Exam 5 Nutritional Assessment – Flashcards
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| Define the following: Malnutrition |
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| An imbalance and/or deficiency in one or more nutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, etc) |
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| What does Malnutrition cause a reduction in? |
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| Organ muscle mass |
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| True or False: Malnutrition affects every major organ function |
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| True |
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| Some degree of malnutrition is present in what percent of ALL hospitalized patients? |
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| 30-50% |
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| What percent of elderly residents in long-term care facilities are affected by malnutrition? |
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| 50-85% |
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| True or False: Malnutrition affects recovery from surgery and disease |
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| True |
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| Define the following: Kwashiorkor |
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| Deficiency of protein; causes edema, rash, infections, fatigue, loss of muscle mass |
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| Define the following: Marasmus |
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| Deficiency of all calorie sources; chronic malnutrition/wasting, retardation |
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| Define/What can cause the following: Chronic |
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| long-term disease, poor food choices, alcoholism, pregnancy, poverty, homelessness |
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| Define/What can cause the following: Acute |
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| Disease, drug therapy, or depression |
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| What is Marasmus brought on by? |
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| drought, natural disasters, political unrest, child abuse/neglect |
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| Which of the following has a 40% Death Rate: Kwashiorkor Or Marasmus |
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| Marasmus |
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| What is the term used to describe the following: Need only small quantities per day |
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| Micronutrients |
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| What is the term used to describe the following: Needed in higher levels per day. Used for energy |
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| Macronutrients |
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| What are some types of micronutrients? |
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| Vitamins, minerals, and trace elements |
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| What are some types of macronutrients? |
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| Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats |
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| True or False: Many vitamins act as enzyme cofactors in widespread cellular reactions |
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| True |
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| What does a deficiency in vitamins result from? |
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| poor diets, GI malabsorption diseases, liver dysfunction |
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| Which Vitamins are Fat Soluble? |
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| A, D, E, K |
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| Which Vitamins are Water Soluble? |
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| C, Folate, & Bs |
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| What is another name for Retinol? |
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| Vitamin A |
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| What is another name for Vitamin A? |
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| Retinol |
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| What are precursors of vitamin A? |
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| Carotenes |
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| Carotenes are precursors of what vitamin? |
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| Vitamin A |
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| What does a deficiency in Vitamin A cause? |
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| night blindness, abnormal taste sensation, keratosis |
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| Vitamin A Toxicity leads to what? |
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| Liver Failure |
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| What is Vitamin E? |
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| Antioxidant |
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| What does Vitamin E do? |
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| Protects RBC membranes from oxidant stress |
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| What does a deficiency in Vitamin E cause? |
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| Hemolytic anemia and neurologic dysfunction |
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| Which Vitamin is Key in skeletal and teeth formation? |
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| Vitamin D |
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| Which Vitamin is Necessary for calcium & phosphate absorption and metabolism? |
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| Vitamin D |
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| A Deficiency in Vitamin D causes what? |
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| rickets (kids) and osteomalacia (adults) |
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| What does a Toxicity of Vitamin D cause? |
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| Calcium deposits, renal and cardiac damage |
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| What Vitamin is needed for formation of prothrombin and 5 other coag factors? |
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| Vitamin K |
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| What does a Deficiency of Vitamin K cause? |
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| bleeding disorders and hemorrhagic episodes |
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| What may a deficiency of Vitamin K result from? |
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| Antibiotic therapy |
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| What is used as an indicator of Vitamin K status? |
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| PT/PTT |
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| Which vitamin is tied to the following: Antioxidant, connective tissue and collagen formation, cholesterol metabolism |
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| Vitamin C |
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| What is another name for Vitamin C? |
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| Ascorbic Acid |
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| What is another name for Ascorbic Acid? |
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| Vitamin C |
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| What will a deficiency of Vitamin C cause? |
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| Scurvy |
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| Describe scurvy |
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| hemorrhages, bleeding gums, delayed wound healing |
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| What are the following considered: Thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine |
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| B Vitamins |
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| What do B Vitamins function as? |
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| coenzymes and cofactors |
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| What B Vitamin Deficiency is becoming more common in alcoholics in the U.S.? |
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| Beriberi - B1 Deficiency |
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| What is another name for B3? |
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| Niacin |
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| What is another name for Niacin? |
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| B3 |
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| What is Niacin/B3 a component of? |
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| NAD & NADP |
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| What is Niacin used in? |
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| Respiration, lipid & glucose metabolism |
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| What does a deficiency in Niacin/B3 cause? |
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| Pellagra |
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| Describe Pellagra |
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| diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis, death |
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| What is another name for Vitamin B12? |
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| Cobalamin |
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| What is another name for Cobalamin? |
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| Vitamin B12 |
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| Which Vitamin does the following describe: Cobalt-containing compounds |
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| Vitamin B12 / Cobalamin |
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| What is Vitamin B12 necessary for? |
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| DNA Synthesis |
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| What does Vitamin B12/Cobalamin require for intestinal absorption? |
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| Intrinsic factor(s) |
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| What does a Deficiency of B12/Cobalamin cause? |
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| Pernicious Anemia |
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| Describe Pernicious Anemia |
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| lack of, or antibodies against intrinsic factor |
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| What are characteristics of PA? |
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| Megaloblastic changes in BM Macro-ovalocytes, hypersegmented neutrophils Dementia, GI problems due to anaciditiy |
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| GI problems with PA are due to what? |
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| Anacidity |
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| What happens to MCV, MCH, & MCHC in PA? |
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| Increases |
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| What happens to H&H in PA? |
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| Decreases |
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| What test is used for Vitamin B12/Cobalamin? |
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| Schilling Test |
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| Describe the Schilling Test |
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| Inability to absorb tagged B12 will result in low levels of tagged B12 in serum and urine |
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| True or False: Vitamin B12/Cobalamin is sensitive to light |
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| True |
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| What is Folate needed for? |
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| DNA Synthesis and homocysteine metabolism |
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| What does a deficiency in Folate look like? |
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| Megaloblastic anemia |
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| What are the 2 most common causes of Folate Deficiency? |
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| Low intake (bad diet, alcoholism) and increased use (pregnancy) |
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| True or False: Low levels of Folate during pregnancy may increase the risk of neural tube defects |
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| True |
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| What does a deficiency of Folate cause? |
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| Elevated homocysteine |
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| Elevated levels of homocysteine is considered a risk factor for what disease? |
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| Cardiac disease |
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| What does Serum Folate indicate? |
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| Circulating Levels |
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| What does RBC Folate indicate? |
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| Folate stores |
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| True or False: Folate is sensitive to light |
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| True |
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| What are the following considered: Iron, Iodine, Copper, Zinc |
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| Trace Elements |
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| Where is most iron found in the body? |
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| RBCs |
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| What is Iron stored as in the body? |
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| Ferritin |
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| What is the most common anemia in the world? |
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| IDA |
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| What are the 2 most common causes of IDA? |
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| 1. chronic blood loss 2. dietary insufficiency |
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| What does IDA look like under the microscope? |
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| Microcytic Hypochromic |
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| What happens to H&H with IDA? |
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| Decreases |
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| What happens to MCV with IDA? |
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| Decreases |
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| What happens to TIBC with IDA? |
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| Increases |
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| What happens to Serum Fe and Ferritin with IDA? |
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| Decreases |
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| What is the half life of Albumin? |
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| 20 days |
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| What is an indicator of long periods of malnutrition? |
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| Albumin |
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| True or False: Liver disease may alter albumin levels in the absence of malnutrition |
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| True |
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| Low levels of Albumin in hospitalized patients results in what? |
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| 4x Morbidity 6x Mortality rates |
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| Levels of what protein marker may be useful in distinguishing kwashiorkor from marasmus? |
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| Albumin |
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| In kwashiorkor what are the levels of albumin like? |
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| Low |
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| In marasmus what are the levels of albumin like? |
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| Normal |
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| What protein marker is a Major transport protein for T4 & Vitamin A |
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| Prealbumin (transthyretin) |
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| What does prealbumin transport? |
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| T4 & Vitamin A |
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| What protein marker is the BEST indicator of recent, short-term malnutrition and the effects of a feeding plan? |
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| Prealbumin (transthyretin) |
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| What is the half life of Prealbumin? |
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| 1-2 days |
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| What protein marker is an Early indicator of iron deficiency? |
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| Transferrin |
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| What protein marker is decreased in Nephrotic syndrome and Liver disease? |
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| Transferrin |
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| What other biochemical marker reflects dietary fat intake? |
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| Triglyceride |
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| What other biochemical marker is used for detection of malnutrition due to malabsorption? |
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| Fecal Fat Analysis |
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| What are the following known as: Glucose & HBA1C |
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| Other Biochemical Markers |
