Test Questions on Exam 2 – Microbiology – Flashcards with Answers

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question

What are the symptoms of Botulism?

answer
  • Blurred vision
  • slurred speech
  • difficulty swallowing
  • labored breathing
  • flaccid paralysis
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What are the sypmptoms of Staphylococcal food poisoning?
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  • vomiting
  • abdominal cramps
  • nausea
  • diarrhea
  • *Symptoms only last an hour* Complete recovery in 24 hours
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What are the symptoms of Clostridial food-poisoning?
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  • Diarrhea
  • No vomiting
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What are the symptoms of Typhoid fever?
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  • deep ulcers in small intestines
  • bloody stools
  • little diarrhea
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What are the sypmptoms of Typhoid fever after a few days?
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  • fever
  • lethargy
  • delirium
  • abdomen covered with rose colored spots
  • can have bowel perforation, or infection of gall bladder
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How many people who recover from typhoid fever become carriers?
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5%
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What are the symptoms of Samonellosis?
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  • fever
  • nausea
  • vomiting (+/-)
  • diarrhea
  • abdominal cramps
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What are the symptoms of cholera?
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  • massive diarrhea
  • may lose 1 lt of fluid
  • rice water stools
  • dehydration: eyes sink into orbits
  • skin is wrinkled and dry
  • muscular cramps in legs and arms
  • blood thickens
  • urine production stops
  • low blood pressure /// shock /// coma
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If left untreated, how many victims of cholera die?
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70%
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How do you get cholera?
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  • ingesting bacteria in contaminated food or water
  • contaminated shellfish
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What is the genus name for Botulism?
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Clostridium botulinum
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What is the genus name for Staphylococcal food poisoning?
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Staphylococcus aureus
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What is the genus name for Clostridial food-poisoning?
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Clostridium perfringenes
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What is the genus name for Typhoid fever?
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Salmonella typhi
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What is the genus name for Cholera?
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Vibrio cholerae
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What is the genus name for Peptic Ulcer?
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Helibacter pylori
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What is the genus name for Hemorrhagic colitis and its sequelae?
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Escherichia coli O157:H7
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What is the genus name for Strep Throat?
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Streptococcus pyogenes
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What is the genus name for Diphtheria?
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae
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What is the genus name for Pertussis (Whooping Cough)?
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Bordetella pertussis
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What is the genus name for Meningitis?
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Neisseria meningitis

Haemophilus influenzae

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What is the genus name for Tuberculosis?
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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What is the genus name for Legionairres Disease?
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Legionella pneumophila
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What is the genus name for Lebsiella pneumonia?
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Kelbsiella pneumoniae
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What is the genus name for Anthrax?
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Bacillus anthracis
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What is the genus name for Tetanus?
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Clostridium tetani
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What is the genus name for Gas Gangrene?
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Clostridium perfringenes
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What is the genus name for Lyme Disease?
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Borrelia burgdorferi
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What is the genus name for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
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Rickettsia rickettsii
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What is the genus name for Syphilis?
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Treponema pallidum
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What is the genus name for Gonorrhea?
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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What is the genus name for Chlamydia?
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Chlamydia trachomatis
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What is the genus name for Leprosy?
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Mycobacterium leprae
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What is the genus name for Staphylococcal Skin Disease and Toxic Shock Syndrome?
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Staphylococcus aureus
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What is the most dangerous form of food poisoning?
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Clostridium botulinum
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Is C. botulinum Gram - or Gram +?
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Gram + rod (spore former)
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How does the C. botulinum toxin create the symptoms?
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  • Botulinum toxin prevents the release of Acetylchlorine from nerve endings
  • No acetylcholine, no muscle contraction, this is flaccid paralysis
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How do you treat Botulism?
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  • Large dose of antitoxin
  • Place person on respirator to aid breathing
  • DO NOT give antibiotics
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How do you treat Clostridial Food Poisoning?
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  • Usually none, quick relief without medication
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How do you treat Salmonella typhi?
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Chloramphenicol
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How do you treat Salmonellosis?
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  • none
  • (maybe re-hydration)
  • no antibiotics... they seem to increase tissue damage
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How do you treat Cholera?
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Replace Fluid Loss (drink water with salts and glucose)
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How do you treat Peptic Ulcers?
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Tetracycline
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How do you treat E. coli?
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  • re-hydration
  • kidney dialysis
  • no antibiotics.. antibiotics make HUS worse
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How do you treat Streptococcus pyogenes?
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  • No vaccine
  • Penicillin
  • Erythromycin (if allergic to pen)
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How do you treat Diphtheria?
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  • anti-toxin
  • anti-biotic (penicillin)
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How do you treat Pertussis?
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  • Anti-toxin
  • Anti-biotics
  • Anti-convulsives
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How do you treat Neisseria Meningitis?
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Antibiotics: rifampin, penicillin, sufonamides
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How do you treat Haemophilus Meningitis?
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Multiple antibiotics
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How do you treat Tuberculosis?
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Antibiotics
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How do you treat Strep. pneumonia?
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  • antibiotics: penicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin
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How do you treat Klebsiella pneumoniae?
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  • vigorous, early antibiotic treatment
  • often resistent to multiple antibiotics
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How do you treat Mycoplasma pheumonia?
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  • erythromycin
  • tetracycline
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How many untreated victims die from anthrax?
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80%
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How do you prevent anthrax?
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  • Vaccine for animals
  • antibiotic: penicillin
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How do you treat Tetanus?
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  • sedatives
  • muscle relaxants
  • penicillin
  • anti-toxin neutralize toxin
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What are the symptoms of E. coli?
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  • fever
  • bloody diarrhea
  • abdominal cramps
  • (+/-) vomiting
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What are the symptoms for Gas Gangrene?
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  • infection rapidly spreads through tissue
  • intense pain
  • swelling
  • foul odor of wound
  • toxins can cause systemic damage to heart and nervous system
  • often fatal
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What are the symptoms for Streptococcus pyogenes?
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  • fever
  • sore throat
  • (+/-) vomiting
  • headache
  • malaise
  • swollen lymphs and tonsils
  • red tongue and pharyngeal tissue (strawberry tongue)
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How long does Strep last?
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1 week
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What are the symptoms of Diphetheria?
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  • Doctor does not have time to culture organism in the laboratory
  • May see club shaped rods on gram stainn of smear from the throat
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What are the symptoms for Pertussis? 
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  • Increasingly severe cough
  • labored breathing with partially obsturcted airways
  • staccato coughs on exhalation followed by a forced inhalation with a whooping sound
  • malaise
  • fever
  • seizures
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How do you diagnose Pertussis?
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symptoms and cultures of B. pertussis from throat
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What is the most common bacterial cause of meningitis?
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Haemophilus influenzae
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How do you diagnose Neisseria Meningitis?
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Gram negative diplococci in spinal fluid
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Who is most effected by Haemophilus Meningitis?
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Children that are 6 months to 2 yrs old, in a day care setting
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What are the symptoms for Haemophilus Meningitis?
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  • stiff neck
  • headache
  • listlessness
  • drowsiness
  • irritability
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In the 1900's, what was the leading cause of death in the U.S?
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Tuberculosis
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How many people with TB are sick within 3 months?
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10%
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What is Miliary TB?
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TB that has spread outside the lung
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How do you diagnose Tuberculosis?
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  1. Stain acid-fast rods in sputum
  2. Tubercle on X-ray
  3. Culture M. tuberculosis
  4. Tuberculin test
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How do you treat TB?
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antibiotics: isoniazid and rifampin for 6-9 months
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What is the disease of the poor?
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TB

  • poor personal hygeine
  • poor nutrition
  • crowded living conditions
  • alcoholism
  • depressed immune system
  • age (65 over)
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What is a Tuberculin test?
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Inject purified protein derivatives (PPD) from M. tuberculosis under the skin.

  • Positive - red raised spot at injection site, this immiune response indicates that the person has been exposed to TB
  • Negative - no skin change at site of injection
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How long does it take to culture TB?
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21 days to 6 weeks to see a colony
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1/3 of the worlds population is currently infected with what?
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TB bacillus
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What is the disease of Bronchial tubes and Lungs?
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Pneumonia
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How many bacterial pneumonia is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
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80%
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How can Legionella pneumophila live in such dilute environments?
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It can live inside protozoa... Tetrahymena
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What are the symptoms for Strep. pneumonia?
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  • high fever
  • chest pain
  • difficulty breathing
  • rust-colored sputum...(blood in lungs)
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What is Pneumoniai called when it involves one lung?
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Lobar pneumonia
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What is Pneumoniai called when it involves both lungs?
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Double pneumonia
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What is Pneumoniai called when it scatters patches of infection?
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Bronchopneumonia
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How big is Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
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.2 microns
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What does the exotoxin for Tetanus do?
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Inhibits removal of acetylchlorine from the neuro-muscular junctions.

;

**This is the opposite effect of botulinum toxin

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How is the tetanus toxin formed?
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Vegetative cells produce tetanospasmin
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What are the symptoms for tetanus?
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  • rapid onset (few hours)
  • muscle stiffness
  • difficulty swallowing
  • clenched teeth
  • fixed smile
  • arching back
  • spasmodic inhalation
  • suffocation
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What are the three ways humans can get anthrax?
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  1. Woolsorter's Disease
  2. Gastrointestinal anthrax
  3. Anthrax of the skin
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What happens in Woolsorter's disease? and whose at risk?

;

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You inhale spores: pulmonary anthrax

  • tan hides, shear sheep, process wool
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How do you get Gastrointestinal anthrax?
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Consumption of contaminated meat
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How do you get anthrax of the skin?
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contact with the skin contaminated surfaces
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What are the symptoms of skin anthrax?
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boil-like lesions with black crusty edges and septicemia
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How do you prevent Tetanus?
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  • immunization: DPT
  • tetnus toxoid
  • formaldehyde - treated toxin
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What is Dry Gangrene?
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Tissue death due to lack of blood flow, usually caused by circulatory blockage due to local tissue damage
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What is Moist Gangrene or Gas Gangrene
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Same as Dry, but C. perfringens invades dead tissue
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What toxins are secreted in gas gangrene?
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  • lecithinase: dissolve cell membranes
  • hyaluronidase: tissue damage
  • hemolysis lysis: red blood cells
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In the Black Plague, what was the rat infected with?
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Yersinia pestis
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What are the two forms of the Black plague?
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Bubonic plague : rat - flea - man

Pneumonic plague : human - human

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What are the symptoms of the Bubonic plague?
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  • blackish pustule at site of flea bite
  • head ache
  • wekaness
  • aches and chills
  • slurred speech
  • confusion
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What are the symptoms of the Pneumonic plague? How is it spread?
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  • like pneumonia (cough, sneeze)
Spread by respiratory droplets
Very Contagious!!!
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What are the death rates of the Bubonic Plague and Pneumonic plague?
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bubonic = 50% fatality

pneumonica = 100% (ring around the rosie)

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What are the symptoms of Lyme Disease?
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  • Red skin lesions at site of tick bite
  • Several days later - 3" diameter, intense red, hot spot ( this is called erythema chromicum migrans "ECM"
  • fever
  • headache
  • nausea
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What happens if you have Lyme disease after 1 week to 4 months?
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stiff joints

arthritis

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How big is Rocky Mt. Spotted fever?
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Small bacteria is .3 - .7 microns in diameter
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What are obligate intracellular bacteria?
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cannot make enough ATP and gets most of it ATP from the host cell
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What are the symptoms of the Rocky MT. spotted fever? Two weeks later?
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  • high fever lasting many days
  • skin rash...masulopapular (begins on the palms and soles of the feet and spreads to the trunk)
75% will die after two weeks if left untreated
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How do you treat Rickettsia rickettsii?
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  • tetracycline
  • chloramphenicol
  • vaccine for those in high-risk groups
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What makes the THIN spirochete in syphilis so difficult?
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  • it cannot be seen under the light microscope
  • you have to use a dark field microscopy
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What are the Three stages of syphilis?
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  1. Primary Stage
  2. Secondary Syphilis
  3. Tertiary Syphilis
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What happens in stage 1 of syphilis?
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A chancre develops: painless lesion

  • circular purplish ulcer with raised edges at site of inoculation
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What happens in the 2nd stage of syphilis?
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3-6 weeks later, the spirochete has spread throughout the body

  • fever
  • swollen lymph nodes
  • skin rash that looks like measles
  • may: lose eyebrows
  • patchy loss of hair
  • jaundice (liver involvement)
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What is the MOST spontaneous recovery stage of syphilis?
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Secondary Stage
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What happens in the Tertiary Stage of syphilis?
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About 33% of untreated cases develop this final form of disease 

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What stage of syphilis is no longer contagious?
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Tertiary Syphilis
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What is the third stage of syphilis characterized by?
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Gumma: soft granular lesion

 

Gummas are due to an immunological reaction to the spirochete which has been CLEARED from the body.

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What is Congenital syphilis?
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When the Spirochete is able to cross the placenta and infect the newborn.
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How do you diagnose Syphilis?
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  1. Observe the spirochete in the primary chancre, scrape the lesion... put onto slide
  2. Test for antibodies in teh blood to T. pallidum
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What happens to most cases of Neisseria Meningitis? Few Cases?
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Most cases - upper respiratory infection like influenza

few cases - infection spreads to blood stream septimcemia overwhelms body in 2 hrs.

-Death or 

-bacteria localize to meninges

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Where is Neisseria meningitis most prevalent?
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  • Where people are close
  • school
  • military camp
  • prisons
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How is Neisseria meningitis spread?
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Spread by Inhalation
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What does the C. diphtheriae toxin do?
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  • inhibits eukaryotic protein synthesis
  • kills cells in throat, and white blood cells... creates a pseudomembrane
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What do you get 5 injections of at 2, 4, 6, 15 months, and 4-6 years old, and adults every 10 years?
answer
Diphtheria
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What are the sequelae of Strep Throat?
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  1. Rheumatic fever
  2. Glomerulonephritis
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What happens when you have Rheumatic fever?
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  • joint pain
  • permanent scarring of the heart valves
  • Saint Vitus' dance
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What happens when you have Glomerulonephritis?
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  • kidney damage /// failure
  • Our antibodies to S. pyogenes react with kidney tissue and can cause damage
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How do you diagnose Strep Throat?
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  1. Throat Culture - grow S. pyognes on Blood Agar (Group A beta-hemolytic Strep)
  2. Clinical symptoms - 
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What is scarlet fever
answer
when strep throat is accompanied by a skin rash
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Why does S. pyogenes preven human white blood cells from engulfing the bacteria?
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Because it is Anti-phagocytic
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What creates the sore in H. pylori?
answer
the ammonia, and an H. pylori cytotoxin destroy mucous-secreting cells
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What is used to detect H. pylori?
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A urea breath test
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What is travelers diarrhea?
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When Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) penetrates the intestinal epithelium and produce a toxin that cause gastroenteritis
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When sanitation is lacking, what causes diarrhea in infants?
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Enterophatogenic E. coli (EPEC)
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What E. coli is often transmitted by undercooked ground beef or bagged spinach?
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Enterohermorrhagic E. coli
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What is the most common form of Enterohermorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)?
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serotype O157:H7
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What are the silent reservoir for E. coli O157:H7
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Cattle, sheep , goats, deer elk, birds, horse, cats, dogs
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Why is Cholera hard to get?
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It is extremely sensitive to stomach acid

 

You get it by ingesting large numbers of bacteria and a afew will pass the stomach

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What attaches itself to the intestinal wall and excretes an exotoxin that is an enterotoxin?
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Cholera toxin
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What happens when you are infected with Peptic Ulcer?
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It penetrates mucous and attaches to stomach wall, producing the enzyme urease that degrades urea.
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How can H. pylori survive in the pH 2 of the stomach?
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Ammonia neutralize the stomach acid in the immediate environment of the bacteria.

 

UREA (urease) -----Carbon Dioxide + Ammonia

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How do you prevent Salmonella?
answer
  • Pasteurize milk and dairy products
  • Proper food handling.. especially poultry and eggs
  • restrict sale of Easter chicks and small turtles
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S. typhi is transmitted by the five Fs: What are the five Fs?
answer
  1. Flies
  2. Food
  3. Fingers
  4. Feces
  5. Fomites
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True of False: the S. aureus toxin is resistant to heat.. so, heating the food does not destroy the toxin
answer
True
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True of False: 1oz of botulinum toxin can kill every one in the USA?
answer
True
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How do you prevent Botulism?
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  • Heat food  before eating it
  • toxin is denatured in 10min at 90 deg. C
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If spores are in the intestine, and the intestine is anaerobic, why don't we get botulism?
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Adult intestines are not a favorable environment for germination
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What are the modes of transmission for botulism?
answer

Foodborne botulism

Wound botulism

Infant botulism

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What was the Endemic in SW US?
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Sylvatic Plague - spread by squirrels and wild rodents
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What STD shows no symptoms in 50% of women?
answer
Gonorrhea
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What is Gonococcal ophthalmia?
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New borns eyes become infected as they move through the birth canal.

 

Thats why hospitals give 1% sliver nitrate.. or antibiotics into all newborn eyes at birth

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What is the incubation period for Chlamydia?
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1-3 weeks
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What STD has similar symptoms to gonorrhea, but milder?
answer
Chlamydia
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True or False: 85-90% of infected individuals of Chlamydia are asymptomatic
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True
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What is the most widespread STD in the USA?
answer
Chlamydia
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What is the incubation period of Leprosy (Hansen's Disease)
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3-6 years
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How do you treat Leprosy?
answer
  • Sulfa compounds
  • Dapsone
  • Rifampin
  • Clofazimine
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What is an infection at the base of a hair follicle?
answer
Folliculitis
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What is Impetigo derived from?
answer
S. aureus
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What is Toxic Shock Syndrome?
answer

When S. aureus produces one or more toxins.

  • TSST -1
  • Enterotoxin [A thru E]
question
How do you prevent Streptococcus mutans?
answer
  1. Fluoride makes tooth enamel less susceptilble to decay
  2. Remove plaque, physically
  3. Seal teeth with plastic to prevent acid access
  4. Vaccine against S. mutans
  5. Replace S. mutans with an engineered acid-neg strain
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What is the O-antigen in E. coli?
answer
Sugar on the outer surface of the bacterial cell
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What is the H-antigen in E. coli?
answer
Flagella protein
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What are the leading causes of foodborned E.coli?
answer
  • Produce (34%)
  • Ground Beef (33%)
question
What are some pre-harvest control of E. coli?
answer
  • Manure management
  • Watertrough and feedbunk management
  • Feed components
  • Probiotics/ Direct fed microbials
  • Vaccination
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True or False: Decreasing or eliminating E. coli from cattle will decrease human disease
answer
True
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What type of cattle are most prevalent to have E. coli?
answer
immature animals (less then 2yrs old)
question
True of False: 0157 spends more time outside than inside cattle?
answer

True - on the hair coat

in water troughs

can survive and multiply in cattle feed

can survive and multiply in raw manure

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