Ethics for CS;E – Flashcards
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Three important aids to manual calculating are.____, ____ and ____
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Abacus, math tables, clay tablets
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Demand for mechanical calculators increased tremendously in America in the late 19th Century due to the increase in size of_____
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Government agencies and corporations.
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The adoption of mechanical calculators in offices changed the profession of bookkeeping. Employers ----------- and --------------
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Employers lowered wages, and started hiring more women
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The invention of ------------------- addressed two challenges faced by department store owners in the late 19th century: creating detailed sales records and embezzlement by employees.
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Cash register
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Herman Hollerith invented --------------------------- to help the U.S. Bureau of the Census tally information about tens of millions of residents.
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Punch card tabulation
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A series of inventions led to the creation of the electronic digital computer shortly after this war: ---------------------------
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World War 2
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In the 1960s the invention of ---------------------------- allowed multiple people to interact more-or-less simultaneously with a single computer.
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Time sharing system
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In the first half of the 20th century, AT&T used vacuum tubes to construct amplifiers that made long distance telephone calls possible. AT&T funded research to develop a semiconductor replacement to the vacuum tube. The research resulted in the invention of the ------------
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Transistor 1948, bill shockley
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In 1957 eight key employees of Shockley Semiconductor left to form their own company. The company founded by "the traitorous eight" was ------------------------------
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Fairchild
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A single semiconductor device containing transistors, capacitors, and resistors is called --------------------------
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Integrated Circuit
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In 1964 IBM announced the System/360, a series of 19 compatible computers. What advantage do compatible computers have for a business wishing to upgrade its systems: ----------------------------------
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Used the same software
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An integrated circuit that can be programmed to perform a wide variety of tasks is called a ==================
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Microprocessor
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The development of the personal computer was influenced by the power-to-the-people, do-it-yourself movement around ------------------------------ in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
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Silicon Valley CA
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What two significant developments made personal computers more attractive to businesses in the late 1970s and early 1980s?
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Spreadsheets and IBM PC
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By 1870 fire alarm boxes were in use in 75 major cities in the United States. Which popular communications technology enabled the creation of these alarm boxes? ------------------------
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Telegraph
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Which device resulted in the creation of the first "on-line" communities? ==================
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Telephone
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Hypertext is a ------------------------ of nodes containing -------------------------
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Network of nodes containing information
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In January 1984 Apple Computer released the Macintosh. The Macintosh is notable because it was the first commodity personal computer with a -----------------------------------
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Graphical user interface
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The two most popular applications of the Internet are ------------- and ---------------
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Email and web
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Devices used in the creation, storage, manipulation, exchange, and dissemination of data, including text, sound, and images, fall into the category of --------------------------- technology.
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Information technology
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What is one definition of ethics. Ethics is the ------------------------- of morality.
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study
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Are Ethical choices people make voluntary or imposed?
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Voluntary
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The study of ethics dates back to the time of a Greek philosopher, who faced an unjust death penalty rather than take advantage of an opportunity to flee into exile with his family. Who is he?
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Socrates
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Which Ethical theory says that there are no universal moral norms of right and wrong?
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Relativism
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What is the difference between subjective and cultural Relativism?
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Subjective--the individual chooses his/her own definition of right/wrong, (what's right for me may be wrong for you) Relativism: right/wrong varies by society, not individual
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The theory that good actions are those aligned with the will of God is called ======================.
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Divine command theory
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The theory that each person should focus exclusively on the long term benefits to him/ herself is called ===================
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Ethical Egoism
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Kant's ------------------------ has two formulations: The first is that we should act only from moral rules that we can at the same time will to be universal moral laws. The second is that we should act so that we always treat ourselves and other people as ends in themselves, and never only as a means to an end.
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Kantianism Categorical Imperative, know parts a and b
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According to Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, an action is right (or wrong) to the extent that it increases (or decreases) ============================
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Happiness
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The theory that focuses on the consequences of an action is called ================
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Utilitarianism
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What name did Thomas Hobbes give to the ethical theory that says: Everyone living in a civilized society has implicitly agreed to two things: (1) establishment of rules (laws) to govern relations among citizens, and (2) a government capable of enforcing these rules?
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Social contract theory
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A negative right is a right that another person can guarantee by =====================
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Leaving you alone
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A positive right is a right that obligates others to ====================
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Do something for you
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What is the difference between an absolute right and a limited right? =======================
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In general, negative rights are absolutes, and positive rights are limited.
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What is the difference principle?
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To the benefit of the least advantaged
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A mature profession insists that its members complete an initial professional education. The process by which the profession assures that this formal course work meets its standards is called ------------------
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Accreditation
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The process by which candidates are evaluated to determine their readiness for a profession is called ---------- ----
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Certification
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Licensing gives the members of a profession the -------- right to practice the profession.
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Right
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The Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice was developed by the two largest organizations supporting the computing field: -------------------- and ------- ---------------
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IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY, and ACM(Association for computer and machinery)
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What is the stance of the ACM regarding the licensing of software engineers? -------------------------
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ACM WAS AGAINST LICENSING (not all states were)
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According to Aristotle, what sign shows that you have acquired a virtue? ---------------------------------
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DOING IT REPEATEDLY AND FEELING GOOD ABOUT IT
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The principles and clauses in the SE code of ethics address every ethical issue a software engineer may face. True or False
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False
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What is whistleblowing? What harms does it cause? What benefits does it provide?
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Disclosing information through unauthorized channels Public is benefitted The company is harmed by losing reputation The person/group tattled on gets harmed The whistleblower is harmed for going through wrong channels
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Roger Boisjoly was labeled a ---------------- because he provided a Presidential commission with documents about how the cold temperature had caused the failure of an Oring on the Space Shuttle Challenger.
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Whistleblower
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Responsibility assigned because of a person's assigned duties is called -------------- responsibility.
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Exclusive (others: causal, legal, moral responsibility)
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Michael McFarland argues that a team of engineers should be held to a higher level of moral responsibility than -------- -------------------------------
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Individuals
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The process giving someone the legal right to practice a profession is called:
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Licensing
