question

when given appropriate cues and prompts, young children demonstrate that they can:

answer

accurately remember a large quantity of information

question

according to Vygotsky's theory, the social_approach focuses on the social contexts of learning and building of knowledge through social interactions

answer

constructivist

question

which of the following statements best describe child-centered kindergartens?

answer

child-centered kindergartens emphasize play, child-centered kindergartens focus on the process of learning, not on what is learned, child-centered kindergartens see children as individuals with their own developmental patterns of growth

question

match each activity with the appropriate age at which can be achieved.

answer

3 years old-hoping and jumping 4 years old-climbing a low jungle gym 5 years old-running races with friends

question

In early childhood,_functioning involves developmental advances in cognitive flexibility, goal-setting, and cognitive inhibition.

answer

executive

question

as trevor learns about long division, his mother first helps him a lot but gradually decreases the level of support. This is an example of:

answer

scaffolding

question

children's safety is influenced by which of the following factors?

answer

their family and home, their school and peers, their own behavior

question

which theory views children as thinkers who can predict, explain, and understand themselves and others?

answer

theory of mind

question

_ _ is a cognitive approach that focuses on children's attention, memory, and problem-solving abilities.

answer

information processing

question

which of the following symptoms are associated with autistic children?

answer

difficulty developing a theory of mind, deficits in communication, deficits in social interactions

question

match the constructivist with the theory to which they belong.

answer

children organize and reorganize previous knowledge-piaget's theory children organize through the social interactions-vygotsky's theory focuses on the individual- piagets theory focuses on context and collaboration- vygotsky's theory

question

the_ approach emphasizes children's free choice and spontaneity when engaging in educational activities.

answer

montessori

question

the second stage of piaget's cognitive theory of development lasts from ages 2 to 7 is called the:

answer

preoperational stage

question

which of the following guidelines assist parents in teaching proper eating habits to their children?

answer

modeling healthy eating habits, maintaining a breakfast, lunch, and dinner routine, preparing a balanced meal with proper representation of the major food groups.

question

which of the following is a government program that provides lower socioeconomic status children in the United states with skills for school success?

answer

head start

question

along with growth in height, growth in _ is one of the two most obvious physical changes seen in early childhood.

answer

weight

question

regarding growth in early childhood, which of the following statements are true?

answer

there is a slow, steady decline in percentage of body fat. head size is more in proportion to the rest of the body than it was during infancy

question

rank the main causes of death among children, from the highest incidence to the lowest incidence.

answer

accidents, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, hiv/aids

question

the preoperational thought substage that is called_ thought is considered the period when children seek answers to all sorts of questions

answer

intuitive

question

the awareness that people can have false beliefs, beliefs that are not true, occurs around:

answer

5 years of age

question

which of the following are examples of gross motor skills acquired in childhood?

answer

running and jumping, climbing, racing.

question

the centers for disease control and prevention defines children and adolescents as obese when their body mass index (BMI) is at or above the _ percentile.

answer

97th

question

which of the following statements best describe the montessori approach to early childhood education?

answer

montessori programs encourage children to move freely between activities, The philosophy of the montessori approach has gained popularity in the United states., Montessori children are encouraged to become self-regulating problem solvers

question

_attention supports the rapid increases in effortful control in the toddler and preschool years. An increase appreciation of their surroundings, helps children prolong their_ attention

answer

executive; sustained

question

changes that began before birth contribute to the brains growth during early childhood. They are

answer

myelination and increased dendrites

question

the metal awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others is known as the theory of

answer

mind

question

children's processing speed_ throughout early childhood

answer

increases

question

according to Vygotsky's theory, the social_ approach focuses on the social contexts of learning and the building of knowledge through social interactions.

answer

constructivist

question

the focusing of attention on one characteristic while excluding all other characteristics is known as_.

answer

centration

question

according to Piaget, the first substage of properational thought is the_ _ substage, in which the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present.

answer

symbolic function

question

Vygotsky's theory stressed the importance of sociocultural influences on children's development, which fits the belief that it is important to evaluate:

answer

contextual factors in learning

question

project_ _ is a U.S government-funded program that provides education for low-income children to acquire the necessary skills for success in school.

answer

head start

question

which of the following activities factor into children's literacy abilities?

answer

writing, talking, reading, listening

question

the failure to conserve demonstrates centration and an inability to mentally_ actions

answer

reverse

question

all of the following would prevent many of the incidences of death among young children living in poverty around the world except:

answer

a crackdown on generic medications

question

the retention of information over time is defined as_.

answer

memory

question

two aspects of attention that develop in early childhood are:

answer

sustained attention, executive attention

question

compared to the growth rate in infancy, in early childhood the percentage of increase in weight and height_ with each year

answer

decreases

question

according to Vygotsky, which of these statements concerning the development of internal and external speech are true?

answer

children communicate externally before developing internal speech., when self-talk becomes second nature, children can act without verbalizing., the transition from external to internal speech occurs between 3 and 7 years of age

question

when it comes to the development of their literacy skills, children:

answer

need to be active participants, should experience listening, talking, and writing as well as reading, need to be immersed in a wide range of experiences

question

children and adolescents above the BMI's 97th percentile are classified as_, where as children and adolescents in the 95th or 96th percentile are considered overweight

answer

obese

question

engagement in pretend play and the ability to represent objects that are not present are associated with symbolic function substage, which is the first substage of the_ stage of cognitive development.

answer

preoperational

question

the awareness that an object does not change its basic properties or characteristics even when its appearance is altered is known as

answer

conservation

question

marta feels sorry for the white crayon because no one ever uses it and she thinks it must be sad. This is an example of

answer

animism

question

the contemporary theory of cognitive development that focuses on a child's attention, memory, and problem-solving skills is called:

answer

information processing

question

according to Piaget's preoperational stage, a child does not yet perform operations, which are defined as reversible _ actions

answer

mental

question

according to Vygotsky's theory, children use speech and language directed toward themselves and others for which of the following reasons?

answer

social communication, problem solving, planning their behaviors

question

_ in education focuses on both the age-appropriate patterns in a child's growth, as well as the child's unique individual differences.

answer

developmentally appropriate practice

question

which of the following statements best describe the concept of private speech?

answer

according to Vygotsky, children use private speech to help with difficult problem-solving tasks., according to Vygotsky, children who use private speech exhibit improved and performance., Vygotsky found private speech was a positive addition to children's development

question

which of the following elements did Vygotsky emphasize and Piaget minimize as playing a role in shaping thought?

answer

language, education, sociocultural context

question

according to Vygotsky, in early childhood children use private_ to help solve tasks.

answer

speech

question

ethnic origin and_ are two most important contributors to height

answer

nutrition

question

which of Vygotsky's concepts can be used in the classroom

answer

using peer teaching and encouraging children to practice their skills., focusing lessons on the upper limit of a child's zone of proximal development to teach advanced cognitive skills., using assessments to provide information on a child's zone of proximal development

question

which of the following is the correct sequence for Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?

answer

sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operational; formal operational

question

Which of the following characteristics and variables tend to be related to greater height in U.S

answer

African american, first born, Urban

question

which of the following statements accurately describe the development of children's theory of mind from toddlerhood into early childhood?

answer

children begin to recognize and verbalize positive and negative emotions., children begin to understand that what others see amy not be the same as what they see., children begin to recognize and acknowledge that their desires can differ from another child's desires

question

increases the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system, and helps children develop abilities such as hand-eye coordination

answer

myelination

question

the percentage of U.S children who are overweight has_ in recent decades.

answer

increased dramatically

question

When preschoolers seem confident in their knowledge and understanding of the world, yet are not aware of how they know this information, Piaget states they are in the_ thought substage

answer

intuitive

question

preschool children learn and apply the more advanced grammar rules of _, which involves how words should be ordered in a sentence.

answer

syntax

question

early precursors of literacy and academic successes include all of the following, except:

answer

metalinguistic awareness

question

the inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective is called

answer

egocentrism

question

which of the following statements best represent common results from piaget's classic task of conservation?

answer

children younger than 7 usually say that the beakers contain unequal amounts of liquid., children older than 7 usually say that the beakers contain the same amount of liquid

question

which of the following describe strategies belonging to Vygotsky that have been used in the classroom setting?

answer

encouraging children to develop private speech in the classroom to aid in problem-solving tasks., providing more real-life learning experiences thatn abstract presentations in classroom instruction., using more-skilled peers as "teachers"

question

although nearly all head start programs have a positive influence on children's development,_ of head start programs are of questionable quality.

answer

40%

question

which of the following statements accurately describes research findings regarding the consequences of parental smoking?

answer

children being raised in homes with parental smoking have an increased risk of developing asthma conditions., children being raised in homes with parental smoking have an increased risk of developing health problems., Roughly 22% of children and adolescents are exposed to parental smoke in their homes

question

preschool children tend to compare things in a haphazard way, whereas elementary school age children exhibit_ by comparing two items systematically, one detail at a time.

answer

planfulness

question

according to research of Zigler and colleagues 2006, quality universal preschool programs could prepare all U.S children for both school readiness and academic

answer

success

question

Rebecca, a six-year-old girl, is very good at carrying on conversations with people. Her two-year-old brother Jack is not very good at carrying on conversations. This is primarily because

answer

the understanding of pragmatics improves with age

question

in children from 3 to 6 years of age, the most rapid growth takes place in the_ lobe areas involved in planning and organizing new actions and in maintaining attention to tasks.

answer

frontal

question

the focusing of mental resources on select information is called

answer

attention

question

Vygotsky's theory of child development includes which of the following premises?

answer

children's cultural environment influences their thinking process., children actively construct their knowledge and understanding., children develop cognitive skills through societal tools

question

the social ill of_ contributes great to the illness and mortality rates in developing countries

answer

poverty

question

guidelines recommend that preschool children engage in_ of physical activity per day.

answer

2 hours

question

students who attended the perry preschool program, an alternative to the head start programs, were found to have which of the following long-term outcomes, when compared to a control group from the same background who did not attend perry?

answer

fewer teen pregnancies, higher high school graduation rates, a greater likelihood of being in the workplace after age 40

question

what type of memory increases during early childhood until approximately the age of sever?

answer

short-term memory

question

information is more accurately recalled by young children when

answer

the interviewer has a neutral tone., there are no misleading questions asked

question

a study of U.S 2 and 3 year olds found that_ were the vegetable they were most likely to consume

answer

french fries

question

Vygotsky's theory maintained that language and_ develope independently before merging.

answer

thought

question

what does vygotsky call the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children

answer

zone of proximal development

question

a major environmental danger that increases the likelihood of childhood asthma and other respiratory conditions is parental

answer

smoking

question

children who understand morphology rules use all of theory rules use all the following parts of speech, except:

answer

conjunctions

question

sensorimotor play is best defined as behavior engaged in by:

answer

infants to derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemes

question

_ are activities that children engage in for pleasure and that have rules. Often they involve competition

answer

games

question

according to social role theory, which of the following are important causes of gender differences power, assertiveness, and nurturing?

answer

social hierarchy, division of labor

question

a child who uses the cordless phone as a microphone while singing is engaging in what type of play?

answer

pretense/symbolic

question

_ states that gender typing emerges when children develop an understanding of what their culture considers gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior.

answer

gender schema theory

question

what are the three proposed social theories of gender?

answer

social role theory, psychoanalytical theory, social cognitive theory

question

_ _ is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state.

answer

perspective talking

question

what type of impact does television have on young children?

answer

significant

question

observation, imitation, and rewards and punishment are facets of which gender theory?

answer

social cognitive

question

_ play combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representations of ideas, and it occurs when children engage in the self-regulated creation of a product or a solution

answer

constructive

question

which of the following are important functions of peer relationships?

answer

to provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family., to provide children with a source of comparison and feedback about their abilities

question

math the definition to the corresponding style of play.

answer

practice- involves repetitive behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports pretense/symbolic- involves physical environment transformed into a symbol social- involves social interactions with peers. constructive- combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representation of ideas

question

_ development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong.

answer

moral

question

according to social role theory, gender differences result from the _ roles of women and men.

answer

contrasting

question

what characteristics do young children (age 3) often use in their self-descriptions?

answer

physical activities, physical attributes, material attribuites

question

a gender _ is a set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act, and feel.

answer

role

question

which of the following is not as self-conscious emotion?

answer

fear

question

young children believe that when a rule is broken, punishment will follow immediately. This is a belief in:

answer

immanent justice

question

_involves responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the others's feelings.

answer

empathy

question

which of the following statements about the human life span is true?

answer

the maximum life span is 122 years, in the 20th century, the human life span has increased by 30 years in the united states., the upper boundary of the human life span is based on the oldest age documented., the maximum human life span has not changed since the beginning of recorded history

question

in contrast to Freud, who proposed stages of_ development, Erikson developed an eight-stage _ theory of development.

answer

psychosexual; psychosocial

question

a specific assertion and prediction that can be tested is referred to as a

answer

hypothesis

question

match each of Freud's stages of psychosexual development with its description

answer

oral stage- infant pleasure centers on mouth anal stage- child pleasure centers on anus phallic stage- child pleasure focuses on genitals latency stage- sexual interest is repressed genital stage- sexual interest is reawakened

question

rank, in order from the first to last, the steps in the scientific method

answer

1) conceptualize a problem 2) collect research data 3) analyze data 4) draw conclusions

question

select the four ways of measuring age from the list below.

answer

biological, social, chronological, psychological

question

madeline has become very active in a number of political and social organizations. She is very passionate about mentoring younger people. Madeline is probably in _ adulthood

answer

middle

question

Julie mastered the basic skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic. She has recently developed more self-control and is very motivated to do well in school. Julie is most likely in the developmental period of:

answer

middle childhood

question

match the process of development with its example

answer

biological- physical stature cognitive- language and intelligence socioemotional- relationships with others

question

which of the following represent main issues that impact how we look at development?

answer

nature and nurture., stability and change., continuity and discontinuity

question

which kind of research is the only type in which a researcher can establish cause and effect?

answer

experimental research

question

which of the following correctly describe the life-span perspective of human development?

answer

it occurs throughout life., it involves growth and change

question

Nick's mother and mother-in-law are both in their 50's and are currently both experiencing menopausal symptoms. This would be an example of a _ influence.

answer

normative age-graded

question

the _ precesses refer to changes in thought

answer

cognitive

question

match the various conceptualizations of age with their description.

answer

biological age- involves knowing the functional capacities of a persons vital organs. psychological age- involves adaptive capacities ( such as flexibility and motivation) as compared with others of the same chronological age social age- involves connectedness with other and roles individuals adopt chronological age- age of a person in terms of years

question

sharon is becoming more self-sufficient and can follow instructions. She is even learning to identify letters. She is in the _ _ period of development.

answer

early childhood

question

match each of the three major types of research design with its correct description

answer

descriptive- aims to observe and record behavior experimental- aims to determine cause and effect correlational- aims to assess the strength of the relationship between or among variables

question

the term _ refers to the capacity for change

answer

plasticity

question

the "nature" part of the nature-nurture issue in development can be described as:

answer

a biological and genetic perspective

question

which of the following statements are consistent with what happens at each developmental state in Erikson's psychosocial theory?

answer

there is a crisis that must be resolved., there is a turning point marked by increased vulnerability and enhanced potential.

question

ethnicity is rooted in

answer

cultural heritage, nationality, race

question

amanda is engaging in much more logical and abstract thought than she used to, and she has become quite idealistic. She is far more interested in spending time with her friends that with her family. Amanda is most likely in the developmental period of:

answer

adolescence

question

which of the following types of research design cannot provide causal reasons for the relationship between variables?

answer

descriptive, correlational

question

which of the following is NOT a reason why life expectancy has increased by 30 years in the last century?

answer

weeding out genetic mutations

question

_ refers to characteristics of people as males and females

answer

gender

question

ducklings will follow the first moving object that they see, usually their mother. This process is called

answer

imprinting

question

_ age refers to connectedness with others and the roles individuals adopt.

answer

social

question

match the main developmental issues with its description

answer

nature vs. nurture- involves how much of our development is impacted by biology and how much by the environment continuity vs. discontinuity- involves how much of our development is gradual/cumulative and how much is stage-like stability vs. change- involves the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist or evolve throughout development

question

the goal of _ research is to measure the strength of the relationship between or among variables

answer

correlational

question

konrad_ , a European zoologist, helped bring ethology to prominence.

answer

lorenz

question

which of the following are characteristics or components of the late adulthood period of development?

answer

it may involve new social roles and decreasing strength and health., it lasts until death., it begins when people are aging into their 60's or 70's

question

which of the following examples most accurately represents what developmentalists understand regarding the age ranges of developmental periods

answer

one adolescent may enter early adulthood at the age of 19, whereas another adolescent may not enter early adulthood until the age of 21

question

according to _, the presence or absence of certain experiences during critical periods has a long-lasting influence on people.

answer

ethologists

question

life-span _ is defined as the pattern of change that begins at conception and continues throughout the life span

answer

development

question

jessica has formed an interrelated set of ideas to explain the phenomena of social anxiety. Jessica has formed a(n):

answer

theory

question

_ encompasses the behavior patterns and beliefs that are passed from generation to generation

answer

culture

question

research has linked poverty to greater turmoil, parent-child separation, violence, crowding, and poor housing. By presenting such findings to the government, researchers hope to lead to changes in _ _ in order to improve children's lives

answer

social policies

question

Dr. Abby is a clinical psychologist who specializes in seeing clients who are trying to lose weight. This exemplifies the contemporary focus of life-span development on:

answer

health and wellness

question

_ is the developmental period from birth to 18 or 24 months.

answer

infancy

question

the _ period of development is the time from conception to birth

answer

prenatal

question

the_ period of development is a time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development, and for many selecting a mate.

answer

early adulthood

question

Dr. Ramirez has decided to send out 3,000 questionnaires asking people to self-report on their television-viewing habits. The type of research Dr. Ramirez is most likely conducting is

answer

survey research

question

aysha does not believe any one theory can account for all real life phenomena. She would most likely adopt a/an ) approach to life-span development

answer

eclectic theoretical orientation

question

culture is based on the _ of a group of people

answer

patterns of behavior, beliefs, and all other products

question

which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of research designs?

answer

standardized research

question

match the ethical principal with the correct explanation of the principle.

answer

informed consent- participants must have information on the costs and benefits of their participation. They must be told that they have the right to withdraw confidentiality- information on participants must not be published or revealed; ideally, participants information will remain anonymous. debriefing- participants will be advised of the purpose of the study and methods used once their participation has ended deception- for study purposes, participants are not told everything in advance because it would change their behavior and alter data. This is allowed as long as participants are not harmed.

question

which of the following are cognitive theories of development?

answer

Piaget's developmental theory., Vygotsky's sociocultural theory., information-processing theory

question

when conducting life-span development research, researchers must be cautious of _ effects, such as a person's time of birth, era, or generation, because they can powerfully affect the dependent measures in research concerned with age

answer

cohort

question

the observance of behavior in real-world settings, while making no effort to manipulate or control the situation, is known as_ observation

answer

naturalistic

question

both the behavioral and social cognitive theories emphasize:

answer

continuity in development

question

a method that involves systematically gathering data in a laboratory or natural setting by watching and recording interactions or behaviors is known as _ research.

answer

observational

question

which of the following are key factors of Bandura's social cognitive theory?

answer

cognition, environment, behavior

question

in an experiment, a(n)_ variable is manipulated by the experimenter whereas a(n) _ variable is measured for change in response to the manipulation

answer

independent, dependent

question

Which of the following types of research designs aims to observe and record behavior?

answer

descriptive

question

which of the following are components of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory?

answer

chronosystem, macrosystem, exosystem, microsystem, mesosystem

question

functional magnetic resonance imaging is a _ measure used to collect research data.

answer

physiological

question

which of the following are methods of data collection?

answer

case studies, physiological measures, observation, surveys and interviews

question

which of the following are key characteristics of Vygotsky's theory?

answer

social interaction, culture

question

the_ period of development is the period of transition from childhood to early adulthood. It begins at approximately 10 t0 12 years of age and ends at 18 to 21 years of age.

answer

adolescent

question

according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, a child's cognition is _ (qualitatively/quantitatively) different in one stage compared with another.

answer

qualitatively

question

which theoretical approach believes that individuals develop a gradually increasing capacity for sensing, storing, and remembering information that allows them to acquire increasingly complex knowledge and skills.

answer

information-processing

question

according to skinner's _ conditioning theory, the consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior's occurrence.

answer

operant

question

Tamara is one of 30 participants in a study of language development. She was tested when she was two, again when she was five, and will be tested every 3 years until she is 14. Tamara is participating in a _ study.

answer

longitudinal

question

which of the following are criticisms of research performed in the laboratory?

answer

participants usually know they are being studied., it is not a natural setting

question

a research strategy that simultaneously compares people of different ages is known as the _approach.

answer

cross-sectional

question

cognitive processes refer to changes in the following areas.

answer

thought, intelligence, language

question

observation, surveys, interviews, standardized testing, physiological measures, and case studies are all methods of_ collection.

answer

data

question

marina is interested in researching the effects of teacher-to-child ratio on academic achievement. This exemplifies the contemporary focus of life-span development on:

answer

education

question

which psychoanalytic theorist proposed the eight-stage psychosocial theory of development?

answer

Erikson

question

which of the following are variables found in experimental research?

answer

dependent, independent

question

which of the following apply to Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

answer

organization and adaptation are important., it consists of four stages

question

the_ theory states that behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods

answer

ethological

question

a _ is a controlled setting for scientific observation, in which many of the complex factors of the "real world" are absent.

answer

laboratory

question

the information-_ theory of development emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize it.

answer

processing

question

which of the following statements are consistent with what happens at each developmental stage in Erikson's psychosocial theory?

answer

there is a crisis that must be resolved., there is a turning point marked by increased vulnerability and enhanced potential.

question

which of the following are physiological measures used to collect data?

answer

checking blood levels of hormones., functional magnetic resonance imaging

question

which of the following are considered teratogens?

answer

drugs, cigar smoke, paternal age, maternal stress, alchol

question

the outer layer of cells that will eventually provide nutrition and support for the embryo is called the

answer

trophoblast

question

the evolutionary process by which the best-adapted individuals of a species survive and reproduce is called

answer

natural

question

match the time frame of prenatal growth with the name of the developing organism

answer

conception to two weeks post-conception-zygote two weeks to eight weeks post conception-embryo two months post-conception to birth-fetus

question

small for date infants:

answer

may be preterm or full-term

question

two weeks after childbirth are referred to as the_ period, which lasts about six weeks

answer

postpartum

question

regarding paternal risk factors, which of the following statements are true?

answer

there is an increased risk of birth defects in offspring of older fathers, if a father smokes during the mothers pregnancy, there is an increased risk for miscarriage.

question

which genetic disorder occurs primarily in african americans

answer

sickle cell anemia

question

in a _ delivery, the baby is removed from the mother's uterus through an incision made in her abdomen

answer

cesarean

question

which of the following are psychoactive drugs?

answer

marijuana, caffeine, heroin, nicotine

question

normally conducted seven weeks into the pregnancy,_ is used to detect structural abnormalities in the fetus and can help determine whether the baby is a boy or a girl

answer

ultrasound sonography

question

the natural childbirth method attempts to reduce the mothers pain:

answer

with relaxation techniques, through education, by decreasing her fears

question

during the germinal period, the fertilized egg, known as a_, is created, and cell division and implantation take place.

answer

zygote

question

the _ is a life-support system that consists of blood vessels from the mother and the offspring that intertwine but do not join

answer

placenta

question

in the period shortly after birth, a connection between the parent and infant forms. This attachment is known as

answer

bonding

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