Exam 5 End of Lecture Questions – Flashcards

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question
Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state:
Vitamin A
answer
Night blindness
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Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state:
Vitamin B1
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Beriberi
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Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state:
Vitamin C
answer
Scurvy
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Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state:
Vitamin D
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Rickets
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Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state:
Vitamin E
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Hemolytic anemia
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Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state:
Vitamin K
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Bleeding disorders
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Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state:
Niacin
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Pellagra
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Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state:
B12 / folate
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Megaloblastic anemia
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Vitamin D is necessary for the absorption of what mineral?
answer
Calcium
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Which vitamin is needed for prothrombin formation?
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Vitamin K
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What substance is necessary for vitamin B12 absorption?
answer
Intrinsic factor
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What disease results as a deficiency of B12?
answer
Pernicious anemia
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What test can be done to detect a deficiency of B12?
answer
Schilling test
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Which vitamin is ascorbic acid?
answer
Vitamin C
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Which vitamin, when deficient, can lead to neural tube defects in a developing fetus?
answer
Folate
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What test can be done on mom's serum to help detect this disorder?
answer
AFP
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What is the most common cause of IDA?
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Chronic blood loss
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What protein marker is the best indicator of short-term malnutrition?
answer
Prealbumin
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What is the relationship between absorbance and concentration?
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Direct, as one increases so does the other.
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The absorbance of a 50 mg/dL standard reads 0.130. The absorbance on the patient's sample reads 0.116. What is the concentration of the patient's sample?
answer
44.6 mg/dL
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The absorbance of a 50 mg/dL standard reads 0.130. The absorbance on the patient's sample reads 0.116. How do you determine the concentration of the patient's sample?
answer
(0.116/0.130) x 50 = 44.6
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What part of a spectrophotometer isolates a specific wavelength?
answer
Monochromator
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What are the following considered:
Scratches, dust, and open compartment door, cracks in the instrument housing.
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Causes of stray light in a spectrophotometer
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What is the purpose of using blanks?
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To subtract out any absorbance caused by unusual reagent or sample color (lipemia, icteric, hemolysis)
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What is the light source used in atomic absorption spectrophotometry?
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Hollow cathode tube
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What is the primary use of AA spectrophotometry?
answer
To measure trace elements and metals
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What are the advantages of using chemiluminescence?
answer
Higher sensitivity, lower detections limits, fewer instrument requirements
question
Name 2 commonly used chemiluminescent labels
answer
Luminal
Acridinum ester
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What are the two electrodes used in an ISE system?
answer
Reference and Indicator (sample)
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List the most common uses/applications of ISE in the lab
answer
Electrolytes, ionized Ca, pH
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What is the difference between direct ISE and indirect ISE?
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Direct uses undiluted sample, Indirect uses pre-diluted sample
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How can high levels of protein or lipids affect sodium values when using indirect ISE?
answer
It can cause false decreased sodium
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List the most common uses of gas-sensing electrodes in the lab
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pO2 and pCO2
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What mode of chromatography separation is commonly used to make deionized water?
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Ion exchange
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What is the mobile phase in thin-layer chromatography (TLC)?
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Liquid Solvent
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What is the stationary phase in thin-layer chromatography (TLC)?
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Silica gel on a rigid plate
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What are the most common uses of TLC in the lab?
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Drug screens (L/S ratios – outdated)
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What is retention factor used in?
answer
TLC
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how is retention factor useful?
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Compares distance an unknown moves to the distance of the solvent front
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What term (in HPLC) describes the time required for a compound to elute?
answer
Retention time
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What is the name of the graph that shows each eluted compound?
answer
Chromatogram
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What is the most common use of HPLC?
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Drugs screens and drug ID
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What is the mobile phase in gas chromatography?
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Inert gas
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What type of compounds can be analyzed by gas chromatography?
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Any compound that can be converted to a volatile (gaseous) state
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What is the most common use of gas chromatography?
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Drug ID
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What is the principle of GC/Mass spec?
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Eluted compounds are bombarded by electrons to break them into ions and ion fragments, then a mass charge ration is determined.
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What methodology is the most specific for drug confirmation?
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GC mass spec
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Define the following:
Mode
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Most common value in a set
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Define the following:
Mean
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The average value in a set
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Define the following:
Control
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Substance treated exactly as a patient sample; detects analytic errors
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Define the following:
2SD
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95% confidence limits
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Define the following:
Delta check
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Comparison of a patient result with a previous result
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Define the following:
Diagnostic sensitivity
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Proportion of persons with a disease who test positive
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Define the following:
Diagnostic specificity
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Proportion of persons without disease who test neg.
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Define the following:
Analytical sensitivity
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Represents the smallest concentration that a test can measure
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The mean for a particular analyte is 100 mg/dl. 1 SD is 5. What are the confidence limits for this analyte?
answer
90-110
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The mean for a particular analyte is 100 mg/dl. 1 SD is 5. How would you determine the confidence limits for this analyte?
answer
2SD = 10
100 + 10 = 110
100 - 10 = 90
question
Ideally, how many samples should be tested when establishing a new reference range?
answer
120+
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How many samples should be tested when verifying a reference range?
answer
20+
question
What are the following characteristic of:
Temperature fluctuations, tech error, bubble, scratch
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Possible causes of random error
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What are the following characteristic of:
Bad reagents, failing instruments, poor calibration
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Possible causes of systematic error
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Name a common reason for calculating a CV
answer
To compare two methods for the same substance that have different reporting units;
To compare performance of two techs
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The mean for a certain analyte is 210. 1 SD is 10. What is the CV?
answer
4.8%
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The mean for a certain analyte is 210. 1 SD is 10. How would you determine what the CV is?
answer
CV = (1SD/mean) x 100
10/210 x 100
question
What is the primary purpose of performing linear regression analysis?
answer
To compare a current, older method or machine with a new incoming method/machine
question
John Doe’s 6:00 am potassium was 3.1 mEq/L. Another sample was collected and tested at 9:00 am with a result of 7.5 mEq/L. This prompted a QC “flag” which is often referred to as a _____ ______
answer
Delta Check
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What is the possible repercussion if a lab fails to pass, and then fails to verify an incorrect result on a proficiency sample?
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The department may not be allowed to perform/report that test until remediation and better results are obtained.
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What Westgard rule is in violation when 1 control is OK, but the second control is outside the 3 SD range?
answer
1-3S
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What type of error does this Westgard "rule" best identify?
answer
Random errors
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Although control values have been in range, the tech observes that 7 consecutive control data points have fallen below the mean. What do we call this phenomenon?
answer
Shift
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A Precision Study is going to be run on a new test method. How many controls should be run?
answer
2 controls
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A Precision Study is going to be run on a new test method. How frequently should they be run?
answer
Twice a day for 10 days
question
What is the name of the process designed to reduce time and errors in an effort to achieve excellence in performance?
answer
Lean Six Sigma
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