question

Which of the following is (are) FALSE concerning psychological skills training?

answer

PST is only for problem athletes; PST is only for elite athletes; PST will provide quick-fix solutions to problems

question

Which of the following is NOT a phase in PST?

answer

Intervention Phase

question

When new psychological skills are being learned, how long should they generally be practiced?

answer

3-5 days a week, 15-30 mins a day

question

Which of the following is (are) characteristic of INEFFECTIVE consultants that athletes note in interviews with sport psychologists?

answer

they lack sport-specific knowledge and they rely on a "canned" approach when implementing mental skills training

question

Which of the following explain(s) why players and coaches often neglect psychological skills training?

answer

lack of knowledge; lack of time; viewing psychological skills as unchangeable

question

The PST knowledge base has come from what sources?

answer

elite athlete research and athlete-coach experiences

question

A baseball player's slump can be caused by what kind(s) of problems?

answer

psychological; biomechanical; physiological

question

Which of the following is (are) characteristic of EFFECTIVE consultants that athletes note in interviews with sport psychologists?

answer

they conduct several follow-up sessions with athletes; they are accessible and establish rapport with the athletes; they are flexible in meeting individual athlete needs

question

PST takes what type of approach to mental training?

answer

educational

question

According to Vealey's analysis, which of the following reflect(s) foundation methods in PST training?

answer

physical practice and education

question

What was the main problem that the basketball player faced in the case study?

answer

he had not developed the psychological skill of relaxation

question

Using the psychological skill of relaxation learned in baseball to help deal with anxiety before taking exams would be the goal of which stage of Kirschenbaum's self-regulation model?

answer

generalization

question

The ultimate goal (from a psychological perspective) of psychological skills training is

answer

self-regulation

question

In conducting research on the mental preparation of Canadian Olympic athletes, Orlick and Partington found that athletes who performed up to their potential

answer

developed competitive plans

question

According to Vealey, which of the following is (are) a psychological skills method?

answer

goal setting

question

Results of a study focusing on successful versus unsuccessful athletes showed that more successful athletes are characterized by

answer

higher self-confidence; more task-oriented thoughts

question

Performance profiling as a means to assess athletes' mental skills works by asking athletes to

answer

identify, assess, and compare their own mental skills against other elite athletes in their sport

question

Which of the following demonstrate(s) psychological skills training?

answer

a fitness instructor suggests using positive self-statements to enhance self-esteem with an overweight client and a physical education teacher uses relaxation training to help students calm down before going on to their next class

question

What is the best way to get information concerning an athlete's psychological strengths and weaknesses?

answer

oral interview and psychological inventories

question

Which of the following is not one of the stages in Kirschenbaum's model of self-regulation?

answer

specialization

question

The studies investigating the effectiveness of PST in enhancing performance have generally found

answer

that PST enhances the performance of adult athletes; that PST enhances the performance of collegiate athletes; that PST enhances performance in individual and team sports

question

Which of the following is NOT a common problem in implementing PST programs?

answer

sport psychologist's knowledge of psychological skill exercises

question

After a PST program has been put in place, how long do athletes need to continue practicing their mental skills?

answer

as long as they continue to participate in their sport

question

Sport psychology topics that form the basis for PST programs include which of the following?

answer

confidence building; imagery; attentional skills

question

The importance of the mental side of sports

answer

does not differ based on skill level

question

Which of the following is (are) NOT a stage in autogenic training?

answer

cooling of the extremities

question

Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding research findings on coping in sport?

answer

athletes use both adaptive and nonadaptive coping strategies; athletes who had more adaptive coping strategies had higher performance

question

Progressive relaxation was developed by

answer

Edmund Jacobson

question

The two sensations that are emphasized in autogenic training are

answer

warmth and heaviness

question

A good way to increase awareness of psychological states in sport is to

answer

monitor and record your psychological states immediately after practice and competition

question

A good starting point for increasing awareness of arousal states is to

answer

visualize your best and worst performances

question

Before starting progressive relaxation you should

answer

dim the lights and lie down in a comfortable position

question

The relaxation response was developed by

answer

Herbert Benson

question

The suggested ratio for the time of inhalation to exhalation when using breath control as a relaxation device is

answer

1:2

question

Autogenic training was developed by

answer

Schultz and Luthe

question

An athlete who is under activated commonly experiences which of the following?

answer

heavy feeling in the legs and mind wandering

question

Which of the following statements regarding hypnosis is (are) true?

answer

the more open individuals are to receiving suggestions, the more likely they will benefit from hypnosis; negative suggestions almost always result in a decrease in performance; the deeper the trance, the more likely the hypnosis will be effective

question

The basic premise of stress inoculation training is to

answer

expose the individual to increasing amounts of stress, thereby enhancing the person's immunity to stress

question

Which of the following is NOT a phase in the hypnosis process?

answer

autogenic phase

question

Which of the following can increase activation?

answer

positive mood words and listening to energizing music

question

Which of the following is NOT a coping strategy typically employed by elite athletes?

answer

superstition

question

The matching hypothesis refers to

answer

matching the type of anxiety management technique to the specific anxiety problem of each individual athlete

question

Ost has developed an applied relaxation technique using progressive relaxation that can be done at competitions in

answer

20-30 seconds

question

Which of the following can be useful as an on-site strategy to help reduce tension?

answer

smile when the pressure is coming on; slow down; stay focused in the present

question

Which of the following is (are) NOT a basic tenet of progressive relaxation?

answer

tension and relaxation can occur simultaneously

question

Which of the following is (are) NOT among the interventions for cognitive-affective stress management training

answer

systematic desensitization

question

Effective breathing occurs from the

answer

diaphragm

question

According to research by Gould and colleagues with elite athletes, athletes

answer

prepared for unexpected events and placed a great deal of importance on mental training

question

The elements necessary to achieve the relaxation response include

answer

a quiet environment; a passive attitude; a mental device; a comfortable position

question

Cognitive restructuring attempts to

answer

identify and modify stress-inducing self-statements

question

Which of the following is NOT a phase in Smith's cognitive-affective stress management training?

answer

post treatment assessment

question

Which of the following statements is (are) true?

answer

imagery can improve performance if it is done systematically

question

Which of the following statements is (are) true?

answer

mental practice can be employed as a substitute for physical practice if an athlete is injured and mental practice should be used as a supplement to physical practice, rather than as a replacement for physical practice

question

Imagery involves which of the following senses?

answer

visual; auditory; kinesthetic

question

Basic imagery training involves

answer

controllability and vividness

question

An optimal time to use imagery is

answer

before and after practice; before and after competition; during breaks in the action

question

An athlete tries to image shooting a free throw under pressure, but the ball keeps hitting the rim and bouncing off. This is an example of a lack of

answer

controllability

question

What is the name of the program that uses videotapes to improve imagery skills and thus enhance performance?

answer

sybervision

question

Which of the following statements is (are) true?

answer

individuals should image mostly successful events but also learn to cope with an occasional failure

question

According to researcher I. Pavio, imagery has two primary functions, namely

answer

cognitive and motivational

question

Internal imagery (as compared to external imagery) makes it easier for an athlete to experience which of the following senses?

answer

kinesthetic

question

Which of the following is (are) true?

answer

the majority of imagery use occurs during practice and competition

question

Which of the following statements is (are) true?

answer

external imagery refers to viewing yourself from the perspective of an external observer

question

Athletes who incorporate all the senses into their image are going to score high on what aspect of imagery?

answer

vividness

question

Suinn's research showing that electrical activity was present in skiers' legs as they imagined skiing down the slope provided support for

answer

psychoneuromuscular theory

question

What theory was supported by the research literature showing that subjects using imagery performed consistently better on tasks that were cognitive than on those that were motoric in nature?

answer

symbolic learning theory

question

Triple code theory refers to what three parts of the image?

answer

image itself, image meaning, somatic response to the image

question

According to Pavio's work on the different functions of imagery, a person's imaging staying relaxed under pressure would be an example of

answer

motivational-specific imagery

question

Which of the following is (are) basic to a successful imagery training program?

answer

realistic expectations and relaxed concentration

question

According to the experimental evidence, which of the following is (are) true?

answer

imagery is effective in improving the learning and performance of motor skills and tasks involving mostly cognitive components demonstrate the greatest positive benefits.

question

Imagery functions as a coding system to help individuals acquire movement patterns. This describes

answer

symbolic learning theory

question

Which of the following athletes uses imagery as part of preparation for competition?

answer

Dwight Stones; Jean-Claude Killy; Jack Nicklaus

question

Which of the following is (are) FALSE?

answer

coaches provide more beneficial feedback to low-expectancy athletes

question

Self-efficacy theory was originated by

answer

Albert Bandura

question

An injured athlete is feeling depressed and anxious about his rehabilitation and thus has a low sense of self-efficacy. This is an example of using which source of self-efficacy?

answer

emotional states

question

The probable reason that approximately a dozen runners broke the 4-minute barrier within one year after Roger Bannister originally did was their

answer

expectations that it could be done

question

Recent research has identified nine sources of sport self-confidence. These fit into which of the following categories?

answer

climate (environment) and self-regulation

question

According to the latest thinking, self-efficacy is now called

answer

self-regulatory efficacy

question

The strongest and most dependable information on which to base self-efficacy judgments comes from

answer

performance accomplishments

question

Which of the following is (are) true?

answer

low-expectancy athletes exhibit lower performances due to less effective reinforcement and playing time and low-expectancy athletes attribute their failures to lack of ability

question

Confidence can be improved by

answer

thinking confidently; acting confidently; imagery

question

Which of the following is (are) true?

answer

coaches spend more time with high-expectancy athletes and coaches show more positive affect to high-expectancy athletes

question

Which of the following is (are) true?

answer

low-expectancy athletes exhibit lower performances due to less effective reinforcement and playing time and low-expectancy athletes attribute their failures to lack of ability

question

The relationship between confidence and performance is

answer

curvilinear

question

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of confidence?

answer

visualization

question

If you want to avoid breaking down an individual's self-confidence,

answer

don't criticize people for inconsequential errors and don't use sarcasm to motivate people

question

Coaches often form expectations of athletes based on

answer

erformance information and person cues

question

According to Rosenthal and Jacobson's study on teacher expectancies and student performances,

answer

children identified as "late bloomers" exhibited the greatest gains in IQ

question

Confidence is seen as multidimensional, consisting of confidence in

answer

one's ability to execute physical skills; one's level of fitness; one's psychological skills

question

Researchers investigating the concept of psychological momentum in sport found that teams of athletes having momentum

answer

were just as likely to perform poorly as to continue to perform well

question

Confidence is usually defined by sport psychologists as the

answer

belief that you can successfully perform a desired behavior

question

Which of the following points about self-efficacy theory is (are) true?

answer

self-efficacy affects effort expenditure and persistence; self-efficacy is task specific

question

Research by Gould and his colleagues on setting up detailed plans as a way to increase confidence showed that

answer

elite athletes had the most detailed plans

question

According to the text, goals should be

answer

difficult enough to be a challenge, yet realistic enough to achieve

question

Burton (1989a), in a study of basketball skills, found that

answer

goal setting better enhanced performance on low- as compared with high-complexity tasks

question

Studies of goal setting in business have concluded that

answer

goal setting works and works very well

question

Dishman (1988) found that a spouse's support is

answer

a critical factor affecting exercise adherence

question

When formulating a goal-setting program with a novice goal setter, it is best to

answer

help the person select one goal from a list of multiple goals she would like to pursue

question

On the basis of 30 years of research, Locke and Latham propose seven steps to maximize goal-setting effectiveness. These steps include

answer

developing goal commitment; evaluating barriers to goal attainment; adjusting goals for practice and competition

question

Burton contends that athletes who set outcome goals will experience more anxiety and lower self-confidence in competition; this is

answer

because their goals are not within their complete control and one of the indirect thought-process explanations for goal setting's effectiveness

question

The phrase "out of sight, out of mind" is a reminder to

answer

write your goals down and place them where they can be easily seen

question

Which of the following (according to research by Filby et al.) would produce the best performance?

answer

a combination of goals

question

A formal assessment of an athlete's current ability or needs is

answer

part of the instructor-leader preparation stage of implementing a goal-setting program and great for identifying what areas you think the athlete needs to improve

question

Having a goal to "win the race" is an example of a (n) _____ goal, whereas having a goal to "improve my best time" is an example of a (n) ______ goal.

answer

outcome; performance

question

In developing a goal-setting program, it is important for individuals to set

answer

process, performance, and outcome goals

question

Which of the following is (are) true regarding goal-setting practices of high school and collegiate coaches?

answer

the only disadvantage noted was setting goals unrealistically high

question

Which of the following is (are) useful for setting team goals?

answer

establishing short-term goals first; monitoring progress toward team goals; fostering team confidence concerning team goals

question

Which of the following is NOT a common obstacle in setting goals?

answer

goals are too unstructured

question

It is recommended that appropriate goals should be

answer

a combination of short- and long-term

question

"Chipping a bucket of golf balls onto a practice green three days a week" is an example of

answer

a strategy for attaining the goal of "lower my handicap by three strokes"

question

Directing a performer's attention to important elements of a skill is

answer

one way in which goal setting can influence performance

question

The mechanistic explanation for goal-setting's effectiveness includes

answer

directing the performer's attention to important elements of a skill; mobilizing effort and increasing persistence by providing incentives; the development and employment of new learning strategies

question

Focusing on performance (as opposed to outcome goals) during competition has been shown to be associated with _____ anxiety and _____ performance.

answer

less; superior

question

Simply telling an athlete to "do your best" is

answer

not specific enough

question

In preparing for a major competition, many elite athletes structure training to put themselves under the same sort of pressure encountered during the actual competition. This is an example of

answer

Simulation training

question

Tennis and baseball players are able to successfully hit balls traveling toward them at high speeds because

answer

they have learned to predict the flight of the ball by using advanced attentional cues

question

Which of the following is NOT a subscale of the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style?

answer

Broad-narrow

question

To improve concentration, an athlete should

answer

establish routines and practice eye control

question

Which of the following best represents William James's classic description of attention?

answer

it implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others

question

Athletes with a preference for a broad-external focus

answer

seem to notice everything that is happening around them

question

In a study on figure skaters, self-monitoring helped skaters to become

answer

More task-focused

question

Which of the following would NOT be classified as an internal distracter?

answer

Visual and auditory distractors

question

Developing competitive plans should focus on what type of goals?

answer

Process goals

question

Individuals with a good ability to concentrate, scan, and store relevant cues are likely to score _____ on a concentration block grid in 1 minute.

answer

In the upper 20s to low 30s

question

The narrowing and internal focus associated with choking can result in

answer

impaired timing; loss of coordination; Poor judgment and decision making

question

Entirely focusing on body mechanics and movements

answer

is important when learning a skill; may be inappropriate once a skill becomes automatic; may be detrimental to performance because the mind gets in the way of the body

question

According to the new multiple resource pools theories, attentional capacity is

answer

Distributed throughout the nervous system

question

An example of Nideffer's broad-external type of attentional focus is

answer

a basketball point guard's rapidly assessing the positioning of the defense while on a fast break

question

Which of the following is NOT a key element included in most definitions of concentration?

answer

the ability to narrow attentional focus during intense pressure

question

Psychophysiological research on attentional processes in archers and pistol shooters has revealed that accuracy is increased when performers' brain waves are in which frequency?

answer

Alpha

question

According to the text, "choking" should be defined as

answer

A process that leads to impaired performance

question

Research investigating differences between experts and novices concludes that these differences are in large part due to experts' ability to

answer

attend more to advance information to make faster decisions and predict the flight pattern of a ball

question

High scores on the BIT subscale of Nideffer's TAIS indicate

answer

an ability to effectively integrate several ideas at one time

question

Using a trigger word to stop negative self-statements is called

answer

Thought stopping

question

From an attentional perspective, over learning of skills

answer

makes the skills more automatic, thus requiring less attention

question

If a golfer shifts attention just prior to a tee shot, from the length of the fairway and the direction of the wind to focusing only on the ball, her attention has shifted from _____ to _____.

answer

Broad external; narrow external

question

"Ironic processes" in sport refers to

answer

The idea that trying not to perform an action can trigger its occurrence accidentally

question

Telling yourself to "focus!" probably is best defined as

answer

a cue word for bringing you back into a present focus

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