European History Ch. 1 – Flashcards
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Why was the leaders during the Middle Ages so optimistic?
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Educated people didn't see God as mystical, but rational and because they thought they were rational, they could figure Him out and try to understand him. They had new tools and there was a religious prescence. They also only knew little about the world.
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How did most of the spiritual and cultural leaders of Europe view God in the High Middle Ages?
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They view God as rational and they thought they were rational so they could figure God out. They also God as being scientific and they combined science and God.
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What happened to Europe's climate in the early 1300s, and how did it influence serfs and peasants who depend on farming?
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Europe's climate dropped 1 to 2 degrees every year during the Little Ice Age. This led to the Great Famine of 1315 because farmers couldn't adjust to colder climate so the lack of farming led to starvation and people out of work
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Why was the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople so devastating or terrifying to the population of Europe.
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-The heavily Christian land was now being conquered by Muslims -This city had been impenetrable for thousands of years and this conquest ended the Byzantine Empire -Constantinople was a trading post that connected Europe to the Middle East so it really could've messed up trading
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The Hundred War began when ___________, king of England, claimed that he was also the legitimate king of France
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Edward III
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People who whipped and mutilated themselves in response to the Black Death was known as ____________
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flagellants
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Approximately ___________ of Europe's population died of the Black Death
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33%
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The Ottoman ruler who launched the attack on Constantinople was __________________
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Mehmed II
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During the Great Western Schism, the Catholic Church had two popes serving at the same time. One lived in ________ and the other in _______________
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Rome Avigon
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Following the Black Death, a new style of art appeared throughout Europe was called __________________
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Danse Macraba
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The Black Death was brought into Europe by Italian Merchants who were trading in the city of ___________ along the Black Sea
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Caffa
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Following the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, the largest church within the Christian world was known as ___________
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Hagia Sophia
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When did the Black Death strikes Europe?
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1348 through 1350
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When was the fall of Constantinople?
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1453
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Who were the two popes who each claimed to be head of the Christian Church at the start of the Great Western Schism?
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Clement VII and Urban VI
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Image: God leaning over the universe, creating it and using science. Why depict God in this manner?
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-God is rational, we are rational so we can figure him out -God is wise, show His hand in creating the universe and God created rational universe -Science and religion go together -Shows God as wise and all knowing
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Dantes' Divine Comedy
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-written by Italian poet, Dante, who wrote about hell and purgatory with different levels -Purgatory is a mountain coming closer to heaven, heaven is a circle (it is rational) -thought planets were for angels (rational and comforting)
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How has architecture improved during the Middle Ages?
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-In the beginning their buildings had little architecture and no windows because they didn't know a lot about architecture -Then they discovered Gothic Architecture, Cathedrals, with more windows -Churches reflected science and math they gained--> learning more
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Written Word
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Majority couldn't read, but growth among minority could read
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High Middle Ages
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(1000-1300) relative political and social stability through feudalism and the manor system
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Feudalism
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political system, kings give land to the lords in exchange for loyalty, peasants give loyalty and work to lords for land and protection, gave upper class the advantage
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Manor System
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work on land n exchange for small of land, benefit upper class, protected workers
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Average Life Expectancy
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30 to 48 years depending on social status and gender, 50% of children died before 10
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Why was there relative agricultural success?
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-Warming temperatures -New techniques- horseshoes, leather shoes, iron tools, etc. -utilizing more land
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Little Ice Age
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-Around yr. 1315 -Arctic glaciers shift south -Estimate 1 F year dropped -Caused the Great Famine of of 1315
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The Great Famine
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-Famine returns every 8 to 10 years
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European merchants brought news of a deadly plague in _________________
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Asia
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Refugees of the Mongols siege of _______ brought the bubonic plague into Italy
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Caffa
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Caffa
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-in Mongol territory, but Italian trading post -where Europe first got the plague
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Danse Macrabe
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-Death is constantly present surronding people because of the Black Death -Death escorting people from all social classes to their graves- peasants, kings, knights -Cardinal Grave
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The plague spread ____________ throughout Europe
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quickly
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Nature of the Plague
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-bubonic plague--> limphynodes got swollen, lots of coughing and blood, starts as red rings -role of rats and fleas--> rat's blood transfers diseases -quick, painful death usually within 1-3 days -importance of recent famine -stronger and healthier would survive
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Effects of the Plague
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-Still remains today -some areas completely vanished
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How did medieval doctors treat those who contacted the plague?
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-bleeding--> exposing many things spreading more plague
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Search for explanation of the plague
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-can be divine punishment -St. Roche--> patron saint of plague victims -if plague was the work of God, Christians could pray to St. Roche to intercede with God and protect them -flagellants -Christians often attacked social outcasts like Jews, lepers, and gypsies
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Who died with the plague?
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-Farmers--> led to starvation -best of clergy men as they carter towards the needs of the sick
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Danse Macabre
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-"Dance of the Dead" -people became obsessed with death -death was present and could come at any minute -had to come to terms with so they put death in art forms -death escorting people from all social classes
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The Fall of Constantinople
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-Ottoman empire conquered parts of Europe conquering Constantinople -Mehmed II -Byzantine Empire was the last ancient European empire in the Middle Ages, Eastern Roman Empire -Conquered by aggressive Muslim army -Constantinople was around for along time as capital of Byzantine Empire, place of learning -connected Middle East to Europe for trade
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Mehmed II
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sultan of Ottoman Empire
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Hagia Sophia
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-"Church of Holy Wisdom" built in 6th century -largest enclosed place in the world -Greatest church in all Christendom transformed into mosque -Mehmed forces removed plasters holding together Christian mosaics and placed Islamic symbols
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Consequences of Ottoman Victory
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-final living connection with glory of Ancient Rome is gone -New capital city of growing Ottoman empire -Christian dominance in Europe threaten
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Great Schism
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-more than one pope telling Christians what to do -confusion and division -French elected Clement V in France who doesn't want to relocate so stayed in Avigon and so did the following 7 popes -Pope Gregory returns to Rome, but then dies -Mob demands Italian Pope, but the new elected one Urban VI was awful -Cardinals elected new pope, Clement VII, but Urban refuses to resign -Catholic Church was no longer one holy apostolic church -Cardinals selected another pope -Once there were 3 popes!
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Aquitane
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England held on to it even in France and kept it, but had to obey France
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Golden Age of Labor
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period after the black death, you work
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Positives of the Plague
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-Golden Age of Labor -Peasants and urban workers in much better position in life--> more land availiable, more food, better health, live stock didn't die, fewer workers so less competition
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Why did the leaders want ti restore traditional social and economic systems?
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-peasants dressed like upper class which made upper class mad, ruined social system
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1363 Sumptiary Law
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-Passed laws saying you can't charge more than before the plague -breaking rules of capitalism -lower class rebelled -In England, can't purchase things if you aren't in the upper class
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1381 Peasant Rebellion in England
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-peasants were mad because of the Sumptiary Laws -killed upper class and want king to give back so in response the king sends army and it is peasants vs. nobles
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Humanism
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-rediscovery of the ancient world
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Ancient World hero
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someone who had a strong body and mind, but are pagans, had pride
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Middle Ages heroes
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couldn't look to people who are pagans, heroes must save their souls
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Renassiance Hero
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-combined Ancient and Middle Ages to become humanist -don't dismiss ideas of Ancient World because they didn't believe in Jesus -Pride, make a name for yourself
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Petrarch
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-doesn't like High Middle Ages for being stupid, neglecting the genius of the ancient world -blames them for being hypocrits -They laughed at the greatest thinkers -He mocks the leaders of the Middle ages -can't dismiss ideas of those before -"Father of Humanism"-the first
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Pico della Mirandola
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-focused on free will -free will makes us the best, angels don't have free will
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Why the Italian Renaiassance?
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-Heart of Old Roman Empire -monuments inspire -It is different, most areas led by kings, embraced the Middle Ages, but Italy isn't united -Dynamic urban population led by wealth merchants, not traditional feudal elite -thriving trade with places where old tradition survive -Humanisms fuel the Renaissance
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How would you describe the medieval paintings of Jesus and Mary?
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-Unproportional -They don't care how they look--> focus on what they did, now how they look, important to save your soul
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Art in the Renaissance
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-More secular and ancient subjects -Emphasis on human figure and individual achievement -Human perspective -Linear perspective
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Linear perspective
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create 3d appearance by making distant objects look proportionally smaller than the closer ones
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How did Renaissance painters learn to draw?
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They study anatomy
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4 famous painters
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1. Leonardo 2. Raphael 3. Michaelangelo 4. Donatello
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Leonardo De Vinci
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-"renaissance man" had broad knowledge about many things in different fields -student of humanities who link info. from different areas/disciplines to create one new knowledge (inventor, artist, sculpture, architecture, scientist, engineer) -Mona Lisa and last supper -Came up with the idea for a tank
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Dontello
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-David -first free form bronze since ancient times
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Michaelangelo
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-David represents devotion to harmony, symatry, proportion, and extreme glorification of human form -sistine chapel, creation of man
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Raphael
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-"The school of Athens" -Plato--> looks to heavens -Aristotle--> looks to Earth -Euclid--> geometry
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Why do you think people put stuff in potriats?
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-Nothing is by accident -reflect him as a person, not perfect -designed to make people look rich because they are rich
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Trade and Economic Regulations
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-Italian Government regulate all the behavior to protect trade and wealthy -Sumptuary Laws
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Sumptuary Laws France
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-different from Europe's post plague ones -regulated how rich spend money -protect rich people from spending money--> preserves wealth, economy wouldn't crash if the economy crashed, everyone would suffer
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Conspicuous Consuption
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-Renaissance potriats often depicted their subjects surronded by lavish goods they own and their willingness to break sumptuary laws -75% of trade was with Islamic world -giving money to Muslims -ceramics, glassware was exotic--> keep on display
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Islamic Influence in Art
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-the consumption is in artwork -"Adoration of the Magi" -Paintings as products of the Islamic World
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The Annunciation with St. Emidius
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-depicts Angel Gabriel informing Mary that she will concieve the son of God -Peacock, sturdy buildings with windows, rug, books, she looks rich
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Why did the Renaissance originate in Italy?
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It had plenty of disposable income because it had a thriving merchant class that was looking to display their power
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Who was Petrarch?
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Father of Humanism
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How would you describe the relations between Italy city states and the Ottoman Empire in the late 1400's?
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Italians dislike Ottomans expansion, but were willing to trade with them
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Instead of relying on the Church's teachings to analyze the world, renaissance humanists increasingly turned to which literary source?
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Classic Greek and Roman
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What is a "Renaissance Man"?
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A talented artists who has broad knowledge and skills in multiple fields
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What was Hagia Sophia?
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Largest church in the Christian World until Ottomans turned it into a mosque
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What is the significance of Caffa?
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It was a black sea trading post from which the Black death entered Europe
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What technique for painting developed during the Renaissance?
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Linear Perspective
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the Seven years Famine began in 1315 because __________
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A shift in Artic glaciers lowered temperatures in Europe by 1-2 degrees
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Renaissance means ____________
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Rebirth
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During the Great Schism, Catholic Church split between Popes in what regions?
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Avignon and Rome
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Europeans were shocked when they learned __________ fell to ottomans
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Constantinople
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Pico della Mirando;a is famous for promoting what idea?
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That human's free-will gives us dignity because we can use it to rise to great heights or become animals
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English Sumptuary Laws were designed to do what?
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Prevent peasants from dressing like nobles and in a better manner than they are accostumed to
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Italian Sumptuary Laws were designed to do?
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Prevent merchant classes from going bankrupt through foolish and wicked ways
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The School of Athens was created by ___________
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Rapheal
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_________________ was Muslim leader of Ottoman Empire who seized former capital of Eastern Roman Empire
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Mehmed II
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________________ came up with helicopters and tanks
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Leonardo De Vinci
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Black death came through Europe in __________
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1348
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_______________ is a renaissance painting that depicts the Virgin Mary living in Modern Italy and owning luxurious house
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The annuniciation of St. Emidius
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Historians refer to the spanning time between 1000-13300 as ________________ due to the cultural and scientific growth
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High Middle Ages
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100 Year War was fought over the King of England's claim to be also king of _____________
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France
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_______________ in England was violent response to ____________ enacted by Parliament
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Peasant rebellion Sumptuary Laws
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European culture became fixated on death can come at any minute and made art out of it called ___________
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Danse Macabre
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Edward III
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-was King of England becayse of his dad, but mom was French -Debate about whether Edward III should be king of both which started the 100 year war
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Little Ice Age Historically Significance
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-Temperature dropped which made it hard for farming -Led to starvation and people out of work -Before Black death -Caused great Famine
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Flagellant
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-People who self punished for the plague in order to stop it -Thought Black Death was punishment from God so if they punished themselves God wouldn't punish them
