glycerol head that is hydrophilic and a hydrophobic fatty acid tail. Form the phospholipid bilayer of membranes |
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| Lipids |
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| A fatty acid that contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms extending from the carbon backbone. No double covalent bonds between carbon atoms. |
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| Saturated lipid |
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| Fatty acid which contains less than the maximum hydrogen atoms. Contains one or more double covalent bonds between a few carbon atoms. |
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| Unsaturated lipid |
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Lipid consisting of a 3 carbon glycerol molecule and up to 3 long-chain fatty acids.
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| Triglyceride |
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| What are the three things that make up a nucleotide? |
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1. Nitrogen Base 2. Phosphate 3. Ribose-carbon |
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| ____ are polymers built from nitrogen-containing monomers called ____ _____ |
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| Proteins; Amino Acids |
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| What is the cellular structure that is made of RNA and protein that participates in protein synthesis? |
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| Ribosome |
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| What are the two types of nucleic acids that the genetic instructions for living organisms are composed of? |
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ; Ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
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Identify the structure level of protein indicated:
The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain |
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| Primary |
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Identify the structure level of protein indicated: Polypeptides have regions folded into a corkscrew shape or alpha helix. Beta pleated sheet. |
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| Secondary structure |
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Identify the structure level of protein indicated: Three dimensional shape that is folded and has bonding between R groups on amino acids in the polypeptide chain |
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| Tertiary |
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Identify the structure level of protein indicated: Two or more folded polypeptides bonded together |
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| Quaternary |
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| Nucleic Acid that stores and encodes the heredity information |
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| DNA |
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| Nucleic Acid that transmits the information to make proteins, control genes, and helps regulate genetic activity |
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| RNA |
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| What is the central dogma of molecular biology? |
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| DNA converts to RNA through TRANSCRIPTION. RNA is then TRANSLATED to protein. |
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Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic?
Has a nucleus with linear chromosomes-homologous pairs. Undergoes mitosis and meiosis. |
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| Eukaryotic |
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Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic? Has a plasma membrane that consists of lipids, cholesterol, is semipermeable, proteins, and protects membrane bound organelles |
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| Eukaryotic |
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| What does selectively permeable mean? And what does it refer to? |
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| It is when a cell's membrane allows the passage of some molecules while blocking the access of others. |
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| What is the plasma membrane composed of? |
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Phospholipid bilayer Glycerol head: hydrophillic Tails: hydrophobic |
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| What role do proteins play in the cell membrane? |
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| They allow certain molecules to pass through the membrane quickly. |
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| Molecules floating through the air from area of high concentration to low concentration, what kind of diffusion? |
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| Simple diffusion |
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| When protein pores are used to diffuse molecules, what type of diffusion? |
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| Facilitative diffusion |
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| Diffusion of water |
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| Osmosis |
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| When energy is being used to move molecules across the membrane what type of transport is this known as? |
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| Active transport |
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| Pumps and pores are examples of what kind of transport? |
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| Active transport |
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| When a cell takes in material by surrounding it with it's membrane and the gulping it |
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| Endocytosis |
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| When a cell "eats" solid material |
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| Phagocytosis |
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| When a cell "eats" liquid |
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| Pinocytosis |
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| The substance inside of the plasma membrane and outside of the nucleus |
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| Cytoplasm |
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| The fluid portion of the cytoplasm is known as |
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| Cytosol |
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| The microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules in the cytoplasm are known as the |
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| cytoskeleton |
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| Where are ribosomes found in cells? 2 locations. |
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Endoplasmic reticulum Free floating |
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| What is the site of protein synthesis? |
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| Ribosomes |
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| Where does ATP synthesis occur? |
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| Mitochondria |
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| What is the external motile structure found in bacteria? |
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| Flagella |
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| Where does metabolism occur? |
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| In the cytoplasm |
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| How many genes are found in human mitochondria? |
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| 37 genes |
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| What structure found in plants is similar to mitochondria? |
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| Chloroplasts. Have own DNA, produce O2. Have a cell wall. 1-20 um's. Reproduce by pinching off. |
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Structure found in plants, algae, fungus Composed of carbohydrates such as cellulose, chitin, glucan |
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| Cell Wall |
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| States that organelles (DNA containing) in eukaryotes were one bacteria. Prokaryotes became residents of eukaryotes. |
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| Endosymbiotic Theory |
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| What kinds of cells are flagella found in? |
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| prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
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| Where is cilia found? (which type of cell) |
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| Eukaryotes only |
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| No chlorophyll, contain chitin, can be single celled or very complex multicellular organisms, heterotrophic. |
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| Fungus, yeasts, mold |
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| What is the single cell stage of fungus known as? |
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| Yeast |
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| What type of organism has a cell wall composed of chitin? |
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| Fungus |
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| What type of organism is saprophytic? (feeds on dead organic matter such as rotting wood or compost) |
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| Fungus |
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| What are the two phases that fungi has?? |
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| Vegatative (growth) and Reproduction |
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| What are the masses of intertwined tubular filaments that together form a mold called? |
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| Hyphae |
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| A thick mass of hyphae/the mass seen with the unaided eye that generally has a rough, cottony texture is known as: |
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| Mycelium |
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| When hyphal cross walls divide the cytoplasm into seperate "cells", the fungus is known as what? |
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| Septate |
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| Nonseptate hyphae are called what? |
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| Coenocytic |
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| When a mold can take on one form while it is being grown but when exposed to room temperature, they convert to another structure it is known as being: |
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| Dimorphic |
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| The process of spore formation is known as: |
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| Sporulation |
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| The ability of a disease-causing agent to gain entry to a host and bring about a physiological or anatomical change interpreted as disease |
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| Pathogenicity |
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| What organism is more closely related to animals than plants? |
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| Algae |
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| How do fungi reproduce? |
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| Sexually Asexually (sporangiospores, conidiosphores) |
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| Unicellular, Eukaryotic organisms are known as: |
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| Protozoan's |
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| "Tiny Animals" Multicelluar animals; nematodes. Parasitic |
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| Helminths |
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| Decomposers, mutualistic relationships with humans, found wherever nutrients are available: soil, decaying material, food, lichens, plant roots, living tissue |
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| Fungus |
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| Which organisms prefer a slightly acidic environment at 23 celsius or 37 celsius? Also some like an anaerobic environment? |
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| Fungus |
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| What is the human pathogenic form of yeast? |
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| Candida albicans |
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| What is saccharomyces cervesiae? |
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| Form of yeast that bread and beer are created from |
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| Which form of fungus can form pseudohyphae? |
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| Yeast |
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Septate or Nonseptate? Found in soil, spores released to the air. Rhizopus arrhizus. Causes mucormycosis (fungal infection of mucus membranes) |
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| Nonseptate |
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Septate or Nonseptate? Ascomycota: penicillium and aspergillus. Biggest role as decomposers. Includes pathogen of multistate outbreak of fungal meningitis (exserohilum) |
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| Septate |
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| What is ringworm (dermatophytosis) caused by? |
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| Fungal infection |
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| Euglena, dinoflagellates, diatoms, brown, red, and green are all examples of what? |
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| Algae |
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| Found in freshwater, marine water, and soil? |
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| Algae |
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| Can be both photosynthetic or heterotrophic? |
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| Algae |
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| What is it called when many algal blooms release toxins? |
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| Red tide |
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| Where are a large volume of diatoms found? |
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| Ocean floor |
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| Type of algae that have a flagella that is transverse and one that comes out of the end? Unicellular |
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| Dinoflagellates |
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What are the following classified as? Amoeba Apicomplexa Flagellates Cillates |
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| Protozoa |
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| Unicellular eukaryotic microbes that are usually motile (about 65,000 species) Lack cell walls. Mostly heterotrophic, some are parasitic. |
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| Protozoa |
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What are the following diseases caused by?
Dysentary (entameoba histolytica) Malaria (Plasmodium) Trichomanosis (STD) Chagas disease (Tripanosomes) |
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| Parasitic protozoa |
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| What are the two groups of parasitic helminths? |
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Flatworms (includes tapeworms) Roundworms |
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| Single celled, nucleoid region (no nucleus), circular chromosome ; plasmid, cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasma membrane |
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| Prokaryotes |
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| Where is the genetic material found in a prokaryotic cell? |
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| Nucleoid region, no nucleus |
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| What is the nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell like? |
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| circular, super-coiled. Contains DNA double helix. |
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| What is a plasmid and where is if found? |
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| Tiny circle piece of DNA, seperate from the nucleoid region. Some prokaryotes have many. |
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| Where are plasmids found in prokaryotes? |
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| The cytoplasm |
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| How many parts do ribosomes in prokaryotes have? |
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| 2 |
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| What are ribosomes in prokaryotes designated? |
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| 70s (50s subunit+30s subunit) |
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| What is the function of ribosomes? |
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| To create polypeptides/proteins |
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| What is the main function of a bacterial cell wall? And what are the two main types? |
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To support and protect the cell Gram +, Gram - |
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| What is the layer that is found in bacterial cell walls that helps to determine whether it is + or -? |
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| Peptidoglycan |
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Gram + or Gram -?
1.Selectively permeable membrane 2.Thin layer of peptidoglycan 3.Have a thin lipid/fat membrane on the outside (also have LPL's [lipopolysaccharides] on the outside) |
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| Gram - |
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Gram + or Gram -?
1.Selectively permeable membrane 2.Very thick peptidoglycan layer (also have L. acids) |
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| Gram + |
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Gram + or Gram -?
E.Coli |
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| Gram - |
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Gram + or Gram -?
Staphylococcus Aureus |
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| Gram + |
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Gram + or Gram -?
Stains pink |
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| Gram - |
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Gram + or Gram -?
Stains purple |
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| Gram + |
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| Selectively permeable, no cholesterols (instead has hopanoids), allows both passive diffusion and active transport; what type of membrane is this? |
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| Cytoplasmic membrane or PM |
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| What do pores in a cell membrane allow for? |
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| Active transport of proteins and other large molecules |
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| When both the inside and outside of a cell have ions and water that is balanced. What is this called? |
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| Homeostasis |
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| The movement of ions across a membrane is known as what? |
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| Diffusion |
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| The movement of water across a membrane is known as what? |
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| Osmosis |
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| When water rushes into the cell because there are more ions outside it is known as? |
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| Hypotonic |
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| When water rushes out because the inside of the cell has less ions than the outside? |
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| Hypertonic |
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| Straight rod, club-shaped rod, branching rod, comma forms, spore forming rod, spiral forms, coccus are all examples of? |
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| Bacterial (cellular) morphology |
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| Cluster, tetrad, chain, diplococci are all examples of? |
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| Cell arrangment |
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| What are bacilli typically found in chains known as? |
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| Strepto |
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| What are cocci usually found in a cluster known as? |
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| Staphylo |
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| Extension on outside of cell. Involved in identifyiung niche. Help chemically identify where they should be living. Attach to cells that they will infect. |
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| Pili (fimbriae) |
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| Glycocalyx is composed of what 2 things? |
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| Capsule and slime layer |
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| What is the slime layer composed of? |
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| Many loose sugars. |
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| What is the importance of a cellular capsule? |
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| Protects cell against our immune system. Helps it attach to things better. |
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| What structure helps cells move? |
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| Flagella! |
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| The ability to move towards or away from objects using chemical gradient |
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| Chemotaxis |
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| How fast can flagella move? |
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| Up tp 1,000 rpms in one way |
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| What does "run and tumble" refer to? |
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| The way that flagella move bacteria |
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| What structure in bacteria help them to survive and find food? |
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| Flagella |
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| Involves the ability of bacterial cells to sense their numbers by producing and responding to extracellular chemicals. This occurs in densely packed areas. |
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| Quorum sensing (QS) |
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| Where is Quorum sensing found? |
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| Densely packed areas such as a biofilm |
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| How many major phyla do archaea have? |
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| 2 |
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| How many major phyla do bacteria have? |
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| >70 |
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| Archaea found in extreme environments are known as: |
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| Extremophiles |
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| What organism has a cell wall composed of pseudopeptidoglycan? Cell membrane can be bilayer or monolayer. |
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| Archaea |
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| Archaea found in extremely salty environments? |
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| Halophiles |
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| Archaea found in extremely hot environments? |
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| Thermophiles |
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| The breakdown of proteins is known as? |
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| Denaturation |
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| Thermas aquaticus (TAQ) has an enzyme that allows itself to replicate itself under high temperatures. (archaea) This is used in what important scientific technique? |
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| PCR |
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| Which type of microscope would you use to study the chemical structure of an archaean cell wall? |
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| TEM |
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| What is an example of photosynthetic bacteria? |
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| Cyanobacteria |
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| What oxygenated the earth? |
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| Cyanobacteria |
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| Where are actinomycetes and stretomyces (antibiotics) found? |
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| Soil |
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| Bacteria that is naturally found on our skin is known as what? |
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| Human microbiota |
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| Set of organisms that live on another organism? |
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| Microbiota |
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| Where do babies acquire their microbiota? |
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| Their mommy (: |
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| Outer ear, nasal cavity, upper respiratory tract, openings, gastrointestinal tract, skin, uriogenital are all examples where what is found? |
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| Microbiota |
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| Densely packed communities of microbial cells that grow on living or inert surfaces and surrond themselves with secreted polymers? |
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| Biofilm |
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