ethnic & imm chp 9&10
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Some black leaders have lobbied for slavery reparations, arguing that if President __________ had not stripped the freed slaves of the land given them by General William Tecumseh Sherman under Special Field Orders No. 15, their descendants might now control a much larger share of U.S. wealth. Proponents seek cash payments now to right an old wrong.
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Andrew Johnson
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The problem with racism is twofold: its __________ and its subtlety. The missing term here refers not only to racism's institutionalization within society but also to its transmission from one generation to the next.
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legacy
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The 16th and 17th centuries were the period of European exploration and __________, during which Europeans came into contact with many physically different, less technologically advanced peoples.
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imperialism
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__________ is a gradual and pervasive change in a people's values.
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cultural drift
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When Reconstruction ended in 1876, blacks once again found themselves in a formalized inferior status through segregation laws, voting disfranchisement, __________ (state laws designed to keep blacks in subservient positions), job discrimination, and occupational eviction.
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black codes
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The South had __________ segregation, but Jim Crow—as a cause of black migration and a model for northern attitudes and actions—played an important role in the development of __________ segregation in the North.
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de jure de facto
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__________ of 1964 was the most far-reaching legislation against racial discrimination ever passed.
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The Civil Rights Act
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The word __________ rather than Negro became the accepted way of referring to this racial group in the 1970s.
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black
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Blauner's __________ certainly applies to the segment of the black population that is trapped in a culture of poverty.
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internal-colonialism theory
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Among the push-pull factors contributing to Israeli immigration was __________.
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political unrest in the Middle East.
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The early immigrants formed a __________ of village-oriented entrepreneurs whose religious traditions served as their self identification.
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gemeinschaft
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__________ means one group experiencing upward mobility gradually moves out of its old neighborhood.
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invasion-succesion
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Failure to grasp the humanity of the Arab people increases the __________ between non-Arabs and Arabs.
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social distance
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As with most immigrant groups, __________ links play an important role in stabilizing community life for the Arab Americans.
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Kinship
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__________ is a broad term covering people of diverse nationalities, religions, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Although Americans described by this term may share a sense of peoplehood, they come from 22 nations of North Africa and the Middle East.
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Arab
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Of all the Arab American groups, __________ have the highest level of educational attainment.
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Egyptians
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Terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, in New York City and Washington, DC increased suspicions about __________, although their social acceptance remains fairly strong.
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Arab Muslims
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__________ occurs when there is large-scale entrance of minority group members into primary-group relationships with the host society in its social organizations and institutions. It is rarely seen among first-generation immigrant groups.
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structural assimilation
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True/False Israeli Americans typically experience a smoother transition to American life than any other immigrant group.
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T
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True/False Most Palestinian Americans are Hindus
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F
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True/False Syrian and Lebanese people speak Arabic.
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T
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True/False Syrian males usually came alone and then sent for their wives and children.
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T
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True/False Predominantly Arab nations are political enemies of the United States.
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F
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True/False Many of today's Arab Americans are less sophisticated than other middle-class U.S. citizens.
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F
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True/False Arab Americans appear to be generally unconcerned about racial differences in the United States.
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T
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True/False Greater acculturation appears to be associated positively with satisfaction with life in the U.S. for Arabs but negatively associated with family satisfaction.
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T
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True/False Educational attainment translates into occupations and income.
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T
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True/False Arab Americans are more likely to be married than the total U.S. population.
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T
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A __________ would stress the undercurrents of resentment and tension against the visible presence of nonwestern minorities and their successes. A) conflict theorist B) functionalist C) interactionist D) exchange theorist
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A
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The conflict perspective would emphasize that __________. A) industrialists often used Syrian/Lebanese men to strengthen unions in the Northeast B) the Syrian/Lebanese offered factory owners a more expensive and more skilled labor alternative C) economic competition between two wage level groups generated ethnic antagonism and violence D) better-educated immigrants become functionally integrated fairly easily
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C
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For recent ethnic tensions __________. A) conflict is usually more intense than toward previous waves of immigrants B) the majority of conflict is between recent immigrants C) the fear of further terrorist attacks and racial profiling add to underlying tension D) the extreme violence has slowed immigration to a trickle
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C
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__________ theory explains ethnic conflict as economic exploitation of minority groups. A) Functionalist B) Conflict C) Social interactionist D) Ecological
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B
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__________ theory explains ethnic discrimination as a social dysfunction. A) Functionalist B) Conflict C) Social interactionist D) Ecological
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A
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Functionalists would say that__________. A) newcomers exacerbate the competition for scarce resources and set up class divisions B) the split-labor market theory explains the antagonism and violence early newcomers faced C) immigration laws ensure a support system in relative preference D) social integration follows workplace integration
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C
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According to the functionalist view, the better educated, better skilled, and better connected immigrants__________. A) are typically welcomed immediately upon arriving into a new country B) are celebrated by their host countries C) quickly adjust D) actually have a harder time leaving their old country behind
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C
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According to the functionalist view, less skilled non-Westerner newcomers __________. A) fill a population void in inner-city neighborhoods B) live in middle-class neighborhoods C) bring upheaval to neighborhoods D) like the openness of rural communities
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A
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__________ theory explains ethnic stereotypes as the dominant group's premature response to minority groups. A) Functionalist B) Conflict C) Social interactionist D) Ecological
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C
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According to __________, North African and Middle Eastern immigrants have benefitted from immigration laws that ensure sufficient earning power in occupational preference or priority for those with a social support system already in place such as an extended family. A) functionalists B) conflict theorists C) interactionists D) feminists
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A
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Bill, a city planner, is working to promote his town as a place for immigrants because his urban and exurban neighborhoods need the stability. As a(n) __________, he knows that these groups will help prevent neighborhood decline and maintain racial balance. A) functionalist B) conflict theorist C) interactionist D) feminist
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A
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__________ theorists viewed the terrible actions of 9/11 as a real threat to reducing prejudice because the already existing social distance of Arab Americans would make it easy to stereotype all of them as radical extremists. A) Functionalist B) Conflict C) Interactionist D) Feminist
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B
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In seeking to explain the experiences of Middle Eastern and North African immigrants to the United States, Diadra, an immigrant from Syria, talks about how she gets along with everyone at work, but socially, she is not well integrated beyond her own compatriots. __________ stress that this increases opportunities for ethnic stereotypes and division to emerge. A) Functionalists B) Conflict theorists C) Interactionists D) Feminists
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C
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__________ assimilation is much more likely for Arab Americans to the extent that they have lived in the U.S. for a long time, were younger at the age of immigration, and are Christian. A) Straight-line B) Segmented C) Structural D) Similar
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C
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An important component of adjustment, acceptance, and assimilation is__________. A) arranged marriages B) length of U.S. residence C) older age at immigration D) recent visits to the country of origin
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B
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Anti-Turkish sentiment in the United States prior to World War I was due primarily to__________. A) the suppression and massacre of Armenians B) the heroin traffic from Turkish poppy fields C) anti-American actions in Turkey D) Turkish support of the Russian pogroms
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A
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Turkish emigration to the United States was low because__________. A) the United States was a Jewish country B) the traditional Turkish pattern of migration involved only small groups emigrating C) Turkish law barred any emigrant from ever returning D) very few states allowed their entry
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C
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In what ways do Jewish Israeli immigrants maintain their identity? A) Become naturalized U.S. citizens B) Marry U.S. citizens C) Remain active in Israeli organizations D) Live in mixed communities
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C
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What two metropolitan areas account for approximately half of all Israeli Jews living in the U.S.? A) San Antonio and El Paso B) New York City and Los Angeles C) Upper Marlboro and Chevy Chase D) Dallas and Austin
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B
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Iranian immigration, which peaked in the 1980s, __________. A) more than doubled the number from the 1970s B) dropped in the 1990's before picking up again in the 2000s C) has been more or less steady since the 1950s D) is currently at record low levels
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B
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Iranian Americans experiencing mixed feelings about no longer living in the homeland call themselves __________. A) mandegar B) belataklif C) slyasi D) Now-Ruz
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B
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Today's second-generation Iranian Americans are mostly__________. A) living in poverty B) born to working-class parents C) living in the southeastern United States D) born to middle-class professional parents
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D
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Many Iranians kept to themselves for fear of__________. A) the SAVAK B) religious persecution C) violence D) disease
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A
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In explaining what her life as an immigrant is like to her U.S. friends, Shariz stresses the importance of the __________, which serves a religious purpose, an educational purpose, a social purpose and acts as a kind of social service agency. A) YMCA B) mosque C) Arab League D) community school
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B
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Early Iranian immigrants who opted to stay in the United States permanently called themselves Persian Yankees or __________ A) mandegar B) belataklif C) cosmopolitans D)globalizers
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A
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Their __________ helps Palestinians living in the United States maintain their ethnic identity. A) language B) priests and churches C) political cause D) cultural institute program
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C
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A common social center for working-class Palestinian Americans is the__________. A) neighborhood bar B) local coffeehouse C) corner grocery store D) parish church
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B
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The local and regional association that helps Palestinian immigrants adjust to life in the United States is called the__________. A) Chain Migration Association B) Arab Nation C) American Federation of Ramallah D) Nation of Islam
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C
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The largest concentration of Palestinian Americans is in __________. A) Illinois B) Texas C) Georgia D) Massachusetts
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A
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Most Palestinian Americans are __________. A) Buddhist B) Muslim C) Hindu D) Atheist
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B
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The experiences of Iraqi immigrants in Detroit illustrates __________. A) a persistent subculture despite changes in the homeland B) changes in the homeland changing immigrant orientations C) a village-oriented community nestled in an urban region D) hostility against them because of the oil crisis
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A
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Why did most Egyptians leave Egypt? A) Economics and educational reasons B) Political unrest C) Religious reasons D) Political and religious reasons
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A
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Most Egyptian Americans __________. A) live within well-defined urban ethnic communities when they first arrive B) have children who experience great difficulty adjusting to American culture C) do not marry outside their ethnic community D) live in Louisiana
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A
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Syrian-Lebanese assimilation is nearly complete because they now have __________, which is what Milton Gordon calls the last stage of assimilation. A) financial security B) upward mobility C) large-scale intermarriage D) representation in all jobs and professions
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C
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Syrian adjustment, acceptance, and upward mobility were fairly rapid because of their __________. A) wide dispersal which negated any significant opposition to their presence B) propensity to do low paying factory work C) lower class status which meant they were not seen as a threat D) religious values
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A
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The occupation of __________ helped speed up Syrian acculturation. A) peddling B) mechanic C) nursing D) teaching
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A
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The term used for the gradual replacement in a neighborhood of one group by another is__________. A) block-busting B) invasion-succession C) migration D) gradated sequencing
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B
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The push factors for Syrian immigrants included__________. A) low unemployment B) disease C) Chinese oppression D) job opportunities
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B
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What percentage of Arab Americans have a post graduate degree? A) 10% B) 15% C) 18% D) 20%
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C
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Settlement patterning of recent Arab immigrants tends to be__________. A) in tight clusters in the inner city B) widespread and in loose clusters C) almost exclusively on the West Coast D) in rural and suburban areas
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B
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In terms of median income, Arab men earn an average of __________ more than the national median for all males. A) $2500 B) $4500 C) $3000 D) $5000
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B
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Malik and his immediate family came to the United States a few years ago. They have managed to carve out a nice, middle class lifestyle that they could never have imagined for themselves in their home country. Over the course of letters and phone calls, they convince some of their friends and extended family to come as well. This is a pattern known as __________ migration. A) acquaintance B) chain C) legal D) gradual
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B
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Many of today's professional Arab immigrants do not fit past acculturation patterns because they__________. A) need not become Americanized to enjoy the lifestyle they want B) have a religion different from the three major faiths C) do not physically fit into the melting pot theory D) do not fit into theories about behavior in the western world
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A
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Interaction surveys of Americans and nonwestern newcomers in professional, managerial, or technical fields show__________. A) widespread social distance B) much less social distance than in past years C) extensive social distance for Africans but not Asians D) extensive social distance for all but the Arabs
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A
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How long do most sojourners remain in the U.S.? A) 10 years B) 2 to 5 years C) 1 year D) 4 to 5 years
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B
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__________was/were often a push factor for nonwestern immigrants. A) Overpopulation B) Job opportunities C) Rapid air travel D) Religious freedom
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A
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Immigration legislation after 1965__________. A) effectively limited the number of immigrants from both Western and non-Western world B) were based on the restrictive national-origins quota system C) allowed more non-Western immigrants to gain approval to migrate D) has consistently restricted immigration for non-Christians
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C
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North Africans and Middle Eastern immigrants __________. A) come from a part of the world predominantly governed by Eastern thought B) have come since the 1965 Immigration Act C) have cultures that are as monolithic as their religious affiliation (Islam) D) have never voluntarily come to the United States
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B
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The new black immigrants come from areas where __________. A) their race is the majority B) a bipartite color system prevails C) color is a primary factor in group life D) Africans are partially assimilated and socially restricted
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A
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Opponents of slavery reparations argued that __________. A) unlike other reparation payments, no victims are alive today B) the statute of limitations has not expired C) identifying descendants of slaves is meaningless even with racial self-identification D) no real harm was done to the African slaves in the long run
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A
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Racism emerged as an ideology __________. A) after slavery began in the United States B) sometime in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries C) during the sectional rivalry in the early nineteenth century D) only in the twentieth century
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B
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Myths about Black racial inferiority __________. A) began with the ancient Egyptians B) originated in Africa to discourage the slave trade C) emerged as a rationalization for U.S. slavery D) were rejected by slave owners who knew Blacks worked hard
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C
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Looking at the TV news about inner-city black adolescents' delinquency problems, John thinks that blacks are the cause of social problems in the US. This is an example of __________. A) overt racism B) the subtlety of racism C) institutional racism D) external prejudice
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B
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What was the difference between other ethnic groups and African immigrants in the U.S. during the years of slavery? A) Neither other ethnic groups nor African immigrants could re-create in miniature the society they left behind. B) The South made educating black slaves and other ethnic groups a criminal offense. C) Through hard work and perseverance, African immigrants were able to overcome nativist fears and prejudices. D) 200 years of master-slave relations shaped values and attitudes about whites and blacks that still linger today.
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D
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The __________ had implications far beyond slavery as it produced a system which replicated social inferiority throughout generations. A) master-slave social system B) racial reparations C) creation of African American ethnic enclaves D) Jim Crow laws
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A
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The principle of \"separate but equal\" was __________. A) upheld by the Supreme Court in 1896 B) struck down by the Supreme Court in 1896 C) recommended by President Lincoln D) created by Congress in 1896 with passage of the Plessy-Ferguson Act
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A
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The gradual and pervasive change in the values of a people is known as __________. A) value shift B) cultural drift C) cultural differentiation D) value evolution
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B
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Myrdal called the intensification of discrimination resulting from Jim Crow laws __________. A) exponential pathology B) cumulative causation C) behavioral rigidity D) societal racism
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B
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Jim Crow Laws __________. A) caused a massive migration of blacks to the southern states B) reflected southern states' embracing the notion of separate but equal upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson C) meant that segregation became the norm only in limited areas in the South D) were common in northern states in the form of poll tax laws
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B
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In the early twentieth century, the migration of southern blacks to the North was due mostly to __________. A) the existence of Jim Crow laws and poor economic conditions in the North B) better educational opportunities in the North C) more political freedom in the South D) religious persecution in the South
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B
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In the 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan spread northward and __________. A) added Jews, Catholics, and foreigners to its list of targets B) focused on the urban blacks who had migrated from the South C) were ignored by almost everyone D) seized control of several state legislatures
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A
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In 1954, the landmark desegregation order covered __________. A) schools only B) transportation only C) any public establishment D) any form of segregation, including housing
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A
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Since the mid-1960s, the number of elected black officials has __________. A) increased slightly B) increased dramatically C) decreased slightly D) decreased dramatically
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B
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The measurable impact of the massive civil rights legislation was its __________. A) changing of people's attitudes B) creation of the welfare system C) provision of equal life opportunities for African Americans D) exclusion of Native Americans
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C
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The 1960s sit-ins and freedom rides are examples of which minority response pattern? A) Avoidance B) Defiance C) Deviance D) Self-justification
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B
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The 1980s Miami riot __________. A) was black versus Asian B) was caused by black resentment against the Cuban community C) was about protesting the war in Vietnam D) lasted for 13 years
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B
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The 1992 Los Angeles riot __________. A) was a black versus white riot like the 1965 Watts riot B) did not involve Latinos C) was a black versus white and Korean riot D) was a multiracial riot with various conflict combinations
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D
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The National Commission on Civil Disorders said a major cause of the 1960s riots was/were __________. A) police practices B) low unemployment C) the rise of affordable housing D) religious persecution
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A
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The Bell Curve says the best explanation of wealth, status, poverty, and social pathologies is __________. A) education B) intelligence C) occupation D) work ethic
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B
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Critics attack the Bell Curve for its __________. A) selective use of data B) poorly trained scientists C) use of graduate students as analysts D) conflict of interest with regard to funding
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A
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The major criticism against using intelligence testing to compare the capabilities of races is __________. A) the presumption that genetic factors explain differences in scores B) the presumption that cultural factors explain differences in scores C) no significant or consistent differences in scores occur D) whites outnumber blacks, giving them an unfair advantage
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A
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Language may subconsciously encourage racial prejudgment __________. A) if people use nasty words B) because if you hear words, you believe them C) of the negative connotations of some D) of their frequent repetition
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C
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What percentage of Latino voters did Obama receive in 2012? A) 7% B) 20% C) 52% D) 71%
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D
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Today, many African Americans still lack __________. A) basic services and amenities B) educational opportunities C) legal rights D) political representation
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D
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Blauner's \"internal-colonialism\" refers to __________. A) the rise in tenement housing B) the large number of African Americans trapped in ghettos C) racial pride D) a negative mindset found in Blacks
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B
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Population movement since 1960 from inside to outside central cities __________. A) involved few African Americans B) reduced the percentage of African Americans living outside central cities C) kept the proportion of African Americans living outside central cities fairly constant D) resulted in most African Americans living outside central cities
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D
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Segregation for Blacks has __________ over the last 20 years. A) increased B) decreased C) remained the same D) been impossible to measure
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B
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In terms of income, which group has benefited most from all the civil rights actions? A) Black poor B) Black middle class C) Both the black poor and the black middle class D) Neither the black poor nor the black middle class
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B
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Black men are more likely than white men to be employed as __________. A) high school principals B) university professors C) food-service workers D) sanitation workers
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C
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Analysis of the age distribution of American blacks and whites shows __________. A) blacks have a larger percentage of young people B) whites have a larger percentage of young people C) a fairly even age distribution between the two races D) both blacks and whites are experiencing a new \"baby boom\"
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A
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The black middle class __________. A) has earnings that are comparable to the white middle class B) has businesses that are more susceptible to failure because of government intervention C) still endures various forms of racism D) is increasingly returning to Africa
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C
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Wilson maintains that denial of upward mobility to the black poor results from __________. A) social class barriers that limit life chances B) racial discrimination C) cutbacks in government support programs D) job competition from Hispanic immigrants
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A
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What percentage of blacks believe that major conflicts still exist between the races? A) 47% B) 35% C) 75% D) 53%
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D
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Immigration from Haiti will likely __________. A) continue for a long time B) be limited in number and duration C) surpass that from Mexico D) eliminate all problems related to poverty
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A
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African-born Americans tend to __________ than American-born African Americans. A) be better educated B) have lower income levels C) own their homes in lower numbers D) be more represented in popular media
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A
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__________ constitute the largest non-Hispanic immigrant population from the Caribbean. A) Haitians B) Jamaicans C) Cubans D) Kenyans
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B
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__________ are routinely denied refugee status in the United States. A) Haitians B) Jamaicans C) Cubans D) Kenyans
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A
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Immigration from Africa __________. A) is virtually nonexistent B) is down to a small trickle C) has been steadily declining since European colonial rule ended D) has been significantly increasing in recent years
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D
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African immigrants and black Americans __________. A) identify with each other because of the racial bond B) seldom interact because of the cultural differences C) are alike, since both are African Americans D) come into frequent conflict with one another
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B
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Native-born blacks __________. A) rarely face racial issues in their social acceptance B) raised in the Northeast tend to differ in lifestyles and interaction patterns compared to those from the South C) are pretty homogenous as a group D) are completely integrated into society
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B
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According to the interactionist view, __________. A) skin color often triggers negative responses about busing, crime, housing, jobs, and poverty B) oppression of blacks is the result of American capitalists' exploitation C) the question of who benefits is the most significant issue in black-white relationships D) slavery provided cheap labor in the South as a social function
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A
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The interactionist view on the experiences of African Americans stresses that __________. A) beliefs about a people are culturally transmitted and reinforced by external conditions B) differences or alleged inferiority lead to class differentiation C) the opposition to integration efforts usually comes from a fear of how social roles and institutions will be altered D) slavery provided cheap labor in the South as a social function
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A
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With regard to ethnic inequality, the functionalist view suggests that __________. A) inequality exists in all societies because of distinct ethnic mentalities B) in a society, a value consensus develops about the functional importance in meeting the needs and priorities of society C) slavery offered the south an effective means of finding a consensus between whites and blacks D) ethnic differences are really just a struggle for class status and social position
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B
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While Aaron does not condone slavery, as a(n) __________ theorist, he understands that it served a purpose by allowing the Southern states to develop an agricultural based economy. A) functionalist B) conflict C) interactionist D) critical race
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A
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Although she recognizes that slavery happened generations ago, Shilene cannot help but see the connection between the long term economic exploitation of labor and current inequalities. She is a(n) __________ theorist. A) functionalist B) conflict C) interactionist D) critical race
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B
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According to the conflict view, __________. A) social status of blacks depends on the functionalist orientation of the society and the availability of qualified personnel B) inequality exists because people value certain occupational roles C) system corrections such as federal judicial and legislative action occur when there are social dysfunctions D) slavery is an obvious example of past economic exploitation of blacks
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D
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The conflict view on the experiences of African Americans stresses that __________. A) compared to the era of slavery, more recent economic exploitation of blacks may be even more obvious B) confining blacks to marginal positions preserved better-paying job opportunities for Hispanics C) Blauner's internal-colonialism theory is appropriate for understanding the racial oppression of blacks D) slavery creates a meaning system that develops among slaves to communicate with one another in the presence of the dominant group
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C
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Karl believes that racism is so interwoven into the fabric of U.S. society that our culture literally is sustained by a system of racism. Karl is a(n) __________. A) functionalist B) conflict theorist C) interactionist D) critical race theorist
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B
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True/False Most Africans who arrived in America from 1619 until 1808 immigrated unwillingly.
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T
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True/False To ease their transition to a new land, other ethnic groups re-created in miniature the society they left behind; but the Africans who came to the Unites States were not allowed to do so.
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T
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True/False Some ancient civilizations considered themselves superior to others, and they typically based their beliefs on race.
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F
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True/False Although popular in the 19th century, today the Ku Klux Klan is considered a relic from the past.
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F
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True/False Although African Americans found greater freedom in the North, the dominant group's animosity toward them led to majority patterns of avoidance and discrimination.
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T
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True/False Rosa Parks' refusal to sit at the back of the bus eventually led a federal district court to rule against segregated seating.
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T
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True/False The 1992 Los Angeles riot was between blacks and whites.
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F
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True/False Barack Obama's victory has lessened the scope of the race problem.
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F
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True/False The widest gaps in education for blacks occur in the Southern states that were the strongholds of slavery.
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F
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True/False Bipolarization refers to the economic gap among blacks only.
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F
