Exam 3 Practice Question Pool – Flashcards
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Using the psychological skill of relaxation learned in baseball to deal with anxiety before taking exams would be the goal of which stage of Kirschenbaum's model of self-regulation?
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generalization
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From a psychological perspective, the ultimate goal of psychological skills training is
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self-regulation
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Mental toughness can be seen as being "caught" or "taught." Which of the following is an example of mental toughness being "caught"?
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setting up practices to simulate game situations
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According to recent research on mental toughness, which of the following is a way to increase mental toughness?
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a and b (create intense competitive practices that stimulate game situations and have high expectations of athletes)
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According to Vealey, which of the following is a foundation skill?
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self-confidence
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PST takes what type of approach to mental training?
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educational
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After a PST program has been put in place, how long do athletes need to continue practicing their mental skills?
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as long as they continue to participate in their sports
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In the study of a team of swimmers by McKenzie and Rushall,
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a and b (an attendance board was used to track attendance at swim practice and the swimmers showed a significant increase in attendance after the intervention)
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Receiving a reward that provides feedback concerning an athlete's sense of competence is an example of
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the informational aspect of reward
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The study by Lepper and Greene investigating the effects of external rewards on intrinsic motivation of children found that
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a and b (the type of reward was important regarding its effects on intrinsic motivation and the expected reward condition had the lowest levels of intrinsic motivation (compared to no reward and unexpected rewards) )
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Performance feedback is most effective when provided in what manner?
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autonomy-supportive
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Most coaches approach reinforcement by
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relying on a combination of positive reinforcement and punishment
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Social factors affecting intrinsic motivations include
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a and b (success and failure and focus of competition)
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Potential negative side effects of punishment include
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b and c (acting as a reinforcer and hindering the learning of skills)
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Which of the following is a guideline for giving a pep talk?
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a and b (give players a plan and use humor)
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Ost has developed an applied relaxation technique using progressive relaxation that can be done at competitions in
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20 to 30 seconds
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Which of the following can increase activation?
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a and c (using positive mood words and listening to energizing music)
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Which of the following is NOT a coping strategy typically employed by elite athletes?
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superstition
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Athletes should make sure that when they are performing a skill under pressure, they
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breathe out during execution of the skill
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The Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) uses what modality to help cope with the "yips"?
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acupuncture
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What was the main problem that the basketball player (Jim) faced shooting free throws in the case study presented at the beginning of the chapter?
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He had not developed the psychological skill of relaxation.
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Although such training is not generally recommended, what type of athletes has research found was able to have intensive mental training just a few days before competition and be successful?
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elite athletes
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Recently, what domain has transferred sport psychology skills in a systematic way creating a Center for Enhanced Performance?
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military
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When is it generally best to implement a PST program?
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during the off-season or preseason
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Which of the following is NOT a common problem in implementing PST programs?
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the sport psychologist's knowledge of psychological skill exercises
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Which of the following is a principle for the effective use of external rewards?
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The best types of external rewards are creative, novel, and simple.
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Which of the following is a guideline for implementing behavior programs?
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all of these
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According to the TARGET acronym, which of the following is NOT a measure for fostering a mastery-oriented environment?
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affiliation
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Research by psychologists such as Edward Deci has shown that
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extrinsic rewards undermine intrinsic motivation
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According to a recent study, which type of attributional feedback (especially after failure) produced more task persistence, more enjoyment, and better performance?
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praise for high effort
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Which of the following levels of effort produced the fastest running times of 400-meter runners?
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95%
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The suggested ratio for the time of inhalation to exhalation when using breath control as a relaxation device is
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1:2
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Both Ron Smith's cognitive-affective stress management training and Don Meichenbaum's stress inoculation training are examples of ___________ anxiety programs.
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multimodal
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Results of a study focusing on successful versus unsuccessful athletes showed that more successful athletes are characterized by
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a and c (higher self-confidence and more task-orientated thoughts)
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Which of the following is NOT a situation requiring mental toughness according to a recent study?
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autocratic coach
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The first systematic mental skills training program occurred in which country?
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Soviet Union
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Which of the following is NOT among the interventions for cognitive-affective stress management training?
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systematic desensitization
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Which of the following is NOT a stage in stress inoculation training?
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removing the stressor
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An athlete who is underactivated commonly experiences which of the following?
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a and b (heavy feelings in the legs and mind wandering)
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Although there are many definitions of resiliency, they seem to have in common the two core concepts of
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adversity and adaptation
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Relaxation (anxiety reduction) techniques are usually classified as
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cognitive and somatic
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Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are now seen as varying along a continuum. Aspects of intrinsic motivation include which of these?
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b and c (accomplishment and stimulation)
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Which of the following statements about flow is FALSE?
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Individual sport athletes get into flow more often than team sport athletes.
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According to McAuley's and Tammen's studies on intrinsic motivation and subjective versus objective outcomes,
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subjective perceptions of performance are the most important determinants of intrinsic motivation
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Which of the following is a psychological need included in self-determination theory?
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a and b (relatedness and autonomy)
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Maitland and Gervis' study on goal setting and coaches found that, for goals to be effective, coaches should be
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engaged with the goal-setting process
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Burton (1989) found that after a five-month goal-setting program, swimmers
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have learned to set performance goals
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"Chip a bucket of golf balls onto a practice green three days a week" is an example of
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a strategy for attaining the goal of "lower my handicap by three strokes"
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Which of the following is useful for setting team goals?
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b and c (monitor progress toward team goals and foster team confidence concerning team goals)
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Burton contends that athletes who set outcome goals will experience more anxiety and lower self-confidence in competition; this is
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a and c (because their goals are not within their complete control and one of the indirect thought-process explanations for the effectiveness of goal setting)
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It is important to _____ throughout the entire goal-setting process.
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all of these
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Which of the following is true?
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a and c (low-expectancy athletes exhibit lower performances due to less effective reinforcement and less playing time and low-expectancy athletes attribute their failures to lack of ability)
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Coaches often form expectations of athletes based on
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performance information and person cues
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A program to build self-efficacy in coaches was developed by Harwood (2008) and targeted which of the following areas?
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a and c (communication and commitment)
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Coaches' strategies to disrupt the psychological momentum of an opposing team include which of the following?
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all of these
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If you want to avoid breaking down an individual's self-confidence,
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a and c (don't criticize inconsequential errors and don't use sarcasm to motivate)
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Researchers investigating the concept of psychological momentum in sport found that teams of athletes having momentum
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were just as likely to perform poorly as to continue to perform well
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Confidence is seen as multidimensional, consisting of confidence in
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all of these
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The latest research on the timing of imagery would suggest that imagery timing might be different based on
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the task
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Internal imagery (as compared to external imagery) makes it easier for an athlete to experience which of the following senses?
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kinesthetic
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Which of the following statements is true?
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b and c (mental practice can be employed as a substitute for physical practice if an athlete is injured and mental practice should be used as a supplement to physical practice rather than as a replacement for physical practice)
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What theory, supported by the research literature, showed that subjects using imagery performed consistently better on tasks that were cognitive than on those that were motoric in nature?
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symbolic learning theory
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Suinn's research showing that electrical activity was present in skiers' legs as they imagined skiing down the slope provided support for
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psychoneuromuscular theory
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Basic imagery training involves
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controllability and vividness
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Which of the following is NOT an aspect of PETTLEP imagery?
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planning
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Which of the following is NOT a use of imagery?
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reducing the amount of physical practice time
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In terms of the timing of imagery, it is best to image in
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real time
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Which of the following is a component of an Imagery Training Program as outlined by Morris and his colleagues?
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all of these
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Which of the following statements is FALSE?
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There are no differences in imagery ability between successful and less successful performers.
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The main reason that exercisers give for using imagery is
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a and b (appearance and energy)
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Research using U.S. and Canadian Olympic athletes has shown that approximately what percent of Olympic athletes use imagery?
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95%
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Which one of the following is true?
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Imagery is used most often prior to competition.
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According to the text, goals should be
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difficult enough to be a challenge, yet realistic enough to achieve
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It is recommended that appropriate goals be
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a combination of short- and long-term
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Directing a performer's attention to important elements of a skill is
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one way in which goal setting can influence performance
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Which of the following is NOT a common obstacle in setting goals?
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Goals are too unstructured.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of robust self-confidence?
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genetic
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According to the study by Nelson and Furst on arm wrestling and expectations,
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a and d (objectively weaker subjects who expected to win actually did win more often than stronger subjects who expected to lose and expectations were a better predictor of success than actual strength was)
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Coaches developing more confidence in their athletes' capabilities is an example of what type of efficacy?
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relational self-efficacy
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Self-efficacy has been used interchangeably with
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self-confidence
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According to research on coaching efficacy, coaches higher in self-efficacy (compared to those lower in self-efficacy)
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a and c (were better able to control their emotions and had higher winning percentages)
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Research has indicated that live and filmed modeling increases self-efficacy in muscular-endurance tasks. This is an example of
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vicarious experiences
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Confidence is usually defined by sport psychologists as the
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belief that you can successfully perform a desired behavior
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Which of the following is NOT a specific type of self-efficacy suggested by Beauchamp and colleagues (2012)?
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relaxation efficacy
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Which of the following is NOT a major source of self-efficacy?
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parental expectations
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Sport self-confidence is currently viewed as
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state-like or trait-like depending on the situation
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To determine whether using imagery is effective, evidence has been gathered using which of the following methods?
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a and b (anecdotal reports and case studies)
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An optimal time to use imagery is
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all of these
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The most effective type of imagery for helping athletes maintain confidence and stay focused is
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cognitive specific
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According to research, the most effective types of imagery scripts are
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video and audio
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The only study directly testing the relationship between imagery and personality used which personality trait?
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narcissism
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According to Snyder, hope involves having a realistic goal and
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being able to reach the goal
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When formulating a goal-setting program with a novice goal setter, it is best to
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help the person select one goal from a list of multiple goals she would like to pursue
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According to the research of Burton and colleagues (2013) that investigated personality and goal setting, what type of athlete was best at using goal setting?
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performance-oriented
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The additive approach to the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation suggests that
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intrinsic plus extrinsic motivation leads to more motivation
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According to the results of Komaki and Barnett's study of a Pop Warner football team,
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the team performed three plays more effectively after the intervention
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The most effective type of feedback for retention of a skill is
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intermittent
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Which of the following is NOT a finding regarding passion and sport?
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harmonious passion predicts rigid persistence in ill-advised activities (such as gambling)
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Which of the following is an important factor for achieving flow?
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b and c (maintaining appropriate focus and optimal environmental conditions)
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In a recent study on the relationship between holding scholarships and levels of intrinsic motivation in collegiate athletes, Amorose, Horn, and Miller found that
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athletes on scholarship had lower levels of intrinsic motivation in general than athletes not on scholarship
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Individuals higher on mindfulness, when compared to those lower on mindfulness, score higher on which dimension of flow?
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a and b (skills-challenge balance and merging of action and awareness)
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Tkachuk, Leslie-Toogood, and Martin suggested a number of ways to select behaviors to be changed as well as ways to monitor behaviors. These included
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all of these
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Which of the following is NOT a phase in PST?
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intervention phase
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Ideally, a psychological skills training (PST) program should be planned, implemented, and supervised by a
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AASP-certified sport psychology consultant
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A recent study found that coaches particularly use the mental skills of
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self-talk and imagery
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Which of the following is a phase of a periodization program?
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peaking
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Which of the following is FALSE concerning psychological skills training?
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PST is only for problem athletes.
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For long-term coping, research indicates that the most effective strategy is
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active problem-focused coping
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Which of the following can be useful as an on-site strategy to help reduce tension?
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all of these
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Type II "yips" is characterized by
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choking
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According to research with elite athletes by Gould and colleagues, athletes
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a and c (prepared for unexpected events and placed a great deal of importance on mental training)
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According to the study by Eubank and Collins, individuals perceiving their anxiety as facilitative (as opposed to debilitative) use more
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a and b (emotion-focused coping and problem-focused coping)
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The new Motor Imagery Integrative Model targets which specific areas where imagery can be effective?
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all of these
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According to Pavio's work on the different functions of imagery, a person's imagery of staying relaxed under pressure would be an example of
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motivational-specific imagery
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Athletes imaging a task as more threatening than challenging (for example, stress appraisal) exhibited more
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cognitive anxiety
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Athletes who incorporate all the senses into their image will score high on what aspect of imagery?
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vividness
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Modeling can enhance performance. Which of the following modeling factors has NOT been shown to influence performance?
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passionate models
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According to the latest thinking, self-efficacy is now called
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self-regulatory efficacy
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In a recent study on self-confidence in elite athletes, Hays and colleagues (2007) found some additional sources of confidence including
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a and c (experience and competitive advantage)
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Which of the following is NOT a benefit of confidence?
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visualization
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The phrase "out of sight, out of mind" is a reminder to
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write your goals down and place them where they can be easily seen
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Burton (1989a), in a study of basketball skills, found that
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goal setting enhanced performance more for low-complexity tasks when compared to high-complexity tasks
