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Social Learning Theories emerged out of

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the behavior and learning tradition.

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reflect careful scientific procedures and methodology that characterizes the behaviorist approach.

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social learning theories

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Who did not quite agree that one's environment caused one's behavior?

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Bandura

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Whose Social Learning Theory is probably the most influential Social Learning Theory?

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albert bandura

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Bandura's view of personality is an _______________perspective.

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agentic

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agentic

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people are agents or originators of experience

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what is the ability to act and make things happen?

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Human agency

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Who believes that human agency is the essence of humanness?

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bandura

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BANDURA'S AGENTIC PERSPECTIVE

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People are producers and products of their environment.

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BANDURA'S AGENTIC PERSPECTIVE

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People have capacities that influence behavior and provide some measure of control over it

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BANDURA'S AGENTIC PERSPECTIVE

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To be an agent is to influence intentionally one's functioning and life circumstances.

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human angency entails

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intentionality: enables purposeful behavior forethought: permits anticipation of outcomes self-reactiveness: allows motivation and regulation of actions self-reflectiveness: gives the ability to reflect on our thoughts and behavior and make changes as needed

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focuses on the social and cognitive aspects of human development.

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bandura

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The ________ self develops through experiences with the environment

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agentic

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Personal determinants

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individual factors such as beliefs and expectations

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Environmental determinants

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external stimuli

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Behavioral determinants

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our behavior can change the environment

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TRIADIC RECIPROCAL CAUSATION

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there's a reciprocal interaction among all three factors

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interaction

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Different people choose different environments Our personality shapes how we react to events and how we interpret them Our personalities help create situations to which we react

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a group of cognitive processes & structures by which we relate to our environment and help shape our behavior.

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the self

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Observational Learning

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learning by observation

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occurs intentionally or accidentally. Example - language learning

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observational learning

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New behaviors can be learned through

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observation

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modeling

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matching the structure or style of the behavior

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imitation

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mimicking the model

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Bandura emphasizes __________ rather than imitation

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modeling

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Bandura's most famous study

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bobo doll

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bobo doll study

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Demonstrated that aggressive behavior is learned by observation.

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factors that influence modeling

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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MODEL ATTRIBUTES OF THE OBSERVER REWARD CONSEQUENCES ASSOCIATED WITH A BEHAVIOR

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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MODEL

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More likely influenced by someone similar to ourselves Simpler behaviors are more easily modeled Certain behaviors are mores easily modeled Hostile and aggressive behaviors are more easily learned

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ATTRIBUTES OF THE OBSERVER

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People who lack self-esteem will easier follow a behavior People who are incompetent will follow a behavior Highly dependent individuals will conform to a behavior

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REWARD CONSEQUENCES ASSOCIATED WITH A BEHAVIOR

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People are more likely to model a behavior if they believe such actions will lead to positive results.

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Four processes that influence development of observational learning:

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Attentional processes Retention processes Motor production processes Motivational processes

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ATTENTIONAL PROCESSES:

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Characteristics of the model Nature of the activity Nature of the subject

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RETENTION PROCESSES

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Must retain observed behavior to use later if not used immediately

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Two systems that facilitate retention

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verbal imaginal

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verbal

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remember the words

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imaginal

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developing a visual image

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Successful motor production requires

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Cognitive organization of the response Initiation of the response Monitoring of the response Refinement of the response

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What we learn by observation, we improve through

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trial and error

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acquisition

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what we have learned

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performance

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is what we actually do

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People do not enact everything they learn through observation

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Must have proper motivation. No behavior occurs w/o sufficient incentive

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Failure to repro-duce a behavior arises from: in-sufficient

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atten-tion; inadequate retention; lack of capacities, skill, or practice; inadequate motivation;

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Observational learning does not depend on

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external reinforcement

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reinforcement is a facilitator

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not a necessary condition

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Extrinsic reinforcement

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external

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intrinsic reinforcement

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self-satisfaction

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Vicarious reinforcement (or vicarious learning)

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leaning from successes or mistakes of others

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Self-reinforcement

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increases performance through its motivational function

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Self-regulation occurs through

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monitoring self-judgment affective self-reaction

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self-monitoring

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paying attention to one's behavior

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self-judgment

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evaluating one's behavior

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affective self-reaction

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lead future courses of action

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self-regulation

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influencing ones own behavior

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AGGRESSION ; INHUMANE BEHAVIOR

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Bandura has found that frequent exposure to aggression and violence on television encourages children to behave aggressively

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Effects of violence on TV and other media

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overwhelms nervous system of children teaches aggressive styles of behavior reduces restraints over aggression desensitizes viewers to violence habituates viewers to violence distorts reality

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moral disengagement

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Separating the self from ethical behavior convincing the self that ethical standards do not apply to oneself in a particular context

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Bandura views people who use their power for destructive goals as more threatening to our welfare than

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acts of violence

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Diffusion of responsibility makes

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questionable conduct more acceptable

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entails judgments of self-worth

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self-esteem

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entails judgments of personal capacity.

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self-efficacy

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A person's belief in their ability to produce desired results by their own actions

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self-efficacy

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Self-efficacy influences

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acquisition of knowledge, choice of activities, levels of motivation

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Self-efficacy arises from

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past accomplishments that show ability, vicarious experiences that alter our beliefs through comparison with others, social influences, physical & emotional states.

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Collective efficacy

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group's shared belief in its ability to organize and carry out actions that will lead to fulfillment of certain group goals

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Communal mastery

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the belief that one can succeed by being closely interconnected with others.

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Psychotherapy and Behavior Modification Bandura added to techniques of behavior modification the systematic use of modeling. It has been used to:

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Reduce fears Teach children cooperation Teach autistic children language skills Lessen anxiety Improve performance in college students Facilitate other behavior changes

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What has been effective in group and individual psychotherapy and benefits both model and observer.

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modeling

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Behavior modification that focuses only on environment change has

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short-term effect

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Change is maintained when:

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the new behavior has functional value for the individual. there are strong social ; environmental supports for the behavior. an individuals own self-evaluation becomes an important reinforcer

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what is important in therapy

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self-regulation

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Use of contemporary technology

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Interactive computed-assisted feedback to promote health ; help make lifestyle changes Interactive video games w/young children to help cope with juvenile diabetes Videos used for children with asthma, etc. Self-management programs for the elderly. Serials dramatizing world problems (inform ; motivate

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Locus of Control

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The extent to which a person believes that reinforcements are controlled by his own behavior or by outside forces

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External locus of control

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you believe outside forces control you

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Internal locus of control

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you believe you control your own destiny

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I-E SCALE

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An assessment tool that measures an individual's perception of control.

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Self-efficacy

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refers to the belief that one is able to perform certain actions

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Locus of control

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anticipates whether one's actions will influence outcomes

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As children age, locus of control becomes more internal Internality becomes stable in middle age Internality does not diminish with age People who have a sense of control do better in prisons, factories, and nursing homes. Perceived control is basic to human functioning.

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findings

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Internality has its limits

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To believe one can control everything is maladaptive

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Believing one can control the uncontrollable may also lead to

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blaming one's self when success does not come

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Minority groups test higher in

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external control.

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People who have a sense of control do better in

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prisons, factories, and nursing homes (all situations

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what is the basic to human functioning

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perceived control

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(citizens of stable democracies report higher levels of happiness).

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perceived control

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Rotter proposed four variables for predicting someone's behavior:

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Behavior potential Expectancy Reinforcement value The psychological situation

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Behavior potential (predicting behavior)

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The likelihood that a particular response behavior will occur in a give situation.

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Expectancy (predicting behavior)

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Individual's expectations that a particular reinforcement will occur behaving this way.

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Reinforcement value: (predicting behavior)

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The preference of a particular reinforcement for the individual

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Psychological situation (predicting behavior)

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Psychological context within which the individual responds.

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Behavior potential is a function of

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expectancy and reinforcement value

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If expectancy and reinforcement value ar both high

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behavior potential will be high

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If either expectancy or reinforcement value is low,

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behavior potential will be lower

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BEHAVIORAL SPECIFICITY

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Means that an individual's behavior is determined by the specific situation.

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what Depends on discriminative stimuli (who we are with, etc.)

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behavioral specificity

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COGNITIVE-AFFECTIVE PERSONALITY SYSTEM THEORY

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Considers: Stability of personality ; Variability of behaviors across situations

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Personality is a stable system that (cogntive affective personality system theory)

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mediates selection, construction, ; processing of social information that generates social behavior.

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Patterns of variability in behavior reflect stable personality. This system accounts for unchanging personality and expected variability of behavior across situations. There is a stable pattern of variability within the individual.

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CAPS theory

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Is the personality consistencies found in distinctive ; stable patterns of variability across situations. Focusing on the interaction between personality and situation allows precise predictions about stability and change in behaviors. People similar in level of trait may show different patterns in specific situations

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behavioral signature

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Bandura, Rotter, Mischel understand that we cannot understand an individual's behavior or personality without knowing

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what is going on in his mind

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