Exam #3 Medieval History (Musgrave) – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
What are the four ways the sacrificial systems of world religions differ with that of the bible?
answer
In the bible the sacrifice was not automatically effective; the bloodiness was not applauded; the sacrifice pointed to God himself in the sacrifice He would make; the feasts and ceremonies anticipated christ himself
question
How did the "Apocalypto" video demonstrate the Maya religious control (think astronomy) ?
answer
The leaders knew the sun would continue to come back because they understood astronomy
question
Why is it difficult to "reconstruct" the history of Native American civilizations?
answer
Andean civilizations never developed writing, and in Mesoamerica much of the written record has been destroyed in war or its aftermath; most of our info comes from the narratives of European conqerors
question
According to to the Aztecs, how many supreme deities are the and where can they be found?
answer
2 supreme deities and they can be found at the top of the world
question
What does "Teotihuacan" mean? What world wonder can be found here and why is it amazing?
answer
"birthplace of the gods" and the pyramid of Kukulkan can be found here
question
Who was Quetzalcoatl and for what reasons is this individual significant?
answer
An important God probably a real king at one point, looked at as a god for the success the Aztecs had in relation to him
question
How are the Incan and traditional Roman Catholic religious structures similar?
answer
The priest who served under the head priest taught people about their gods, listen to confessions, and give penance for their sins
question
Describe the influence of astronomy on Mayan religious beliefs and practices
answer
They made tables of positions for the moon and Venus to accurately predict solar eclipses and based their ceremonies off of that
question
WHAT DOES POPUL VUH MEAN???
answer
Means "the book of council"; it contains Mayan mythology and history; written in Kitche' (mayan language)
question
Briefly articulate the sophistication of Mayan Calendar-Making
answer
Mayan astrologers compiled precise tables of positions for the Moon and Venus and were able to accurately predict solar eclipses. Based on these discoveries scholars in the mid-20th century mistakenly thought that Mayan society was compiled of priestly class of peaceful stargazers and calendar keepers
question
Provide the details of American settlement prior to 1,500 b.c.
answer
hunters and gatherers lived in the grassy highlands suitable for herding
question
What is the first known civilization of Mesoamerica? and how did they receive their name?
answer
Olmec civilization; means (the rubber people) because they would extract latex from rubber trees and mix it with grape juice to form rubber
question
Describe the "Early formative" period in Mesoamerica
answer
Pottery came to Mesoamerica; civilization and agriculture advanced
question
Describe the "Middle formative" period in Mesoamerica
answer
Olmec continued to flourish; others caught up like the Zapotec: they made the first calendar
question
Describe the "late formative" period in Mesoamerica
answer
classical era, Olmec divided and developed into the Maya and two other groups. Aztecs became the majority in Mexico
question
Summarize the legend of Tenochtitlan's founding
answer
in the distance in the middle of the lake of Texcoco they saw an eagle on a cactus devouring a snake
question
Which civilization most practiced human sacrifice?
answer
Mesoamerican civilizations practiced human sacrifice; mainly Mayans
question
Which domesticated crops and animals were most common in the Andean region?
answer
Crops: tubers, roots, grains, legumes, fruit-trees Animals: llamas and alpacas but never attempted to milk them
question
What are the two possible explanations for the "Colossal Heads" of the Olmec Civilization?
answer
The Olmec Ball Game or a ruler's head
question
Articulate the theory of Pangea, and provide possible Biblical evidence for such a theory
answer
All of the continents at one point were a super-continent. Genesis 1:9 says the waters were gathered in ONE PLACE and let the dry land appear
question
Why is the contextual location of the Biblical "Tower of Babel" significant?
answer
it explains the existence of diverse human languages
question
List the four most important Mesoamerican Civilizations
answer
Olmecs, Maya, Aztecs, Incas
question
How does Dante view Hell's relationship to God? (sign at the doorway)
answer
The sign on the door says "abandon all hope, ye who enter here" Divine grace does not exist in hell, which is eternal separation from God's grace
question
What are the "big issues" which Dante is most concerned in Inferno?
answer
sin and it's results; spiritual transformation (how can i rid myself of sin); politics; poetry; what is the way of salvation
question
How does Dante creatively punish people in "Inferno"?
answer
He uses peoples sins in this life as a punishment in Hell. For example, sinful opposites punish their opposing sins simply by living together
question
How can you see the significance of three crafted into Dantes Inferno? Why is the number three meaningful at all?
answer
3 is the number of persons in the triune God. 3 - number of parts of dates full poem. 3 is the number of divisions in hell. 3 is the number of days requires Dante's journey in Hell
question
How old is Dante the pilgrim? And how do you know this?
answer
35 years old because he says he's "midway along the journey of his life" and the bible says the average lifespan is 70
question
Which there heavenly women are emotionally concerned for Dante?
answer
Mary, Lucia, Beatrice
question
How and by whom, is a person consigned to their specific "circle" of the Inferno?
answer
Minos is a monster with a long tail. The number of times his tail wraps around the person determines the circle in which they spend eternity
question
Under what general category are circles 2-5 placed?
answer
lack of self-control
question
Which Sibyl of Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel displays an expectancy of Messiah's coming? How?
answer
The Delphic Sibyl shows expectancy and eagerness
question
How did Michelangelo feel about his being commissioned to paint the Last Judgement? Did he express this?
answer
He felt contempt to paint the last judgement; he did a self portrait and made himself St. Bartholomew after he had been skinned alive
question
Though an extraordinary painter how did Michelangelo view himself?
answer
a sculptor
question
Why do we know Michelangelo was exceedingly popular while alive?
answer
He had two biographies written about him while he was still alive
question
Name Da Vinci's two most famous paintings, and briefly describe why each is so memorable.
answer
The Last Supper: the model for Christ was also the model for Judas, years later; Mona Lisa: her smile doesn't travel to her eyes
question
List some of the spectacular details found inside Da Vinci's notebooks.
answer
Virtuvian Man, Tank, Flying Machines, Parachute
question
How does Leonardo's "Vurtuvian Man" illustrate the radical change of ideas during the Renaissance?
answer
Da Vinci addressed anatomy, scientific and mechanical inventiveness
question
List the three most famous names listed amongst those responsible for the "High Renaissance."
answer
Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael
question
Who were Giotto and Massaccio and what role did they play in Western Civilization?
answer
Giotto: transitional figure between medieval art and renaissance art; Masaccio: founder of renaissance painting. Humanism paradigm shifts in Western Civilization
question
Define "Humanism" and list both its advantages and disadvantages. How did it both agree and disagree with scripture?
answer
Humanism: sought to liberate men to freely criticize without authority; stresses humanity and the complexity as the primary subject to study. Denies the supernatural resurrection of Christ
question
Of which larger branch of philosophy and worldview was Humanism a subset?
answer
Secularism
question
Define "Renaissance" Provide the translation and meaning.
answer
"Rebirth" Rebirth of classical ideas
question
What were the two main reactions to the Black Plague and what sayings were associated with each view?
answer
People respond either by praying to pagan spirits and living lives of debauchery OR living with piety and praying to their Saints. "Eat, drink and be merry, for tomorrow we die" (carpe diem, "seize the day") OR "Prepare to meet thy maker" (Live the life you wish to recount before God)
question
How did Bubonic Plague affect artistic expression? What rhyme emerged as a result? Analyze the theme.
answer
Art expressed death and dying. "Ring around the Rosie" came from the plague. "Ring of Roses" describes the circular boils on the body, perhaps specifically the swollen lymph nodes. "A pocket full of posies" draws attention to the flowers and hers people would place in their pocket, hoping to continuously breathe in the aroma and be cured (or protected) from the disease. "At-choo" simply mimics the sound of sneezing, which was a leading cause for the spread of the disease. "We all fall down" suggests the immediacy and suddenness of death after contracting the disease
question
Provide the statistics concerning the morality rate and number of casualties (Europe and greater Mediterranean Region) caused by the Plague.
answer
60% or more of those infected died. 75 million people died. 2/3 of Europe's population
question
What were the Plague Doctors? What did they wear, why?
answer
They wore a wide brimmed hat: to shield them from infection, gas mask: believed disease was from birds=if they looked like a bird they wouldn't get it, long black overcoat: minimized skin exposure, wooden cane: direct people around without getting close, leather breeches: protect legs and groin from infection
question
Briefly describe the actual disease...
answer
Originated in the Gobi desert. Spread by fleas on rats on the trade routes. The disease attacks the lymph nodes. Swelling the neck, armpit, and groin. High fever, vomiting of blood. Once in the lungs, disease is airborne
question
Why were the pre-conditions of Europe so suitable and timely for the Black Death?
answer
Boom years; high productive period; agricultural advances; population doubled
question
Provide a brief timeline with dates of the Plague's Spread from the Mediterranean to Russia
answer
Gobi desert: 1320s; Constantinople, Italy: 1347; France, England: 1348; Russia: 1351
question
What was the Magna Carta? Whose power was it originally intended to limit? Provide details of its composition and purpose.
answer
Charter of English liberties; limited the power of the King; The first section dealt with the Church. It was meant to be "free." The second dealt with feudal law concerning the holding of land from the King. The third dealt with similar laws concerning the sub-tenants. The fourth dealt with towns and trade. A huge portion was devoted to general reform reform and law while another section addressed the behavior of royalty and officials
question
Briefly describe the Hundred Years War, its participants, cause, and result, along with the most common method of warfare and the most important militaristic invention of the time.
answer
France vs. England - legitimate succesion to the French crown was not to win or lose, armies just continued to be formed and cities thus destroyed. England won, then Joan of Arc came into play - France ultimately won: English long bow was created
question
Who was responsible for the Staufer Dynasty, and how was he rewarded for his loyalty to Emperor Henry IV? Which grandson of his died during the Third Crusade, and how did he die?
answer
Count Fredrick, he married Henry's daughter Agnes, Fredrick Barbosa died during the third crusade by drowning
question
Provide a brief history of "The Holy Roman Empire."
answer
Most important govt of the middle ages; Otto I named Holy Roman Emperor in 962; took over Italy; he changed popes; used Church Bishops as personal agents and pressed the church under his royal authority
question
Which event led to the division of Lothar's Kingdom (Lotharingia) between the East and West Franks?
answer
Lothar died and his sons split his kingdom up
question
Provide the Latin translation of "Holy Roman Empire."
answer
Sacrum Romanum Imperium
