question

Common diagnosed STD in the US

answer

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

question

HPV is commonly associated with

answer

Genital warts and many different types of cancer

question

The STD sometimes referred to as the silent STD

answer

Chlamydia

question

Failure to seek treatment for a gonorrhea infection can result in complications including_____

answer

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), septicemia, and septic arthritis

question

Treatment of genital herpes is directed at_____

answer

Reducing the duration and frequency of outbreaks

question

Syphilis cure is____

answer

Course of antibiotics

question

Invasive cervical cancer is often considered

answer

A preventable disease

question

The pathologic outcomes of endometriosis includes________

answer

Functioning endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity

question

The diagnosis of PID may include

answer

Grams stain & sensitivity studies, laparoscopy, ultrasonography

question

The cause of toxic shock syndrome is thought to be_______

answer

Staphylococcal toxin found in superabsorbent tampon filters

question

Early diagnosis & prompt treatment of PID helps prevent complications including____

answer

Pelvic adhesions, increased risk of ectopic pregnancy, peritonitis and septicemia.

question

Symptoms & signs of toxemia in pregnancy, precelampsia and eclampsia include____

answer

Hypertension, edema, protein in the urine and convulsions

question

In pregnancy, when the placenta is implanted in the lower uterine segment and enroaches on the internal cervical os causing vaginal bleeding, the condition is called_______

answer

Placenta previa

question

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BHP) causes______

answer

Weak stream of urine with inability to empty the bladder.

question

Diagnostic evaluation for prostatic cancer includes____

answer

Rectal examination, blood testing for prostate-specific antigens (PSA), a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.

question

Hormone replacement therapy for post-menopause women is ____

answer

Highly individualized

question

The leading cause of death attributed to the female reproductive system is_____

answer

Ovarian cancer

question

The first sign of testicular cancer is _________

answer

Painless lump discovered in the testicle

question

Endometrial Cancer is ____________

answer

Primarily a disease of postmenopausal women, often due to high cumulative exposure to estrogen, may be detected on a routine Pap smear

question

Rectocele

answer

Protrusion of the rectum into the vagina

question

Cystocele

answer

Displacement of the UB into the vagina

question

Chancroid

answer

Bacterial ulceration of the genitalia

question

Mittelschmerz

answer

Pain that occurs at ovulation

question

Fibroadenoma

answer

benign and movable and firm and not tender tumor of the breast

question

Hydatidiform Mole

answer

molar pregnancy; ovum is fertilized but instead of producing an embryo, grape-like sacs develop

question

Hyperemesis gravidarum

answer

abnormal condition of pregnancy characterized by excessive vomiting, weight loss and dehydration

question

Dysmenorrhea

answer

painful menstruation

question

Dyspareunia

answer

Painful sexual intercourse

question

Epididymitis

answer

The inflammation of the epididymis, which is a long convoluted tube in the sperm duct system located in the testes

question

Epididymitis Symptoms and Signs

answer

Fever Dysuria Malaise Scrotal pain and discomfort that radiates into the groin Difficulty walking Epididymis may become enlarged, tender, or hard Prehn's sign

question

Epididymitis Causes

answer

STDs (gonorrhea and syphilis) Urinary tract infection Inflamed prostate (prostatitis)

question

Epididymitis Diagnosis

answer

Physical examination Urinalysis Urine cultures

question

Epididymitis Treatment

answer

Antibiotic therapy Analgesics (pain relief) Antiinflammatories Rest Avoidance of alcohol and spicy foods Scrotum support and elevation

question

Orchitis

answer

Orchitis is an infection of the testis causing: Swelling Tenderness Acute pain Fever Chills Nausea/vomiting General malaise

question

Orchitis Causes

answer

May be an infection from the mumps virus Can also be attributed to other viruses and bacteria May follow epididymitis May accompany the presence of an STD

question

Orchitis Treatment

answer

Antibiotic therapy (if infection is bacterial) Mumps virus has no specific treatment besides: Bed rest Adrenal steroid drugs (reduce fever and swelling in severe cases) Scrotum support

question

Torsion of the Testicle

answer

A condition where one testicle is twisted out of its normal position, causing a reduction in blood flow to the affected testicle The primary symptom is sudden, severe pain in one testicle The scrotum becomes red, swollen, and tender Fever and urinary frequency may occur

question

Torsion Diagnosis

answer

Patient history Gentle physical examination Ultrasound may be necessary to distinguish torsion from epididymitis

question

Torsion Treatment

answer

Gentle manipulation to untwist the testicle (detorsion) Surgery (bilateral orchiopexy) is required

question

Varicocele

answer

The veins of one testicle become abnormally distended, causing swelling around the testicle Symptoms Discomfort (especially in hot weather or following exercise) Possible lower sperm count

question

Varicocele Treatment

answer

Use of scrotal support Surgery may be indicated to remove distended veins if fertility is threatened

question

Prostatitis

answer

Acute or chronic inflammation of the prostate gland Infection (bacterial or nonbacterial) is the most likely cause

question

Prostatitis Symptoms

answer

Pain or burning sensation during urination Lower back pain Perineal pain Fever Muscular pain and tenderness Frequent urination Blood in urine possible

question

Prostatitis Treatment

answer

Antimicrobial penicillin and other antibiotics Sitz baths Rest Increase fluid intake Analgesics (for pain) Antiinflammatories

question

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

answer

A nonmalignant, noninflammatory enlargement of the prostate gland Symptoms May compress urethra and cause urinary blockage Difficulty starting urination Weak urinary stream Inability to empty bladder

question

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Treatment

answer

Watchful waiting Control fluid intake before bedtime Avoid medications that cause urinary retention (decongestants) Drug therapy (to relax tightened muscles inside the prostate or shrink enlarged prostate gland) Surgery may be performed to remove urinary tract obstruction

question

Prostate Cancer

answer

Malignancy of the prostate gland Risk factors Age (most cases occur in men over age 45) Heredity (presence of certain genes) Lifestyle (diet high in animal fat, low in vegetables and selenium) Ethnicity (more common in African-Americans)

question

Prostate Cancer

answer

Symptoms Weak or interrupted urine flow Frequent urination Urinary retention Blood in urine Erectile dysfunction

question

Prostate Cancer Diagnosis

answer

Digital rectal exam Blood test to determine level of prostate specific antigen (PSA) Biopsy (indicated if PSA level is 10 ng/ml)

question

Prostate Cancer Treatment

answer

Type of treatment depends on several factors: PSA level Age Stage of disease Physical condition of patient Treatment Options Radical resection of the prostate Hormone therapy (for metastatic prostate cancer) Radiation therapy Chemotherapy No intervention (for men 70 years or older or who have other coexisting illnesses) or active surveillance

question

Prostate Cancer Prevention

answer

Prevention Annual screening for all men 50 years of age or older, which consists of: Digital rectal exams Serum PSA test If either test is positive, transrectal ultrasound biopsy is performed

question

Testicular Cancer

answer

Malignant tumor of the testis Symptoms Nodule on or swelling of one testicle Dull ache or heavy sensation in abdomen Advanced disease symptoms: Lower extremity swelling Enlarged lymph nodes Anorexia Bone pain

question

Testicular Cancer Risk Factors

answer

Family history of testicular cancer A testicle that has not descended into the scrotum Infertility HIV infection

question

Testicular Cancer Diagnosis

answer

Physical examination of the testes to detect possible nodes Suspected testicular cancer may be followed by: Scrotal ultrasound CT scan of abdomen and pelvis Chest x-ray Blood tests

question

Testicular Cancer Treatment

answer

Chemotherapy Surgical resection Radiation therapy

question

Testicular Cancer Prevention

answer

Monthly testicular self-exam is the most reliable screening method Enhances body awareness (allows males to assess the normal size and shape of testicles) Enables early detection of abnormalities

question

Female Reproductive Diseases

answer

The female reproductive organs are susceptible to disease in two distinct ways: Microorganisms can invade the organs, allowing infections to develop Tumors (both benign and malignant) and cysts can develop

question

Premenstrual Syndrome

answer

A cluster of physical and emotional symptoms that appear shortly after ovulation and subside with the onset of menstruation or shortly thereafter

question

Premenstrual Syndrome Common Symptoms

answer

Anxiety Anger Sadness Food cravings Fatigue Breast tenderness Irritability Some women also experience: Edema Bloated feeling Abdominal pain

question

Premenstrual Syndrome Treatment

answer

Directed toward the relief of symptoms Reduce dietary intake of sodium Moderate exercise Mild analgesics Diuretics Emotional support Antidepressant medication or hormone therapy, especially for PMDD Increase calcium intake

question

Amenorrhea

answer

The absence of menstrual periods Two classifications: Primary: if menstruation has not occurred by age 16 Secondary: no menses after a woman has been having menstrual cycles

question

Causes of Primary Amenorrhea

answer

Late onset of puberty Abnormalities of the reproductive system Hormonal imbalances

question

Causes of Secondary Amenorrhea

answer

Hormone-related issues such as: Pregnancy Emotional factors Illness (anorexia, malnutrition, sudden weight gain or loss) Pituitary tumors Thyroid disease Excessive athletic training

question

Amenorrhea Diagnosis

answer

Physical examination that includes: Pelvic exam (rules out physical abnormalities and pregnancy) Blood tests (detects hormone problems) Urine samples (detects hormone problems) Radiographic studies (detects tumors)

question

Treatment of Primary or Secondary Amenorrhea

answer

Treat underlying condition if possible Contraceptive hormones or cyclic progesterone May require long-term hormone therapy

question

Dysmenorrhea

answer

Pain associated with menstruation Two classifications for cause: Primary Results from normal hormonal changes (not considered a pathologic disorder) Secondary Usually caused by underlying disorder or disease (pelvic infections, fibroids, endometriosis, etc.)

question

Dysmenorrhea Symptoms

answer

Pain or cramping shortly before or after the onset of menstrual flow Pain in the uterine area, lower pelvis that may radiate to thighs and buttocks Painful bowel or bladder function Symptoms usually abate by the end of menstruation

question

Dysmenorrhea Treatment

answer

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (prescription or OTC) for pain relief Heating pad for abdominal pain Hormonal therapy or surgery may be necessary if endometriosis, fibroids, or cervical abnormalities are present

question

Ovarian Cysts

answer

Fluid-filled semisolid or solid masses that originate within ovaries Two types: Physiologic cysts (those caused by normal functioning of the ovary) Neoplastic cysts (benign or malignant and not related to normal functioning)

question

Ovarian Cysts Symptoms

answer

Most are small and unnoticed by the patient Large cysts can cause urinary retention If cyst produces hormones various symptoms result Cysts may twist on themselves causing pain, nausea, and vomiting

question

Ovarian Cysts Treatment

answer

Small cysts are common and seldom require treatment Large cysts can be drained or removed

question

Endometriosis

answer

A condition in which the endometrial tissue implants outside the uterus in the pelvic cavity or in other distant sites

question

Endometriosis Symptoms

answer

Secondary dysmenorrhea is a classic symptom Constant pain and cramping in lower abdomen beginning before and lasting several days after menstruation Infertility Pelvic pain during intercourse Pain during defecation

question

Endometriosis Risk Factors

answer

The thickening and bleeding in these unnatural areas (and the resulting cysts, scar tissue, and adhesions) are the cause of pain and discomfort Risk factors include: Family history of the disease Menstrual cycles shorter than 28 days Uterine structural abnormalities Periods lasting longer than a week

question

Endometriosis Treatment

answer

Hormone treatment for younger patients Pregnancy, nursing, and menopause usually bring a remission of symptoms Surgery to remove or destroy endometrial growth Total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy may be indicated in severe cases

question

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

answer

An infection of a women's pelvis Is self limiting to life-threatening

question

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Symptoms

answer

Fever Chills Malaise Foul-smelling vaginal discharge Backache Painful, tender abdomen

question

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Diagnosis

answer

There is tenderness during vaginal exam Signs include elevated WBC and fever Ultrasonography may be used to identify abscess formation Laparoscopy is helpful to confirm diagnosis

question

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Treatment

answer

Aggressive antibiotic therapy to treat disease and help prevent complications Analgesics Bed rest Without effective treatment, serious and life-threatening complications can develop

question

Uterine Leiomyomas (Fibroids)

answer

Leiomyomas are benign tumors of the smooth muscle within the uterus

question

Uterine Leiomyomas (Fibroids) Symptoms

answer

Most do not cause any symptoms If present, they often include: Heavy and prolonged periods Pelvic pain and pressure Constipation Frequent urination Abnormal bleeding

question

Uterine Leiomyomas (Fibroids) Treatment

answer

Depends on: Severity of symptom Age of patient Desire to bear children Treatment Options Surgery to remove tumors (childbearing age) Hysterectomy (if bleeding continues) Ultrasound ablation Uterine artery embolization

question

Vaginitis

answer

Inflammation and/or infection of the vaginal tissues Fungal infection most common cause; or may be bacterial or protozoan Cervical infections may be mistaken for vaginitis Postmenopausal women are also at greater risk

question

Vaginitis Symptoms

answer

Vaginal discharge Itching/burning sensation of the vulva Fever may be present

question

Vaginitis Treatment

answer

Hormone therapy Antibiotic therapy Vaginal antifungal/steroid cream If vaginitis is contracted by sexual contact, both partners must be treated

question

Toxic Shock Syndrome

answer

An acute, systemic infection that has been associated with menstruating females who use vaginal tampons

question

Toxic Shock Syndrome Cause

answer

Fibers of super-absorbent tampon create an ideal environment for bacteria to produce toxins Staphylococcal infection is responsible for TSS Can also occur in women using contraceptive sponges or diaphragms

question

Toxic Shock Syndrome Symptoms

answer

Sudden onset of high fever Headache Sore throat Rash Low blood pressure (hypotension) Shock

question

Toxic Shock Syndrome Treatment

answer

Replacement of fluids to counteract shock Antibiotic therapy Without prompt treatment, condition can result in neurologic, renal, and respiratory complications and death

question

Menopause

answer

Represents the cessation of menstrual periods Menstruation discontinues due to ovaries producing less estrogen, which inhibits ovulation Changes in pituitary hormone levels bring physical and psychological changes

question

Menopause Symptoms

answer

Fluctuations in menstrual cycle Periods become lighter and less frequent Hot flashes/night sweats Vaginal dryness/skin changes

question

Menopause Treatment

answer

Consists of management of symptoms Recent research links HRT with increased rates of: Breast cancer Heart disease Stroke Blood clots

question

Menopause Alternate symptom management is suggested

answer

Consumption of soy products to replace missing hormones (high in isoflavones) Medications to strengthen bones, lower cholesterol, and help relieve vaginal dryness

question

Uterine Prolapse

answer

Prolapse of the uterus is a downward displacement of the uterus from its normal location in the body The uterus becomes prolapsed when the pelvic floor muscles and ligaments become extremely overstretched or weakened

question

Uterine Prolapse Treatment

answer

Kegel exercise to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles Weight loss High-fiber diet Insertion of supportive uterine device (pessary) Surgery (for serious prolapse)

question

Rectocele

answer

Protrusion of the rectum into the posterior portion of the vagina Occurs when the posterior wall of the vagina is weakened Could result from trauma to the area during childbirth

question

Rectocele Symptoms

answer

A bearing-down feeling Constipation Incontinence of gas/feces Difficulty with eliminating feces

question

Rectocele Treatment

answer

Surgical repair of the posterior wall of the vagina Prognosis is good with surgical repair

question

Cervical Cancer

answer

Malignant cell growth that is located in the cervix region Most cervical cancers are squamous cell carcinomas and occur in the area between the uterus and vagina

question

Cervical Cancer Symptoms

answer

Abnormal Pap smear test result Watery, bloody vaginal discharge Bleeding between menstrual periods and/or after intercourse or after menopause

question

Cervical Cancer Advanced Stage Symptoms

answer

Pelvic and lower back pain Blood in urine Painful urination Rectal bleeding

question

Cervical Cancer Risk Factors

answer

Not having routine Pap smears Exposure to human papillomavirus (HPV), most often through unprotected sexual contact Smoking Low socioeconomic status

question

Cervical Cancer Treatment

answer

Early stage: Laser therapy Cryoablation (removal by freezing) Electrocoagulation (high-frequency electric current that destroys tissue) Later stage: The above plus radiation therapy and chemotherapy

question

Cervical Cancer Prevention

answer

Primary prevention is vaccination against HPV Sexually active women should obtain annual Pap smear and pelvic examination After three consecutive normal Pap smears, screening can be less frequent as determined by doctor

question

HPV Vaccine and Cervical Cancer

answer

The HPV vaccine is now recommended for girls between 11 and 12 years of age The vaccine can be given to those as young as 9 years of age, and as a catch-up vaccination for those between 13 and 26 years of age The HPV vaccine has recently been approved for use in males

question

Vaginal Cancer

answer

Malignancy found typically on the vaginal wall Vaginal cancer is rare and thought to be related to: HPV infection Prior history of gynecological malignancy Advanced age Multiple lifetime sexual partners Early age at first intercourse Cigarette smoking

question

Vaginal Cancer Symptoms

answer

Vaginal bleeding following sex or postmenopausal Foul-smelling or watery vaginal discharge Painful urination Constipation Black, tarry stool Vaginal mass

question

Vaginal Cancer Treatment

answer

Surgery: usually includes: Hysterectomy Partial or complete removal of vagina Partial or complete removal of lymph glands in the pelvic region Radiotherapy (may be used with surgery or may be sufficient alone to treat early-stage vaginal cancers)

question

Vaginal Cancer Prevention

answer

Regular Pap smears Using barrier contraceptives Limiting the number of sexual partners

question

Labial or Vulvar Cancer

answer

Malignancy of the area external to the female genitalia (vulva) which includes the labium (any of four folds of tissue on the outer portion)

question

Labial or Vulvar Cancer Symptoms

answer

Presence of a nodule or ulcer on: Labia major and/or labia minor Clitoris Vulvar bleeding Discharge Painful urination Enlarged lymph node in the groin

question

Labial or Vulvar Cancer Risk Factors

answer

Cigarette smoking Presence of HPV, HIV, or herpes simplex virus type 2 Prior history of cervical, endometrial, or breast cancer Northern European ancestry

question

Labial or Vulvar Cancer Diagnosis

answer

Requires excision biopsy of lesion Examination of regional lymph nodes is mandatory to determine whether tumor has metastasized and may also include other tests to examine related areas

question

Labial or Vulvar Cancer Treatment

answer

Surgical removal of the growth and surrounding skin, or complete or partial removal of the vulva itself (vulvectomy) Radiation and chemotherapy may be used in combination with surgery for advanced-stage cancer

question

Ovarian Cancer

answer

Malignancy of one or both ovaries Ovarian cancer accounts for more deaths than any other gynecological malignancy, because ovaries are located deep within the pelvis and disease is often asymptomatic until the advanced stage

question

Ovarian Cancer Symptoms

answer

Enlargement of abdomen caused by accumulated fluid Lower abdominal discomfort Lower back pain Irregular menstrual cycles Frequent urination Painful intercourse Persistent, vague digestive disturbance

question

Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors

answer

Age (most diagnosed between ages of 40 and 65) History of breast or ovarian cancer Factors that May Reduce Risk Pregnancy Breast-feeding Prolonged use of oral contraceptives Tubal ligation

question

Ovarian Cancer Diagnosis

answer

Sometimes, but rarely, mass is discovered during routine pelvic exam Laparotomy is indicated once mass is found to confirm diagnosis Abdominal or pelvic CT scans may be used to identify degree of metastasis

question

Ovarian Cancer Treatment

answer

Early stage Removal of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus Advanced stage Removal of the above organs in combination with chemotherapy

question

Endometrial Cancer

answer

Malignancy of the lining of the uterus Most common gynecological malignancy

question

Endometrial Cancer Symptoms

answer

Abnormal uterine bleeding at the onset of or following menopause Abdominal pain (in advanced stage)

question

Endometrial Cancer Diagnosis

answer

Endometrial biopsy Dilation and curettage (usually performed when biopsy is inconclusive) Transvaginal ultrasound

question

Endometrial Cancer Treatment

answer

Early stage: Surgery Advanced stage: Radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy

question

Condition and Complications of Pregnancy

answer

Complications in pregnancy can arise at any point in the gestational period This further emphasizes the need for early and continual prenatal care and patient education

question

Morning Sickness

answer

Temporary nausea and vomiting experienced with the onset of pregnancy through the12th to 16th week Generally occurs during the day, with only 2% of women experiencing true "morning" symptoms Weight loss greater than 10%, dark urine, and severe vomiting require complete medical evaluation

question

Morning Sickness Cause

answer

Elevated: Estrogen hCG levels (hormone produced early in pregnancy by the placenta) Emotions may also trigger episodes

question

Morning Sickness Treatment

answer

Eating smaller amounts of food and simple hydration Rest, ginger, wrist bands, and vitamins B6 and B1 may help

question

Hyperemesis Gravidarum

answer

Severe nausea and excessive vomiting that cause starvation during pregnancy The severity of episodes causes: Weight loss greater than 10% Dehydration Fluid and electrolyte imbalance

question

Hyperemesis Gravidarum Treatment

answer

Hospitalization (in severe cases) Intravenous fluids and electrolyte replacement IV antiemetics

question

Spontaneous Abortion (Miscarriage)

answer

Naturally occurring loss of a fetus before the 20th week of pregnancy About 10 to 15% of all pregnancies terminate in spontaneous abortion Majority are the result of a fetus with abnormal chromosomes

question

Spontaneous Abortion (Miscarriage) Symptoms

answer

Presents with vaginal bleeding Cramping pelvic pain Positive pregnancy test Possible shock (pulse rate increases/blood pressure decreases)

question

Spontaneous Abortion (Miscarriage) Treatment

answer

If bleeding is not severe, the mother is treated conservatively, allowing the products of conception to pass on their own Severe bleeding or partial expulsion of the contents of the uterus requires surgical intervention (D&C)

question

Ectopic Pregnancy

answer

Occurs when the fertilized ovum implants and grows in a structure outside the uterus, most often the fallopian tube Can develop when the fertilized ovum is unable to enter the uterus and is unable to implant and grow

question

Ectopic Pregnancy Symptoms

answer

Sudden onset of severe lower abdominal pain Evidence of vaginal bleeding No pain or pain on one side Positive pregnancy test Possible shock and death

question

Ectopic Pregnancy Treatment

answer

Laparoscopic surgery to terminate the pregnancy and remove the fetus and placenta Replace lost blood Methotrexate (instead of surgery) may be used to terminate ectopic pregnancy that has not ruptured

question

Premature Labor

answer

Premature labor occurs before the 37th week of gestation (late second or early third trimester), or before the fetus has reached a viable weight Symptoms Contractions with cervical change Increased vaginal discharge

question

Premature Labor Predisposing Conditions

answer

Maternal infection Uterine abnormalities Uterine fibroids Incompetent cervix Certain risk factors Maternal age Gum disease Infection

question

Premature Labor No effective treatment

answer

Medical management includes drug therapy Monitoring Patient Fetal heart Fetal movement

question

Preeclampsia (Toxemia) and Eclampsia

answer

Preeclampsia is a serious disease characterized by: Hypertension Edema (in some cases) Proteinuria (protein in urine)

question

Preeclampsia (Toxemia) and Eclampsia

answer

Eclampsia is characterized by: Grand mal seizure in a patient with preeclampsia

question

Preeclampsia (Toxemia) and Eclampsia Symptoms

answer

Preeclampsia Sudden weight gain Edema (primarily in face, hands, and feet) Headaches Epigastric pain Blood pressure greater than 140/90 Visual disturbances Elevated protein in urine Clonus

question

Eclampsia Causes

answer

Unknown More common in first pregnancy Improves after placenta is delivered

question

Abruptio Placentae

answer

The premature detachment of a normally positioned placenta occurring during pregnancy When the placenta separates from the uterine wall too early during pregnancy, it causes the mother to hemorrhage and causes fetal distress

question

Abruptio Placentae Symptoms

answer

Variable bleeding to hemorrhage Painful contractions Abdominal pain Fetal distress Fetal heart rate abnormalities Fetal death

question

Abruptio Placentae Cause

answer

In many cases cause is unknown Trauma, infection, maternal vascular disease and multiple gestation are predisposing factors Women with preeclampsia or who use cocaine are at higher risk

question

Abruptio Placentae Treatment

answer

Hospitalization Bed rest Labor may be induced if near term or bleeding is excessive Immediate surgical delivery if fetal heart rate declines or maternal shock is indicated Blood replacement may also be needed

question

Placenta Previa

answer

Condition in which the placenta that is implanted in the lower uterine segment encroaches on the internal cervical opening, causing bleeding

question

Placenta Previa Symptoms

answer

Painless, bright vaginal bleeding Abdomen is soft and not tender Vital signs may indicate shock Fetal blood supply may be compromised Prior cesarean delivery and multiple gestation increase risk

question

Placenta Previa Treatment

answer

Many times in a known previa, the women may continue daily activities if no bleeding If bleeding is significant, close observation and monitoring in a hospital setting may be required Immediate cesarean section is warranted with massive hemorrhage or fetal or maternal compromise Even with a viable fetus, vaginal delivery is not allowed in placenta previa In most cases the outcomes are excellent

question

Hydatidiform Mole

answer

An intrauterine tumorous growth that results from a genetic anomaly during fertilization The patient experiences symptoms that mimic pregnancy but usually no fetus develops What does develop is a mass of clear grapelike vesicles

question

Hydatidiform Mole Symptoms

answer

Abnormalities noted on ultrasound Uterus increases in size disproportionately to gestational age Nausea and vomiting Greatly elevated hCG levels

question

Hydatidiform Mole Treatment

answer

Surgical intervention (D&C) Observation for hemorrhage If mole is found to be cancerous, patient may receive chemotherapy

question

Diseases of the Breast

answer

Diseases of the breast can range from mild to fatal and necessitate frequent screening, monthly self-examinations, and routine mammograms Although most diseases of the breast are more common in women, men do experience diseases of the breast

question

Fibrocystic Breast Condition

answer

Common, benign breast disorder where lumps and cysts develop in one or both breasts The most common female breast disease The breasts are tender when pressure is applied and some women may experience shooting pains in the breast tissue

question

Fibrocystic Breast Condition Diagnosis

answer

Physical examination Mammogram Ultrasonography may be used to determine whether lump is hollow or solid

question

Fibrocystic Breast Condition Treatment

answer

The goal of treatment is to relieve breast pain and correct menstrual irregularity Some physicians remove fluid (aspirate) from the cysts with a needle Other recommendations: Wearing a firm, supporting bra Avoiding caffeine Avoiding smoking

question

Mastitis

answer

Inflammation of the breast tissue that occurs during lactation following birth Often caused by a strep or staph infection that invades the milk ducts and creates inflammation and blockage Milk stagnates due to blockage and produces a dull pain

question

Mastitis Symptoms

answer

found in breast post delivery: Sudden pain Redness Sensation of heat (at either beginning or end of lactation period) Feels hot, doughy, and tough Discharge from nipple

question

Mastitis Treatment

answer

Firm, supportive bra Heat applied to the painful area Progesterone cream Antibiotics Rest Analgesics Warm soaks

question

Fibroadenoma of the Breast

answer

Non-tender benign tumor of the breast tissue that is firm, round, and encapsulated Occurs often in adolescence and young women, with the peak incidence at 30 to 35 years of age Tumors are hormonally responsive, growing in size during menstruation or during pregnancy

question

Fibroadenoma of the Breast Treatment

answer

Surgical removal of the tumor under local anesthesia

question

Cancer of the Breast

answer

Malignancy of the breast tissue The most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death among women

question

Cancer of the Breast Symptoms

answer

Lump Swelling Tenderness of breast Irritation or dimpling of breast skin Pain, ulceration, or retraction of nipple Asymmetrical appearance

question

Cancer of the Breast Risk Factors

answer

Increased age Female (100 times more frequent in women than men) Prolonged exposure to endogenous (from within) estrogen Long-term use (>5 years) of estrogen/progesterone hormone replacement therapy Prior history of breast cancer Alcohol usage

question

Cancer of the Breast Diagnosis

answer

90% of cases are diagnosed through abnormal mammogram findings Remainder detected by physical examination

question

Cancer of the Breast

answer

If warranted, the following may also be used to confirm or clarify diagnosis: Biopsy Ultrasound MRI (contrast-enhanced) Blood tests Chest x-ray CT scan of the abdomen, pelvis, and bone

question

Cancer of the Breast Treatment Options

answer

Lumpectomy (removal of tumor and some surrounding tissue) Mastectomy (removal of breast and nearby lymph modes) Radiation therapy Hormone therapy Chemotherapy

question

Cancer of the Breast Lifestyle factors that may reduce risk

answer

Having a baby before the age of 25 Breast-feeding for at least 6 months Avoiding weight gain Limiting alcohol consumption Taking tamoxifen or reloxifene for 5 years Regular mammogram screening Women should report any changes in their breasts to their health care provider

question

Paget's Disease of the Breast

answer

A breast lesion on the nipple that signifies the presence of malignant cells Advanced disease symptoms include: Crusting, serum, or bloody discharge from the nipple Nipple retraction

question

Paget's Disease of the Breast Treatment

answer

Past conventional treatment has been a simple mastectomy, but breast-saving procedures are used with Paget's disease Whole breast irradiation may be performed in addition to surgery

question

The Normally Functioning Reproductive Systems

answer

The human reproductive system is classified into two groups: Gonads: produce germ cells and hormones Testes (males) Ovaries (females) Ducts: transport germs cells

question

The Normally Functioning Reproductive Systems

answer

Both the male and female reproductive systems are vulnerable to a number of diseases or dysfunctions The origin of these conditions may be: Functional Structural Emotional

question

Risk Factors for Sexually Transmitted Diseases

answer

A person is at greater risk for getting an STD if he or she: Has sex without knowledge of partner's history Shares drug-related needles Has sex at an early age and/or with multiple partners Is a man who has sex with other men Has skin contact with an STD-infected wound

question

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

answer

More than 20 infectious diseases are spread by sexual contact Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are spread from one person to another through bodily fluids (blood, semen, vaginal secretions) during vaginal, anal, or oral sex Some spread by direct contact with infected skin

question

Chlamydia

answer

One of the most frequently reported infectious diseases in the United States More common than gonorrhea and the leading cause of pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility in women Sometimes called the silent STD because it often has no symptoms before dangerous complications start

question

Chlamydia Symptoms

answer

when symptoms are present they are evidenced in both females and males and include: Females Odorless yellow vaginal discharge with burning sensation Itching Abdominal pain Pain during intercourse (dyspareunia)

question

Chlamydia Males

answer

Discharge from penis with burning sensation Itching Burning sensation when urinating Scrotum may be swollen Left untreated can result in infertility

question

Chlamydia Treatment

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Antibiotic therapy is given to both partners Initially: a single injection Followed by: oral antibiotics Severe cases may require IV antibiotics Patients are encouraged to abstain from intercourse until both partners are cured

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Gonorrhea

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A common STD with symptoms similar to chlamydia Additional symptoms: A discharge of pus from the genital tract in both males and females Difficult or painful urination Symptoms vary in severity

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Gonorrhea Treatment

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Antibiotic therapy for both partners Because many strains of the bacteria that cause gonorrhea have become resistant to standard antibiotic therapy (tetracycline and penicillin), follow-up cultures are routinely ordered to ensure a complete cure

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Gonorrhea Neglecting Treatment

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can lead to the following complications: Pelvic inflammatory disease Salpingitis (inflammation or infection of fallopian tubes) Blood poisoning (septicemia) Septic arthritis

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Trichomoniasis

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Infection of the lower genitourinary tract Affects about 15% of sexually active people Most infected men and women are without symptoms

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Trichomoniasis Symptoms

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When symptoms are present they are evidenced in both females and males and include: Difficult or painful urination Itching Women: profuse greenish yellow discharge from the vagina

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Trichomoniasis Diagnosis

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Discharge from either the male or female is typically studied for the microorganism responsible Urinalysis may be performed Cervix may also be examined for the presence of small hemorrhages with a strawberry-like appearance

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Trichomoniasis Treatment

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Antiinfective drugs given orally or in some cases vaginally (alcohol consumption is contraindicated while taking the drugs) Follow-up examinations to ensure the infection has been eliminated

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Genital Herpes

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Infection of the skin in the genital area resulting in painful genital sores Spread by direct skin-to-skin contact Caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) Large percentage of infections go unnoticed

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Genital Herpes Symptoms

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One or more blister like lesions on or around the genitals or anus Swollen glands Fever Headache Painful urination

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Genital Herpes Diagnosis

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Presence of characteristic lesions on the male or female genitalia An antigen test or tissue culture may confirm the diagnosis

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Genital Herpes Treatment

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No cure Prescription drugs routinely used to reduce frequency/duration of outbreaks Women with genital herpes are at increased risk for cervical cancer and are encouraged to obtain a Pap smear every 6 months for screening NOTE: Health care workers must protect themselves from exposure to oral or genital secretions, which can cause a painful infection of the fingers

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Genital Warts (Condylomata Acuminata)

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A genital infection that causes raised cauliflower-like growths in or near the vagina or rectum or along the penis Warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) and are usually transmitted through sexual contact

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Genital Warts Symptoms

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Possible itching or burning Discomfort varies by size, number, and location Added risk factor: women with HPV infection are at greater risk for cervical cancer

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Genital Warts (Condylomata Acuminata) Treatment

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Topical drug therapy Surgical procedures Cryosurgery: freezing and removing affected tissue Electrodesiccation: removing warts using lasers Some genital warts disappear without treatment

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Syphilis

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A chronic, sexually transmitted infection that can affect the entire body if left untreated

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Syphilis Symptoms

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Symptoms manifest in four stages: Presence of a painless but highly contagious local lesion called a chancre (pronounced "shang-ker") found on the genitalia Within 1 to 2 months, the primary lesion heals, but the infection spreads throughout the body and can cause similar lesions anywhere

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Syphilis Symptom Stages

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The infection begins spreading systemically throughout the body and may present with: Fever Headache Aching joints Mouth sores Rashes on palms or soles of feet

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Syphilis Symptom Stages

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A latent period follows where the infection is without symptoms but can be transmitted in the first few years of this stage This stage can last from 1 to 40 years and varies by person

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Syphilis Symptom Stages

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In the final stage, lesions (called gummas) invade the body organs and systems and cause widespread damage that can be disabling and life-threatening

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Syphilis Symptom Treatment

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Can be cured with a course of antibiotic therapy using penicillin G Patients are monitored with follow-up blood tests for up to 1 year to ensure elimination of infection

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Chancroid

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A bacterial infection of the genitalia that causes a shallow and painless lesion on the skin or mucous membrane that appears 7 to 10 days after sexual contact with an infected person Symptoms Over time, ulcer usually deepens and oozes pus

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Chancroid Treatment

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Antibiotic therapy Lesions must sometimes be drained surgically Good personal hygiene Refrain from sexual contact during treatment

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Sexual Dysfunction

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The abnormal or impaired function of sexual behavior resulting from physical and/or mental imbalances in the system

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Erectile Dysfunction/Impotence

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Description The inability of a man to perform sexual intercourse, usually because he is unable to attain or maintain an erection of the penis

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Erectile Dysfunction/ Physical Medical Conditions

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Diabetes mellitus Heart disease High cholesterol Hypertension Nerve disorders arising from: Prostate surgery Trauma

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Erectile Dysfunction/Impotence Psychological Causes

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Depression Unconscious guilt Sexual trauma Discordant relationships Anxiety about sex Chronic fatigue Stress

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Erectile Dysfunction Other Causes

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Medications used to treat hypertension and depression Alcohol Recreational drugs Antihistamines Diuretics

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Erectile Dysfunction Diagnosis

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Physical examination Lab tests to rule out organic disease Measurement of testosterone level Medical history of patient and family: Any chronic disease such as diabetes, hypertension heart disease, renal or vascular problems, etc. Lifestyle habits such as smoking, alcohol use, stress levels, and degree of sexual activity

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Erectile Dysfunction Treatment

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Change or discontinue medications Testosterone therapy Psychological counseling Penile implants/injection therapy External vacuum therapy Oral drug therapy

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Male and Female Infertility

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The involuntary inability to conceive With regular unprotected intercourse, about 90% of couples conceive within 1 year Of those unable: approximately 40% can be attributed to male factors, 40% more to female factors, and less than 10% unknown

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Male and Female Infertility Causes: Male

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Insufficient number of sperm Inadequate motility (movement) of sperm Presence of an STD or any infection or blockage Other physical conditions (genetic disorders) or injuries (radiation exposure, hormonal imbalances) that may result in sterility

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Male and Female Infertility Causes: Female

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STD or infection of the reproductive system Failure to ovulate Endometriosis Blocked fallopian tubes Congenital structural or chromosomal disorders Scar tissue from infection, ectopic pregnancy, or surgery Psychological distress

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Male and Female Infertility Diagnosis: Males

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Medical history with special attention to childhood diseases Thorough physical exam Semen analysis

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Male and Female Infertility Diagnosis: Females

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Charting of menstrual cycle Blood tests to asses hormone levels Visual examination of fallopian tubes and uterine cavity using radiography to determine tubal patency Laparoscopy may be necessary to rule out endometriosis

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Male and Female Infertility Treatment

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Varies based on diagnosed problem, but commonly includes: Infection control Surgery to remove blockage Use of fertility drugs Artificial insemination Intrauterine insemination (IUI) In vitro fertilization (IVF)

Essentials of Human Disease, ch 12 – Flashcards

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