exam 3 practice test – Flashcards
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According to research (Cacioppo, Berntson, Norris, & Gollan, 2011), why do humans place a general priority on negative emotions over positive emotions?
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Negative emotions signal more serious threats to survival
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A child's pattern of mood, activity, or emotional responsiveness that is linked to later personality is called her ____.
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Temperament
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A pattern of infant-caregiver bonding in which children explore confidently and return to the parent or caregiver for reassurance is called ____.
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secure attachment
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scenario supports the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion?
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Tony approaches his friend Juanita, who is walking her dog. As the dog begins to bark, Tony's heart races; he thinks about why this is the case, and realizes he has a crush on Juanita.
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What does a neurosis represent for Freud
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A continuing conflict between the ego and the id, superego, or both
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According to Maslow, what is at the pinnacle of human motivation?
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self-actualization
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Rima has decided to eliminate all sweets from her diet in an effort to lose ten pounds. When out for coffee with her friend Beth, Beth orders a delicious piece of chocolate cake with chocolate frosting and offers to split it with Rima. Rima says "Well, maybe this one time; I've read that chocolate is good for your health." This is an example of ____.
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Rationalization
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Patient S.M., who was unable to detect negative emotion in music and fear in images, suffered damage to which brain region?
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Amygdala
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Rachel is in junior high school. Her father drinks heavily and is frequently out of work. Her mother is very depressed and spends much of the day in front of the TV. Rachel spends as much time as she can outside of their home. Her parents' style of parenting is ____.
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Uninvolved
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Which of the following is a common feature of neo-Freudian theories?
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The substitution of social competence for sexuality and pleasure as the major motivation for human behavior
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Research showing that situations can exert a stronger influence on people's behavior than any individual predispositions highlights ____.
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the limits of the general trait approach
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Emma is nine years old and wants to know the "rules" for everything, such as card games, how to set the table, and basketball. Which developmental stage is she in?
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latency stage
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Each of the Big Five traits consists of a _____.
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continuum from one extreme to the other
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Little Joey is visiting the zoo for the first time and sees a zebra. He says, "Look, Mommy, a horse." This is an example of ____.
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Assimilation
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What purpose does the text suggest that self-esteem may have played related to survival in the evolutionary past?
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A drop in self-esteem served as an early warning signal that rejection by the group is imminent and that behavior designed to regain the favor of the group should be initiated.
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Teens begin to form an identity by asking "Who am I?" and "What kind of person do I want to be?" According to Erikson, failure to achieve a stable identity leads to ____.
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role confusion and problems with subsequent stages
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To remember the Big Five traits, use the acronym ____.
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OCEAN
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What two hormones are associated with romantic love?
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vasopressin and oxytocin
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For as long as he can remember, Randy's passion in life has been to eat, drink, and be merry. Which component of Freud's personality theory does this reflect?
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id
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Maslow's view of motivation is best described as a ____.
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pyramid of needs
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What is the definition of assimilation?
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The incorporation of new learning into an existing schema, without the need to revise the schema
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Avoidant or anxious-ambivalent attachment is more common in children with ____.
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high negative affect
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In Freud's personality theory, the self that others see is called the ____.
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ego
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How do the right and left brain hemispheres process emotion?
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The left hemisphere processes positive emotions; the right hemisphere processes negative emotions.
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What is an important elaboration of Piaget's concept of egocentrism?
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theory of mind
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What is Piaget's name for the stage of development that begins at the age of two years and ends at the age of six years and is characterized by use of symbols, egocentrism, and limits on the ability to reason logically?
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preoperational stage
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Sally loves to run, and works jogging into her daily schedule because of the "runner's high" she experiences. Sally is motivated by a(n) ____ reward.
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intrinsic
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Most efforts to study the effects of genetics on personality use ____.
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the twin study method.
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Alexia is 15 years old. She is very involved in environmental issues, including issues such as the finding alternatives to fossil fuels and the protection of biodiversity on the planet. According to Piaget, Alexa is in the
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formal operational stage
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what is a trait?
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a stable personality characteristic.
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The emotional bonding between an infant and a parent or caregiver is called ____.
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attachment.
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About the same time that infants begin to crawl, usually between 6 and 8 months, they also begin to show separation anxiety. This indicates that they ____.
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now recognize who does and does not belong in their social world
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The parenting style that combines high behavioral regulation with low support is ____.
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authoritairan
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Months after suffering head trauma from a work accident, Maxwell's wife Jessica notices that he is acting irresponsibly. For example, he decided on a whim to go sky diving, he drives his car at high speeds on the highway and constantly blurts out obscenities to people. In what region did Maxwell likely suffer brain damage?
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cerebral cortex
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Which model or theory of emotion proposes that there is a simultaneous and independent occurrence of physical sensations and subjective feelings during an emotional experience?
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cannon-bard theory
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According to your text, what does the science of personality explore?
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Characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving
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The study of human development considers changes in behavior ____.
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that correlate with growth or maturation
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When in college, Greg dreamed of rowing in the Olympics and becoming a surgeon. Now at age 48, he continues to enjoy rowing, although he never made it to the Olympics and he works as an anesthesiologist. His wife and kids are healthy and he is basically content. According to Erikson, he is most likely to experience ____.
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generativity.
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What is the cognitive expectancy featured in social-cognitive learning theories of personality about the source of individual outcomes?
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locus of control
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Sigmund Freud's treatment approach based on his psychodynamic theory is called ____.
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psychoanalysis
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In Freud's personality theory, a protective behavior that reduces anxiety is called a ____.
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defense mechanism.
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Which of the following describes Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development
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The stage of development beginning at birth and ending at the age of 2 years and characterized by active exploration of the environment
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Clarence's boss is very rude to Clarence and most of the staff. He tends to be cynical, uncooperative, and critical of his employees. This boss is particularly low on which of the following Big Five traits?
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agreeablness
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what is self esteem?
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a judgment of the value of the self.
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we can think of motivation as a process that maintains what?
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homeostasis.
