Exam 1 – Microbiology – Flashcards
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| Father of modern microbiology, was convinced that bacteria were transmitted by airborne particulates, left swan neck flasks unsealed and they remained sterile (1850)(bacteria-proof filters), developed pasteurization after observing spoiled wine and deducing that spoilage was cause by bacteria in wine, developed terms aerobic and anaerobic from working on Costridium butyricidium (Butyric acid fermentation) |
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| Pasteur |
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| Used red algae extract (agar) as a suitable solidified microbiology media, created 4 postulates:1. The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy animals, 2. The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture, 3. The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism, 4. The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent, 4 postulates were for proving pathogenicity, Tuberculosis was the 2nd bacterial disease known as a pathogen, Bacillus antracis contain endospores that are very resistant, first bacterial disease known as a pathogen, germ theory of disease (1876) |
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| Koch |
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| Age and era of chemotherapy: use of chemical agents to fight disease, (1910) Agent 606: Arsenic derivative called Salvarsan that cured some clinical cases of Syphilis and was called the Magic "Bullit" |
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| Ehrlich |
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| Purified the Tobacco Mosaic Virus that was the first virus to be purified in 1936 |
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| Stanley |
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| Characterized Tobacco Mosaic Virus as an infectious nucleoprotein in 1937 |
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| Bawden and Pirie |
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| Discovered and named the phage virus in 1915 |
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| Twort and d'Herelle |
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| Developed Sulfa drugs that would cure some bacterial cases of pneumonia in the 1930's |
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| Domaghk |
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| Discovered Penicillim notatum which was the first antibiotic: a chemical produced by a microorganism in small or minute amounts that will kill or inhibit the growth of another microorganism in 1929 |
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| Fleming |
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| Discovered mycin drugs in 1943 by working with soil bacteria called actinomycetes, which gives soil its smell, and studied Streptomycetes griseus and Streptomycin was the first mycin drug |
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| Waksman |
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| Noticed smallpox epidemics and noticed that milkmaids rarely contracted smallpox, cattle have cowpox that occur as sores on utters, milkmaids that developed cowpox lesions did not develop smallpox, led to the creation of the first vaccine in 1799, although it was not called a vaccine at the time |
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| Jenner |
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| Discovered that fungi could cause disease in plants |
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| deBary |
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| Created the Gram stain by discovering that stained bacteria would retain color (violet) or lose color (pink/red) |
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| Gram |
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| Discovered that doctors that performed autopsies and then immediately delivered babies, were the cause of Childbed Fever: an infectious disease that killed newborns and their mothers after child birth |
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| Semmellweiss |
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| Created the compound microscope and was the first to give a description of what bacteria looked like under the microscope |
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| Leuwenhoek |
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| Made the connection that a virus could be transferred by studying the Tobacco Mosaic Virus. Known as the father of virology |
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| Iwanowski |
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| Discovered Archaebacteria |
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| Woese |
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| Discovered antiseptic surgical procedures by misting the surgery rooms with phenol in 1867 |
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| Lister |
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| In pertaining to the Gram stain, what is the purpose of crystal violet |
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| Primary stain |
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| In pertaining to the Gram stain, what is the purpose of Gram's iodine |
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| Mordant |
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| In pertaining to the Gram stain, what is the purpose of 95% alcohol |
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| Decolorizer |
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| In pertaining to the Gram stain, what is the purpose of Safranin |
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| Counter stain |
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| Pasteur realized that there was something about the older culture that made in no longer pathogenic when working with Chicken Cholera. Reduction and virulence of organisms |
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| Attenuation |
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| Boiled and put in a container and then put in an autoclave to cause it to gel. From red algae extract as a suitable solidified microbiology media used in culture media |
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| Agar |
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| Single organism growing alone |
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| Pure culture |
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| Proper way to handle microorganisms to not contaminate culture, yourself, or someone else |
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| Aseptic technique |
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| Individual thread-like filaments of a fungal body |
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| Hyphae |
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| Mass of interwoven hyphae. Can form a hard cemented-like material over the skin of potatoes |
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| Mycelium |
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| A toxin produced by fungi |
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| Mycotoxin |
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| Mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus that is a carcinogenic toxin that is one of the primary causes of stomach and liver cancer |
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| Aflatoxin |
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| Mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticilloides |
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| Fumonisin |
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| Active feeding form of protozoa |
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| Trophozoite |
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| Organism capable of acquiring and transmitting infectious disease |
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| Vector |
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| Infectious virus particle |
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| Virion |
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| Protein coat of a virus |
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| Capsid |
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| Acellular, infectious nucleoprotein that are usually characterized with common names |
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| Virus |
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| Diener worked with the potato spindle tuber disease and purified it, discovering small infectious RNA molecules in 1970 |
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| Viroid |
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| Phage that lyses cells and causes plaques to appear |
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| Lytic phage |
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| Mad cow disease, infectious proteins |
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| Prion |
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| Chemicals produced by microorganisms in small or minute amounts that inhibit the growth of other microorganisms |
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| Antibiotic |
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| Use of chemical agents to fight disease (Ehlrich) |
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| Chemotherapy |
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| Part of pathogenic agent that induces resistance to disease |
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| Vaccine |
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| Multi-nucleate non-septate hyphae as seen in water and bread molds |
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| Coenocyte |
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| Motile asexual spore that is flagellated |
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| Zoospore |
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| Asexual spore produced by imperfect/Deuteromycete fungi. Most common asexual spore |
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| Conidia |
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| Asexual spore produced in water and bread molds (Zygomycetes/Oomycetes) |
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| Sporangia |
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| Kingdom Fungi, asexual zoospores produces, chytrids |
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| Phylum Chytridiomycota |
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| Kingdom Fungi, asexual sporangium produced, sexual zygospore produced, bread molds |
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| Phylum Zygomycota |
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| Kingdom Fungi, asexual conidia spores that are the most common asexual spores, sac fungi |
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| Phylum Ascomycota |
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| Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota, asexual conidia spores |
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| Class Deuteromycetes (Imperfect Fungi) |
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| Kingdom Fungi, sexual basidiospores, rust and smut are atypical (sporidia spores), largest of fungi, club, bracket, puff balls, mushrooms: amanita - poisonous mushrooms, phalloides - death cap(destroys liver), muscari - reddish caps, enlarged volva (stem-like base), psilocylae - hallucinogenic mushrooms |
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| Phylum Basidiomycota |
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| Kingdom Stramenopila, sexual oospore, asexual sporangium spore and zoospore, water molds |
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| Phylum Oomycota |
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| Kingdom Protista, ciliate organisms |
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| Phylum Ciliophora |
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| Kingdom Protista, Phylum Ciliophora, Paramecium with a macro and micronucleus and an oral groove |
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| Subphylum Ciliata |
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| Kingdom Protista, Phylum Sarcomastigophora, Amoeba with pseudopodia and Entamoeba histolytica |
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| Subphylum Sarcodina |
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| Kingdom Protista, Phylum Sarcomastigophora, all posses flagella, Trichomonas, Algae and protozoan because they have chloroplast, transitional organism |
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| Subphylum mastigophora |
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| Kingdom Protista, Phylum Apicomplexa, produce a spore-like stage, Malaria: transmitted by a female mosquito bite in the genus Anopholes that has the ability to change quickly genetically, Plasmodium vivax: most widespread pathogen, Plasmodium falciparum: most difficult to control and most serious form of malaria-causing pathogen, Plasmodium ovale |
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| Class Sporozoa |
