Exam 5 End of Lecture Questions – Flashcards
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Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state: Vitamin A |
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Night blindness |
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Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state: Vitamin B1 |
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Beriberi |
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Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state: Vitamin C |
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Scurvy |
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Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state: Vitamin D |
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Rickets |
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Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state: Vitamin E |
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Hemolytic anemia |
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Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state: Vitamin K |
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Bleeding disorders |
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Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state: Niacin |
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Pellagra |
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Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state: B12 / folate |
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Megaloblastic anemia |
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Vitamin D is necessary for the absorption of what mineral? |
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Calcium |
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Which vitamin is needed for prothrombin formation? |
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Vitamin K |
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What substance is necessary for vitamin B12 absorption? |
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Intrinsic factor |
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What disease results as a deficiency of B12? |
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Pernicious anemia |
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What test can be done to detect a deficiency of B12? |
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Schilling test |
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Which vitamin is ascorbic acid? |
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Vitamin C |
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Which vitamin, when deficient, can lead to neural tube defects in a developing fetus? |
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Folate |
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What test can be done on mom's serum to help detect this disorder? |
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AFP |
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What is the most common cause of IDA? |
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Chronic blood loss |
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What protein marker is the best indicator of short-term malnutrition? |
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Prealbumin |
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What is the relationship between absorbance and concentration? |
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Direct, as one increases so does the other. |
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The absorbance of a 50 mg/dL standard reads 0.130. The absorbance on the patient's sample reads 0.116. What is the concentration of the patient's sample? |
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44.6 mg/dL |
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The absorbance of a 50 mg/dL standard reads 0.130. The absorbance on the patient's sample reads 0.116. How do you determine the concentration of the patient's sample? |
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(0.116/0.130) x 50 = 44.6 |
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What part of a spectrophotometer isolates a specific wavelength? |
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Monochromator |
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What are the following considered: Scratches, dust, and open compartment door, cracks in the instrument housing. |
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Causes of stray light in a spectrophotometer |
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What is the purpose of using blanks? |
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To subtract out any absorbance caused by unusual reagent or sample color (lipemia, icteric, hemolysis) |
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What is the light source used in atomic absorption spectrophotometry? |
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Hollow cathode tube |
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What is the primary use of AA spectrophotometry? |
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To measure trace elements and metals |
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What are the advantages of using chemiluminescence? |
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Higher sensitivity, lower detections limits, fewer instrument requirements |
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Name 2 commonly used chemiluminescent labels |
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Luminal Acridinum ester |
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What are the two electrodes used in an ISE system? |
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Reference and Indicator (sample) |
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List the most common uses/applications of ISE in the lab |
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Electrolytes, ionized Ca, pH |
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What is the difference between direct ISE and indirect ISE? |
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Direct uses undiluted sample, Indirect uses pre-diluted sample |
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How can high levels of protein or lipids affect sodium values when using indirect ISE? |
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It can cause false decreased sodium |
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List the most common uses of gas-sensing electrodes in the lab |
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pO2 and pCO2 |
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What mode of chromatography separation is commonly used to make deionized water? |
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Ion exchange |
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What is the mobile phase in thin-layer chromatography (TLC)? |
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Liquid Solvent |
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What is the stationary phase in thin-layer chromatography (TLC)? |
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Silica gel on a rigid plate |
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What are the most common uses of TLC in the lab? |
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Drug screens (L/S ratios – outdated) |
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What is retention factor used in? |
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TLC |
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how is retention factor useful? |
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Compares distance an unknown moves to the distance of the solvent front |
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What term (in HPLC) describes the time required for a compound to elute? |
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Retention time |
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What is the name of the graph that shows each eluted compound? |
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Chromatogram |
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What is the most common use of HPLC? |
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Drugs screens and drug ID |
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What is the mobile phase in gas chromatography? |
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Inert gas |
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What type of compounds can be analyzed by gas chromatography? |
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Any compound that can be converted to a volatile (gaseous) state |
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What is the most common use of gas chromatography? |
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Drug ID |
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What is the principle of GC/Mass spec? |
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Eluted compounds are bombarded by electrons to break them into ions and ion fragments, then a mass charge ration is determined. |
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What methodology is the most specific for drug confirmation? |
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GC mass spec |
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Define the following: Mode |
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Most common value in a set |
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Define the following: Mean |
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The average value in a set |
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Define the following: Control |
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Substance treated exactly as a patient sample; detects analytic errors |
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Define the following: 2SD |
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95% confidence limits |
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Define the following: Delta check |
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Comparison of a patient result with a previous result |
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Define the following: Diagnostic sensitivity |
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Proportion of persons with a disease who test positive |
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Define the following: Diagnostic specificity |
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Proportion of persons without disease who test neg. |
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Define the following: Analytical sensitivity |
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Represents the smallest concentration that a test can measure |
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The mean for a particular analyte is 100 mg/dl. 1 SD is 5. What are the confidence limits for this analyte? |
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90-110 |
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The mean for a particular analyte is 100 mg/dl. 1 SD is 5. How would you determine the confidence limits for this analyte? |
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2SD = 10 100 + 10 = 110 100 - 10 = 90 |
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Ideally, how many samples should be tested when establishing a new reference range? |
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120+ |
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How many samples should be tested when verifying a reference range? |
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20+ |
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What are the following characteristic of: Temperature fluctuations, tech error, bubble, scratch |
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Possible causes of random error |
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What are the following characteristic of: Bad reagents, failing instruments, poor calibration |
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Possible causes of systematic error |
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Name a common reason for calculating a CV |
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To compare two methods for the same substance that have different reporting units; To compare performance of two techs |
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The mean for a certain analyte is 210. 1 SD is 10. What is the CV? |
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4.8% |
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The mean for a certain analyte is 210. 1 SD is 10. How would you determine what the CV is? |
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CV = (1SD/mean) x 100 10/210 x 100 |
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What is the primary purpose of performing linear regression analysis? |
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To compare a current, older method or machine with a new incoming method/machine |
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John Doe’s 6:00 am potassium was 3.1 mEq/L. Another sample was collected and tested at 9:00 am with a result of 7.5 mEq/L. This prompted a QC “flag” which is often referred to as a _____ ______ |
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Delta Check |
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What is the possible repercussion if a lab fails to pass, and then fails to verify an incorrect result on a proficiency sample? |
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The department may not be allowed to perform/report that test until remediation and better results are obtained. |
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What Westgard rule is in violation when 1 control is OK, but the second control is outside the 3 SD range? |
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1-3S |
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What type of error does this Westgard "rule" best identify? |
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Random errors |
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Although control values have been in range, the tech observes that 7 consecutive control data points have fallen below the mean. What do we call this phenomenon? |
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Shift |
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A Precision Study is going to be run on a new test method. How many controls should be run? |
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2 controls |
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A Precision Study is going to be run on a new test method. How frequently should they be run? |
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Twice a day for 10 days |
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What is the name of the process designed to reduce time and errors in an effort to achieve excellence in performance? |
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Lean Six Sigma |