Exam 1 – Microbiology Terms – Flashcards
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| Who is the father of Microbiology, who first viewed "animalcules" (protozoa)? |
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| Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723) |
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| 1 Micron = |
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| 1/1000th of a mm |
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| The cell diameter of a Protozoa is? |
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| 100 microns |
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| The Cell diameter for Algae is? |
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| 10 - 100 microns |
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| The Cell diameter for Fungi is? |
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| 10 microns |
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| The Cell diameter for Bacteria is? |
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| 1 micron |
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| The Scientific Method |
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Observation Hypothesis Experiment (test hypothesis) Intepretation Conclusion (approve/disprove) |
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| What is the doctrine that "lifeless substances give rise to living organisms"? |
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| Spontaneous Generation |
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| What experiment was Francesco Redi famous for, and what period? |
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1670 Fransesco Redi demonstrated that maggots appearing "spontaneously" on old meat required the presence of flies |
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| What Experiment was Needham famous for and what period? |
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1748 Mutton Gravy in two flasks (Animalcules arise from spontaneous generation) |
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| What was Needham's experiment design mistake? |
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1) Air is full of Microorganisms 2) Air is needed for life 3) Heating the air to kill the microorganisms may be removing some vital "force" |
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| Who criticized Needham's work by using boiled infusions and heat-sealed glass vials using 4 Flasks with Mutton gravy? |
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| Lazarro Spallanzani (1767) |
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| What did Needham counter to Spallanzani's criticism? |
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| Spallanzani destroyed the vital force of life by excessive heating |
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| What is the vital force of life? |
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| Oxygen |
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| Who invented a cure for Puerperal fever (childbed fever)? |
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| Ignaz Semmelweis (1847) |
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| Who used variolation to find a vaccine for cowpox? |
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| Edward Jenner (1796) |
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| John Snow was famous for what? |
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1854 Removed the street pump handle to start personal hygeine (Epidemiology) |
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| Who disproved Spontaneous generation? |
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Louis Pasteur (1870) microorganisms DO NOT arise from lifeless objects |
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| Who thought of the GERM THEORY OF DISEASE? |
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| Louis Pasteur (1870) |
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| Who proved that yeast makes wine from grapes? |
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| Louis Pasteur (1870) |
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| Who developed vaccine for rabies? |
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| Louis Pasteur (1870) |
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| Who developed immunization techniques for chicken cholera and cholera? |
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| Louis Pasteur (1870) |
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| Who PROVED ;the Germ theory of disease? |
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| Robert Koch (1875) |
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| What are the four Koch's postulates? |
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-1. Always observe organisms in diseased animals -2. Isolate organism in pure culture -3. Inoculate healthy animal and recreate the disea -4. ReIsolate the organism |
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| What is the purpose of Koch's postulates? |
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| A sequence of experimental steps to relate a specific microbe to a specific disease |
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| Who developed "pure culture technique"? |
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| Robert Koch (1875) |
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| What are some ways to reduce transmission of infectious diseases? |
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| When is the Classical Golden Age of Microbiology? |
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| 1854 - 1914 |
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When is the Second Golden Age of Microbiology? |
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| 1943 - 1970 |
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When is the Third Golden Age of Microbiology? |
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| NOW |
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| What is the most successful organism on the planet? |
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| Pelagibacter ubique |
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| Microbes produce what amount of the oxygen we breathe? |
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| 50% |
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| What is the average human cell diameter? |
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| 10 microns |
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| What Cyanobacterium is responsible for 50% for the photosynthesis in open oceans? |
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| Procholorococcus |
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| How many bacteria are ON and "IN" your body? |
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| 1014 |
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| Who developed the five-kingdom system, giving bacteria their own kingdom? |
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| Robert H. Whittaker and Lynn Margulis |
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| The Three-Domain system includes... |
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| Bacteria, Eukarya, and Archaea |
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| Fungi Eukaryotes are composed of two groups... |
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Yeast (single cells) Molds (multicellular) |
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| Most bacterial and archaeal cells are how long? |
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| 1 - 5 micrometers in length |
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| What domain contains some of the best studied prokaryotes? |
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| Bacteria |
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| What tend to grow in hot, acidic, environments such as hot springs and volcanic vents? |
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| Crenarchaeota |
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| How do Eukaryotes chemotax? |
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| Spatial Sensing (take measurements at different ends of the cell simutaneously and move towards) |
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| How do Prokaryotes chemotax? |
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| Temperal Sensing (take measurements of the concentration of a substance at two different time points) |
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| What is the purpose of the protective coat around cells in the Glycocalix? |
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A .Prevents dehydration B .Prevents nutrients from flowing away C .Prevents phagocytosis |
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| What is phagocytosis? |
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| the;cellular;process of engulfing solid particles by the;cell membrane;to form an internal;phagosome;by;phagocytes;andprotists. |
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| Who determined the structure of the DNA molecule? |
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| Watson and Crick (1953) |
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| What are plasmids? |
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| not essential for replication or normal survival (extra chromosomal bacteria DNA) |
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| What is the process of polypeptide chain (protein) |
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| Translation |
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| What copies genetic information into RNA? |
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| transcription |
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| What enzyme sythesizes RNA from DNA? |
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| RNA polymerase |
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| In 1976 the penecillin resistant strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an example of what type of mutation? |
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| Spontaneous Generation |
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| What is the inward pinching of hte cell membrane and cell wall that seperates the cell into two genetically identical cells? |
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| cytokinesis |
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| Most bacteria grow at what pH? |
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| Normal/pH 6.5 to 7.5 |
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| What temperature does mesophiles grow best at? |
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| 20 - 45 degrees C |
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| What prokaryotic cell grows best at 40 - 70 degrees ;C? |
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| Thermophiles |
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| What is the optimal growth temperature for hyper - thermophiles? |
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| 80 degrees C |
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| The loss of fitness in Prokaryotes is defined as what? |
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| senescence |
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| What are the five Catabolic Processes? |
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Glycolysis Kreb's Cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation Anaerobic respiration Fermentation |
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| When is the ATP bond holding the last phosphate group on the molecule broken, producing: adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + free phosphate group |
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| When energy is released |
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| What is the first stage of energy extraction? |
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| Glycolysis |
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| Glucose ---- Pyruvic Acid? |
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| Glycolysis |
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| Pyruvic Acid ------- CO2? |
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| Kreb's Cycle |
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| NADH/O2 --------- ATP/NAD/H20? |
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| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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| What is terminal Electron Acceptor? |
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| When oxygen is the last molecule that accepts electrons |
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| What is the purpose of ATP synthase? |
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| harnesses the energy as protons are passed by phosphorylating ADP into ATP |
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| What is it called when you have a set of Glycolysis, kreb's cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation? |
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| Oxidative Respiration |
