Flashcards and Answers – Ethics quiz 1
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define ethics
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the study of standards of right and wrong.
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what do ethics deal with
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the part of philosophy dealing with moral conduct, duty, and judgment
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what word does ethics come from
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greek word, ethos, meaning character
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what word does moral come from
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Latin word mores
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what do morals and ethics have in common
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the two words refer to behavior
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what is the difference between morals and ethics
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ethics deals with the study of right and wrong, morality deals with the doing of right and wrong.
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What are the two major influence on ethical thinking for western civilization
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Greek tradition and Judeo-Christian tradition
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What is the Greek tradition concerned with
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leading the "good life" and the nature of happiness
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What is the Judeo-Christian tradition concernce with
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duty before god, doing what is "right" before God
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What do Judeo-Christians believe are at the heart of morality
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love of God and love of neighbor
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what is the purpose of learning ethics
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to reach for moral autonomy and not be automatons
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what is moral autonomy
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The ability to reason for oneself without passive adherence to societal or social conventions
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what is an automaton
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one who succumbs to parents, tradition, or peer pressure, and not making one's own decisions
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how do you obtain moral autonomy
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identify moral problems, create moral possibiliies to solve problems, weigh all the different options, clearly state the problem and the solutions, be knowledgeable about all people and differing customs
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what are the four points of view when describing an ethical situation
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Social Scientist, Casuist, Moralist, and Ethical theorist
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What does a social scientist do
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describe how we actually behave
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How does a social scientist describe how we actually behave
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observe, study, report the fact, describes activity, may or may not draw a conclusion
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What does a casuist do
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advise, examine extenuating circumstance, and adjudicate
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What does a moralist do
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tells us what he/she thinks we ought to do and urges us to follow the right way, persuades, impart values to others, improve morality of people
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What does an ethical theorist do
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question systematically and examine critically the underlying principles of morality, establish norms for behavior (a regulatory), calls for examination of principles- deliberative
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What are the four aims of philosophical ethics
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clarity, comprehensive perspective, critical assessment, and moral guidance
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What is the main focus of Ancient Ethics
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to define the sort of life worth living
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What were the two positions society thought in ancient greece
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Relativism and Hedonism
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What is Relativism
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what a person or society believes may be true "only" for that person or society, denies any belief is true or false, each belief is correct for that person or society
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What is Hedonism
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the belief that pleasure is the "good", a person should approve any activity that gives him or her pleasure
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What is the Socratic Method
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asking questions
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What was one of Socrates famous teaching methods
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Made students come up with their own answers
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Who were the Sophists
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Relativist tutors who taught rhetoric, the power of persuasive speech
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Why was Socrates put to death
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he "corrupted" the youth of Athens
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Who was Socrates' prize student
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Plato
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What was the name of the school that Plato founded
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The Achademy
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What was the most famous dialogue that Plato wrote
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The Republic
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What is in The Republic
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the concept of justice, beliefs that there is an objectively correct answer to certain questions, the most important virtues a person could have is justice, justice has special balance, order, and harmony
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What is the Harmony
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the three classes of people: philosphers rule wisely, military defends the nation, artisan and farmers make goods and produce food
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What are virtues
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desirable behavior traits
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What is Plato's main position
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Man should live by reason
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What is the idea of Form of Good
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a concept too above man too understand and it is the balance of the soul's three elements
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What are the soul's three elements
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reasons, desire, and courage
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What does the Reason do
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guide spirited element and appetites- makes all other virtues possible
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What are the mind's three parts?
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Reason, spirited element, and appetites
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What is the dominant virtue of reason
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wisdom
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What does the Spirited Element do
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support reason in controlling appetites
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What is the dominant virtue of the Spirited Element
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courage
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what do the Appetites do
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maintain body by satisfying physical cravings
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What is the dominant virtue of the Appetites
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temperance
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What is the Doctrine of the Unity of the Virtues
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the belief that in an individiual sou/personality, harmony exists between a person's desires for things and satisfaction of fulfilling those desires
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What are the desires of an individual
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desire of reason for knowledge and orderliness, spirt for "self-defense", for bodily appetites
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What exists when wisdom, courage, and temperance are present in a man
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justice
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How do wrongdoings occur
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When reason and spirited element lose a struggle to appetites
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what is the worse vice
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ignorance
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What is the theory of Form
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All material things are imperfect expressions of perfect forms: entites exist in theory, perfection could not be reached in physical world, perfect form lies beyond our sense, square could be expressed perfectly as a mathematical formula, in physical world, impossible to make a perfect square
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Who was Aristotle a student of
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Plato
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Who did Aristotle tutor
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Alexander the Great
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What did Aristotle found
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Lycecum
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What are nicomachean ethics
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The first systematic treatment of ethics in Western civilization, manuscript focuses on the goal or purpose of human beings. Like Socrates and Plato, Aristotle emphasizes the supremacy of human beings' rational nature Differs from Plato - Aristotle does not believe Plato's theory of forms - there is a unity in forms
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What does Aristotle agree with Socrates and Plato
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he emphasizes the supremacy of human beings' rational nature
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How does Aristotle differ from Plato
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He does not believe in Plato's theory of forms- he believes there is a unity in forms
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What does Aristotle think that people ultimately desire
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neither wealth nor honor, to be self sufficient, always desirable, and attainable
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What do people really want, according to Aristotle
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happiness
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An activity of the soul in accordance with_____ depends on _________ and _______
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virtue, potentiality, actuality
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What is an acorns potentiality
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an oak tree
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What is the opposite of potentiality
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actuality
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How does a person actualize according to Aristotle
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by living a life of reason, one comes to the full realization of his or her own potentiality
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What are the two types of virtue according to Aristotle
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Moral and intellectual
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What are moral virtues
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courage, temperance, justice, generosity: products of habit which evolve in states of character, defined by limits, work within reason according to the golden mean
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What are intellectual virtues
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wisdom, intelligence, prudence; product of study and inquiry, unlimited- so more is better, contemplation of truths and discovery of principles, highest form of contemplation limited so only select get few happines
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According to The Doctrine of the Golden Mean, what is the true virtue in the range
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the virtue in the middle
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Who does the doctrine apply to
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any desirable quality of humans
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What is the Golden Mean
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what is morally reasonable
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What does a virtuous person do
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live according to reason, realizes his or her own potentiality
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How is Aristotle an Elitist
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he believed that contemplation is limited to a few of people, contemplation leads to the highest human happiness, while contemplation is limited to a select few, people at lower ranks of society can experience lesser types of happiness
