question

What was the medieval economy based primarily on?

answer

Agricultural production

question

What factors contributed to the increase in agricultural output in the medieval period?

answer

Technological advances Ex. heavy-wheeled plow, iron horseshoes, tandem harnessing Labor saving devices Ex. iron for hoes, pitchforks, shovels, scythes, wheelbarrow, harrow, watermill Climate change Warmer climate benefitted n. Europe by drying the soil & lengthening the growing season; warmer climate hurt the Mediterranean Monasteries They could develop the the tools which would then be copied by peasants & lords

question

Aside from raising food yields, what were the consequences of the movement from a two-field system to a three-field system?

answer

It increased the amount of land under cultivation The 2 separate growing season provided insurance against loss It produced higher yields per acre Helped spread labor more evenly

question

After 1050, what did towns replace as the nuclei of civilization?

answer

Monasteries

question

What did Charters of liberty allow towns to do?

answer

It gave them the right to govern themselves Urban areas expanded b/c of the migration of free peasants & serfs

question

Why do Historians generally not use the term feudalism today?

answer

It means: An economy based solely on agriculture An aristocratic social order where propertied men are bound together by kinship & shared interests A system of landholding in which lesser men hold land from greater men in return for military service Historians don't use it b/c it has so many different meanings

question

What element was central to the establishment of feudal monarchies?

answer

The lord could protect & elevate his man, but could also discipline him/bring him down (?)

question

What happened at Canossa in the winter of 1077?

answer

King Henry IV prevented his deposition by visiting Pope Gregory VII at the castle of Canossa and performing a ritual of penance King had to bow to the Pope (it had normally been the other way around)

question

The first successful attempt to restore the spiritual authority of the Latin Church can be traced to the establishment of a new kind of monastery at which location?

answer

Burgundy in southeastern France cluny

question

In 1059, Pope Nicholas II issued a new decree on papal elections - to whom did this give power to elect future popes

answer

The College of Cardinals

question

Taken literally, what did the term investiture mean to medieval Christians in the eleventh century?

answer

he right to appoint bishops & to invest them w/the trappings of office

question

In 1071, Byzantium lost Armenia and wealthy Anatolia to which Turkish tribe?

answer

The Seljuq Turks

question

When preaching the First Crusade, Pope Urban II suggested that those who fought in the service of Christ would receive what benefit?

answer

Absolution for their sins, salvation, booty, & glory

question

What did Arabic mathematics introduce that revolutionized European economies?

answer

A decimal arithmetic based on place values & hinged on the concept of the zero Algebra & algorithms

question

The English King Henry II's important dispute with Archbishop Thomas Becket was related to what great issue?

answer

Clerics being English subjects before they are servants of Rome Who had jurisdiction over priests & church courts

question

What exactly was the Magna Carta to which King John of England gave the royal assent?

answer

It expressed the idea that a king should be subject to the rule of law It normalized the idea that strong representative government is a good thing

question

Who was the last emperor who effectively ruled all the disparate pieces of the Holy Roman Empire?

answer

Frederick II

question

How should the lifestyle of Emperor Frederick II in Sicily be described?

answer

He was able to speak multiple languages (Arabic, Italian, Latin, German, & French) He was a scholar He owned a lot of exotic animals & had a harem of women who traveled w/him

question

The Knights Hospitaller was initially founded for what purpose?

answer

They were originally charged w/the care of the pilgrims in the Hospital of St. John at Jerusalem They later became militarized

question

How did Venice benefit from the Crusades?

answer

They provided ships & supplies & benefitted from their close ties w/Byzantium

question

Who was most responsible for increasing interest in devotion to the Eucharist and the Virgin Mary in the twelfth century?

answer

Bernard of Clairvaux

question

Saint Francis of Assisi emphasized which religious themes in his ministry and new monastic order?

answer

He preached salvation Apostolic living Rebelled against materialistic life

question

Upon admission to university, medieval students typically spent four years studying the liberal arts - what did this mean in practice?

answer

Trivium - "the three ways"; grammar, logic, & rhetoric Quadrivium - "four ways"; arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, & music Liberal arts was a prerequisite for advanced study in philosophy, theology, law, & medicine

question

In the second half of the twelfth century, what precipitated an intellectual revolution?

answer

Muslim scholars Honing of different techniques to deal w/the challenge of reconciling classical thought w/Islamic belief (these techniques contributed to the development of Christian theology)

question

In towns, manufacturing was largely controlled by whom?

answer

Guilds

question

Between 1000 and 1250, how did Europe change and develop?

answer

By 1250 Europe had taken on the geographic, political, linguistic, & cultural characteristics that we see today The expansion of European power began in the year 1000, continued into the 12th century, & was consolidated in the 13th century

question

In the early twelfth century, how did Genghis Khan quickly build up a large military force?

answer

He incorporated all the warriors from the defeated tribes into his own army

question

In the thirteenth century, why did Moscow became an important center?

answer

It was the tribute-collecting center for the Mongol Khanate

question

Mongol governance was centered on what key activity?

answer

Securing a steady payment of tribute from subjects

question

Parallel to the interest in the gold trade in Europe, several entrepreneurial empires were established by Europeans - which was the first?

answer

The Catalans

question

Why did the Norse colony in Greenland cease to exist during the fourteenth century?

answer

A gradual cooling of the climate caused famines that eroded the ecosystem & caused the Greenlanders to die out . and conflict with the natives

question

What exactly is a fresco painting?

answer

Painting executed on fresh, wet plaster (the painting is basically a part of the wall)

question

Dante's Divine Comedy depicts the poet's mythical journey through which terrains?

answer

Hell, purgatory, & paradise A journey beginning in a "dark wood"

question

Dante's Divine Comedy represents what new development in literature and learning?

answer

It fused classical & christian cultures, latin learning, & vernacular artistry It commented on current events & passed judgements on enemies

question

The name "The Babylonian Captivity" for the Avignon papacy references which historical event?

answer

It referenced the Jews exile in Babylon during the 6th Century B.C.

question

Although Louis IX's attempts at crusading were failures, how in other ways did his crusading activities enhance his reputation?

answer

He willingly risked his life in service to the church by going on the crusade In his absence he invented/reformed key aspects of royal governance that made France the bureaucratic rival of England for the 1st time By going on the 1st crusade he "confirmed" that he had inherited the mantle of Charlemagne as the protector of the Church & a representative of Christ on earth Sainte-Chapelle (Holy Chapel) was built in Paris for Louis's collection of Passion relics (artifacts thought to have been used for the torture/crucifixion of Christ)

question

How successful was King Edward I's conquest of Wales?

answer

Successful King Edward I built many castles & treated the Welsh as infidels He treated Wales like a crusader state & subjected it to the overlordship of his men He gave his son, Edward II, who was born in a Welsh castle the title "Prince of Wales"

question

Why was the Stone of Destiny taken from Scotland to Westminster Abbey by Edward I?

answer

Edward I wanted the throne of Scotland & by taking it he was showing that England had sovereignty over Scotland

question

In the fourteenth century, Edward III argued that he was the legitimate heir of France based on a closer relationship to Philip IV of France than that of the new Valois king - what was the basis for this claim?

answer

Edward III was the son of Isabella, daughter of Philip IV

question

Where exactly does the Black Death appear to have originated?

answer

Western China on the tibetan Plateau

question

What were the origins of the English Peasants' Revolt?

answer

Taxes After the Black Death workers became valuable & could stand up to those who paid them; they fought for an end to serfdom & a redistribution of property

question

What were the consequences of the Black Death for land use?

answer

Forests began to regrow A decline in demand for grain allowed farmers to expand their herds (this improved the fertility of the soil)

question

What do the works of Boccaccio, Chaucer, and de Pisan all demonstrate?

answer

Their writings are characterized by observations of the world Captured reality & spread the vernacular 3 developments: Growing identification between vernacular language & the community of the realm; the increasing accessibility of education; rise of substantial reading public

question

The series of pageant plays performed at York were motivated by devotion but also by what other factor?

answer

The community & guilds

question

Petrarch believed that the "Dark Ages" were not the pagan past, but the Middle Ages, the time that separated him from which earlier era?

answer

Classical era

question

How did some early humanists criticize late-medieval scholasticism?

answer

Scholasticism focused on filtering the human experience through the teachings of scripture & the Church fathers (salvation was the ultimate goal) Humanists believed it focused too much on abstract speculation rather than the achievement of virtue & ethical conduct

question

What was the goal of the humanist education system?

answer

he understanding of human experience through the lenses of the classical past, in service of man's individual potential in the present To replace the scholastic emphasis on logic & theology w/the study of ancient literature, rhetoric, history, & ethics

question

Which of the following Renaissance humanists proved that the Donation of Constantine was a medieval forgery?

answer

Lorenzo Valla

question

When the Ottomans conquered Constantinople in 1453, what was the primary effect of their conquest on Western Europe?

answer

The conquest's actual political & economic impact on western Europe was minor Although conquest reduced some access to the Black Sea, Europeans got most of their spices & silks through Venice; they also had trade in Africa & the Atlantic that connected them to other far-reaching networks

question

After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, where alone did Orthodox Christianity survive?

answer

Russia/muscovy

question

How did the Muscovite state foster a sense of unity and history among its peoples?

answer

The Muscovite state declared itself the successor to Rome & the dukes began to call themselves tsars ("caesars")

question

King Henry V of England was so successful in taking territory from France during the latter part of the Hundred Years' War that he was able to force the king of France to do what?

answer

Henry V forced Charles VI to recognize him as heir to the throne of France, disinheriting his own son

question

The failed conciliar movement of the Church was intended to locate the supreme authority of the Church where exactly?

answer

Supreme authority was w/the representative general council

question

The English Lollards were the lay followers and successors of which late medieval theologian?

answer

John Wycliffe

question

Why did Machiavelli admire Cesare Borgia?

answer

Cesare Borgia had attempted to create his own principality in central Italy Machiavelli noted Borgia's ruthlessness & his complete subordination of personal ethics to political ends

question

According to Machiavelli, what was the ideal form of government?

answer

The Roman Republic

question

Why did Machiavelli advocate for tyrants like Cesare Borgia to take control of Italy?

answer

He saw Cesare Borgia as the only hope for making Italy ready for independence

question

In the fifteenth century, the majority of the great painters were from which city?

answer

Florence

question

Although Leonardo da Vinci was born in Florence, where did he end his career?

answer

Milan and france

question

Leonardo da Vinci's paintings sometimes display a keen understanding of human psychology by presenting their subjects in which way?

answer

He captures the emotions of people (multiple emotions at once)

question

What important differences between the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance existed?

answer

North - curricula was focused on the study of philosophical logic, christian theology, & (to a lesser extent) medicine Italy - universities were professional schools specializing in law & medicine & were tied to the non-academic intellectual lives of the cities in which they were Arts North - prior to 16th century rulers were not as interested in artists & intellectuals than they were in Italy; Political units were larger & fewer so patronage of art was not as important; Italy - patronage was an important factor in competition between political rivals

question

What kind of works did Erasmus write, and what was his purpose in writing?

answer

Erasmus wrote using irony & tailored his writings to fit his subject Satires in which people could recognize their own weaknesses Moral treatises meant to offer guidance toward proper Christian behavior Scholarly editions of basic Christian texts Purpose: to promote the "philosophy of Christ"

question

As a textual scholar, what was arguably Erasmus's crowning achievement?

answer

His Greek New Testament w/notes & his own new Latin translation

question

What was Sir Thomas More's Utopia?

answer

Utopia = "No Place" Described an ideal community on an imaginary island Disparities between poverty & wealth, heresy, & war's "senseless slaughter"

question

After the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French king Charles VIII attempted to expand his Kingdom even further by invading which territory in 1494?

answer

Italy

question

What was the most important factor in the rise of Spain as a major European power?

answer

United Castile & Aragon the " Iberian wedding"

question

What (and when) was the last Muslim territory to fall in Spain?

answer

1492, Granada

question

Ferdinand and Isabella's decision to sponsor Columbus's voyage was spurred what consideration?

answer

They wanted to counter the successful Portuguese ventures of the past half century

question

How should we assess the social and economic prospects of Europe in 1500?

answer

On the rise b/c of commercial expansion & a new religious enthusiasm Economy was expanding, cities were growing, & major monarchies were secure

question

What does the term Protestant mean?

answer

Dissenting

question

Theologically, Martin Luther was a follower of which major writer and theologian?

answer

St. Augustine

question

As a young monk, what were some of the inner struggles Luther faced?

answer

He could find no spiritual peace He feared that he could never perform enough good deeds to deserve salvation

question

What did Luther's doctrine of "justification by faith" mean?

answer

God's justice does not demand endless good works & religious rituals Humans are saved by God's grace which is given to the predestined Justified by faith alone

question

The medieval Church taught that indulgences worked to reduce the penance that the individual owed to God - how was this system believed to operate?

answer

By performing a specific action (such as a pilgrimage ora pious donation) a believer could reduce the amount of penance she/he owed to God by a specific number of days Indulgences could be earned by demanding spiritual exercises (joining a crusade) Exchanging God's grace for cash

question

What considerations impelled Luther to post his Ninety-five Theses?

answer

Pope Leo X was selling indulgences in the territory were Luther lived Half would go to Rome (Basilica) & half would go to Albert The practice of indulgences was offensive to Luther Mislead people into thinking that if they purchased an indulgence they no longer needed to confess Went against Luther's conviction that people are saved by God's grace

question

Luther's Ninety-five Theses objected primarily to what practice?

answer

Indulgences

question

What factors enabled Luther to win great public support for his positions?

answer

He expressed the longstanding & widespread public dissatisfaction w/the corruption of the papacy

question

Lutheranism would likely not have survived and flourished without the support of which group?

answer

German Princes & nobility

question

Why was Lutheranism attractive to many princes in Germany?

answer

The princes wanted to be able to control the Churches & stop money from flowing into Rome They had more authority Could name their own religious officials (this stopped the payment of fees to Rome) They could control the jurisdiction in church courts Guarantee political/religious boundaries of their territories

question

What was Luther's response to the peasant revolt of 1525 in Germany?

answer

He responded w/hostility He ordered readers of his pamphlet to hunt down the rebels

question

For Zwingli, what did the Eucharist represent?

answer

The Eucharist was simply a reminder & celebration of Christ's historical sacrifice

question

In contrast to Lutherans, Zwinglians, and Calvinists, what did Anabaptists believe about baptism?

answer

Baptism was only effective to willing adults who understood its meaning Required those who were baptized as infants to be baptized again as adults

question

Who wrote the most definitive 16th century statement of Protestant theology?

answer

John Calvin

question

How did Lutheranism and Calvinism differ?

answer

Christian conduct: Luther - a Christian should endure the trials of life through suffering Calvin - the world was to be actively mastered through unceasing labor Control: Luther - insisted his followers attend church on Sunday, but he didn't demand they refrain from pleasure/work that day Calvin - forbid "worldliness" of any sort on the Sabbath & minor self-indulgences on other days Fundamental matters: Luther - although he attacked the Roman church's hierarchy, his district overseers exercised some of the same powers as bishops; retained traditional features of Christian worship (altars, music, & ritual) Calvin - rejected anything related to "popery"; each congregation should elect its own ministers; ministers & elders would govern the church as a whole; simplicity in worship; sermon, NOT THE EUCHARIST, was the center of worship

question

What were the terms of the settlement reached via the Peace of Augsburg in 1555?

answer

In principalities where Lutherans ruled, Lutheranism would be the sole state religion, but where Catholics ruled the people of their region would be Catholic

question

Protestantism began as a dissent against the Church and had many radical manifestations - how and why did it eventually become much less radical?

answer

The need for discipline on its subjects resonated w/guilds & town governments maintain/increase control of urban elites

question

Why would Pope Clement VII not permit King Henry VIII of England to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn?

answer

Emperor Charles V (nephew of Catherine of Aragon) had armies in command of Rome & Clement VII was afraid of angering him In annulling the marriage, Clement would cast doubt on the validity of papal rule

question

Who was the first English monarch to enforce Protestant theology and norms in the English church?

answer

Edward VI

question

At the Council of Trent, what did the Catholic Church accomplish?

answer

Provided the foundations on which the new Roman Catholic church Reaffirmed all the tenets challenged by Protestant critics

question

Prior to founding the Society of Jesus, who was Ignatius Loyola?

answer

A Spanish nobleman who was a mercenary soldier

question

What name is given to the extraordinary movement of peoples, plants, animals, goods, cultures, and diseases in the sixteenth century?

answer

"Columbian Exchange"

question

Why was the truce between Catholics and Protestants brokered by the marriage of Henry of Navarre into the French royal family broken?

answer

Catherine de Medici had her Catholic faction kill the Huguenot leaders

question

What were the terms of the Edict of Nantes?

answer

it recognized Catholicism as the official religion of the realm but enabled Protestants to practice their religion in specified places

question

William of Orange fought during the religious wars to free the Netherlands from what exactly?

answer

Catholic rule of the Spanish

question

In response to Charles I's arrest of parliamentary leaders, how did the English Parliament respond?

answer

They imposed the Petition of Right in 1628 Taxes not condoned by Parliament were illegal Condemned arbitrary imprisonment Prohibited quartering soldiers in private houses

question

How did Oliver Cromwell rise to power in England?

answer

Was leader of the parliamentary forces Ejected all moderates from Parliament Abolished Parliament's House of Lords & declared England a Commonwealth w/an army at his command, Cromwell possessed the power

question

Charles I's death sent shockwaves through Europe - why?

answer

He was beheaded It was the first time in history that a reigning king was legally deposed & executed

question

What are some of the many themes featured in William Shakespeare's plays?

answer

Political, religious, & social upheavals England's medieval past Fundamental problems of identity, honor, ambition, & love Meaning of human existence Reconciliation & peace after years of misunderstandings & violence

question

What were the origins of the Thirty Years War?

answer

It began as a religious war but turned into an international struggle for political dominance Prince of Austria (Ferdinand) was named heir to the throne of Protestant Bohemia Prompted rebellion among Bohemian aristocracy

question

What were the terms of the Peace of Westphalia?

answer

The Austrian Habsburgs were forced to surrender all their territory Spanish Habsburgs were weakened & unable to fall back on the wealth of their Atlantic empire France = dominant power

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