question

One major criticism that advocates of functionalism made against structuralism was that it relied too heavily on

answer

unobservable activity, such as thinking

question

Maslow's hierarchy is an example of which perspective within psychology?

answer

Humanism

question

The quotation below by William James is consistent with the views of which of the following perspectives within psychology? "Our first conclusion, then, is that a certain amount of brain-physiology must be presupposed or included in Psychology."

answer

Biological

question

As pioneers in the field of psychodynamics, both Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung believed that

answer

human behavior was influenced by unconscious motivation

question

The "cognitive revolution" in psychology began as a reaction against which of the following?

answer

Behaviorism

question

The Cannon-Bard theory was developed as an alternate psychological theory to

answer

James-Lange's theory of emotion

question

Carl Rogers' client-centered, or person-centered, therapy is an example of

answer

the humanist perspective

question

B. F. Skinner was a pioneer in which of the following schools of psychology

answer

Behaviorism

question

Psychology began as a separate discipline with the establishment of the very first psychology laboratory established by

answer

Wilhelm Wundt

question

One of B.F. Skinner's core beliefs about behavior was that

answer

behavior is strengthened by both positive and negative reinforcement

question

Controlled laboratory experiments involving animals were key innovations of

answer

behaviorism

question

Which of the following theorists is associated with the area of psychology known as structuralism?

answer

Edward Titchener

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Which of the following pairs of theorists belongs to the cognitive branch of psychology?

answer

Noam Chomsky and Jean Piaget

question

The James-Lange theory of emotions posits that an individual's emotions are

answer

derived from physiological changes that result from environmental stimuli

question

The biological perspective within psychology is exemplified by

answer

Eysenck's model of personality

question

A child's grades begin to improve after she is given a reward for good grades at the end of each week. This reward is an example of

answer

operant conditioning

question

Ivan Pavlov's dog and Watson's "Little Albert" both demonstrate the importance of which feature within behaviorism?

answer

Conditioning

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Regarding the questions about "Nature vs. Nurture," the stance that human behavior is determined largely by nature is characteristic of

answer

sociobiological psychology

question

The field of psychology originated as a branch of the field of study known as

answer

philosophy

question

How does Lev Vygotsky's theory about the Zone of Proximal Development exemplify the sociocultural perspective in psychology?

answer

It shows the importance of adults and capable peers on the abilities of learners.

question

The term used to describe the most frequently occurring value in a given set is the

answer

mode

question

In an experiment exploring the effects of sleep deprivation on memory, the factor of memory would be the

answer

dependent variable

question

An experiment is conducted on the effectiveness of a drug in which one group is given the drug while another group is given an inactive ingredient. Neither the experimenters nor the participants know who is getting the active or inactive ingredients. This is an example of

answer

a double-blind experiment

question

Interviewing smaller groups in order to understand the motivations and rationales of the subjects would best describe which of the following terms?

answer

Qualitative research

question

Which of the following BEST defines the role of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

answer

To guarantee ethical treatment in research

question

The act of influencing the results of an experiment is called

answer

researcher bias

question

How are descriptive statistics used in quantitative research?

answer

They summarize the key features of a data set.

question

To say that something is statistically significant means that the finding is

answer

reliable

question

Which of the following would be a violation of ethics standards according to modern Internal Review Boards (IRBs)?

answer

Deceiving subjects into believing they are hurting others

question

In order to collect a large pool of data about the opinions of voters, researchers would likely conduct

answer

a survey

question

The unexpected results of Professor Phillip Zimbardo's 1971 experiment in which Stanford University students played the roles of prisoners and guards

answer

led to changes in ethical codes related to the use of human subjects in research

question

The greatest standard deviation would most likely be found in which of the following?

answer

A list of ages among attendees at an event hosting grandparents and toddlers

question

Which of the following explains the purpose of correlational research?

answer

It explores the possibility of a relationship between two or more things.

question

Because case studies are not intended to show a causal relationship, they would be defined as a type of

answer

correlational research

question

Compare the following sets of IQ scores. Which set has the greatest standard deviation?

answer

120, 122, 130, 135

question

Below is a list of ages, in years, of family members taking part in a study. Find the mean, median, and mode of their ages. 2, 2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 20

answer

8, 6, 2

question

Because it takes into account more information, the more preferred measure of central tendency is the

answer

arithmetic mean

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A researcher observes a group of employees as they go through their normal routines at work. This is an example of

answer

naturalistic observation

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Researchers often separate subjects into two populations, but only expose the variable to one population. The population that is not exposed to the variable is called the

answer

control group

question

One potential problem in experimental research takes place when participants answer according to what they believe experimenters want to hear. Such a result is an example of

answer

subject bias

question

A neuron shares all of the following components with other cells EXCEPT

answer

dendrites

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A neuron will not transmit an electrical charge until the minimum threshold of excitation is

answer

exceeded

question

The earliest methods for examining and understanding the brain include all of the following EXCEPT

answer

neuroimaging

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Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to

answer

reorganize itself by forming new connections

question

In the endocrine system, the gland that has the widest range of effects on the overall functions of the body is the

answer

pituitary gland

question

A loss of motivation and an inability to concentrate are characteristic symptoms of damage to the

answer

frontal lobe

question

A person who has been diagnosed with an overactive thyroid gland would likely exhibit symptoms such as

answer

increased appetite and nervousness

question

Which of the following neurotransmitters is most directly associated with Parkinson's disease?

answer

Dopamine

question

A neurotransmitter attaches to a receiving neuron through

answer

a receptor site

question

Which type of study has been useful in distinguishing between the influences of heredity and environment on human behavior?

answer

Adoption studies

question

An individual might inherit a gene that predisposes that individual to developing the trait of obesity; however, as that individual ages, the trait of obesity never develops. A psychologist would likely explain this outcome as a result of

answer

environmental factors

question

All of the following are components of the brain's primitive central core EXCEPT the

answer

hippocampus

question

Which of the following examination techniques isolates neural activity in the brain without the use of radiation?

answer

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

question

A person who has a brain injury is having difficulty maintaining balance and coordinating movements. These symptoms indicate that damage has occurred in the

answer

cerebellum

question

Which of the following examples does NOT reflect a biological influence on behavior?

answer

A studious child does well on a standardized exam after weeks of preparation.

question

The portion of the brain responsible for the basic metabolic function of temperature control is the

answer

hypothalamus

question

Sense organs communicate with the brain through

answer

signal transmission between neurons

question

Which of the following describes the relationship between the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system?

answer

They function in opposition to arouse and relax the body.

question

The function of the myelin sheath that surrounds the axon of some neurons is to

answer

increase the transmission speed of signals

question

Areas of electrical activity functioning in the brain are measured by using which of the following techniques?

answer

EEG imaging

question

Which Gestalt principle of perceptual organization is exemplified in the example below? OXXXXXXXXXX XOXXXXXXXXX XXOXXXXXXXX XXXOXXXXXXX XXXXOXXXXXX XXXXXOXXXXX XXXXXXOXXXX XXXXXXXOXXX XXXXXXXXOXX XXXXXXXXXOX XXXXXXXXXXO

answer

similarity

question

According to signal detection theory, minimum threshold varies by all of the following EXCEPT stimuli expectation emotional state

answer

I only

question

Weber's law states that difference thresholds increase in proportion to the

answer

magnitude of the stimulus

question

José places his hand on a piece of sheet metal that has been lying in the afternoon sun for hours. Initially, he experiences an uncomfortable but tolerable sensation. However, the longer his hand remains on the metal, the less uncomfortable the sensation becomes. This phenomenon is an example of

answer

sensory adaptation

question

If the red color receptor is activated, the green color receptor in this pair will be inhibited. This phenomenon can be explained by which of the following?

answer

Opponent-process theory

question

Which of the following traces the path of light as it enters the eye and travels toward the retina?

answer

Cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, lens, vitreous humor

question

The act of drawing inferences to fill in missing information is an example of

answer

top-down processing

question

Which sense allows one to know accurately the positions and movements of skeletal joints?

answer

Kinesthetic

question

Motion sickness is said to be caused by conflicting messages between which two senses?

answer

Visual and vestibular

question

The sensation of sound originates from the compression and expansion of air molecules on the

answer

eardrum

question

Perception is defined as the mental process of

answer

interpreting the raw data of stimuli

question

Which of the following is NOT a function performed by sensory receptors in the skin?

answer

Regulating internal temperature

question

Selina suddenly hears a high-pitched squealing noise while driving down the highway. She turns her head quickly in all directions in an attempt to determine the origin. The process by which Selina attempts to discover the source is an example of

answer

sound localization

question

The senses of taste and smell are unique from the senses of sight and hearing because they

answer

respond to stimuli in the form of molecules

question

James sits on the beach with his attention focused on a lone sailboat moving across the open blue water. The distinction James makes is best explained by

answer

figure-ground organization

question

Which of the following situations would involve binocular cues to judge distance and depth accurately?

answer

Walking down a flight of stairs

question

Daniele quietly reads a book in a corner of a bustling coffee shop unaware of the activity going around her. Her ability to concentrate on her book while ignoring the noise around her is an example of

answer

selective attention

question

The least amount of stimulation needed to produce a sensation at least 50 percent of the time is called

answer

absolute threshold

question

The tendency to interpret an image as fixed and unchanged despite the constantly changing sensations of experience is known as

answer

perceptual constancy

question

Which of the following is true regarding the gate control theory of pain?

answer

The experience of pain is influenced by thoughts and emotions.

question

Which group experiences the highest level of REM sleep?

answer

Infants

question

The most widely used and socially acceptable stimulant is

answer

caffeine

question

During a 24-hour day, a person's biological and thought processes follow a certain cycle known as

answer

a circadian rhythm

question

Which theory states that stress felt during the day will increase the intensity of dreams?

answer

Information-processing theory

question

How did Sigmund Freud view dreams?

answer

As a way to uncover repressed feelings from the unconscious mind

question

Which of the following classes of drugs cause a loss of contact with reality and induce changes in thought, emotion, and perception?

answer

Hallucinogens

question

Which of the following can result in desynchronization?

answer

travel

question

Opiates resemble which natural chemical in the body?

answer

Endorphins

question

Which of the following are examples of depressants?

answer

alcohol barbiturates I AND II only

question

A person suffering from sleep apnea will likely

answer

experience breathing interruptions during sleep

question

According to researcher Ernest Hilgard, hypnosis results in which of the following

answer

The voluntary division of our consciousness

question

April is drowsy for most of the day and often finds herself falling asleep at inappropriate times. For example, she may fall asleep while in the middle of a conversation with friends. April is likely suffering from

answer

narcolepsy

question

Which statement is true of opiates?

answer

They rapidly change brain chemistry and create a high tolerance.

question

What is the most common sleep disorder?

answer

insomnia

question

All of the following statements are true of psychoactive drugs EXCEPT:

answer

They are illegal in most countries.

question

Theorists who support the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming propose that dreams

answer

are reflective of the brain's chemistry during REM sleep

question

While beginning to fall asleep, a person may

answer

experience mild hallucinations, such as falling down a flight of stairs

question

Which of the following best explains role theory?

answer

Hypnosis is not an alternate state of consciousness.

question

What is likely to occur during a REM cycle?

answer

Brain waves appear active and intense.

question

Which statement is true of sleepwalking?

answer

It takes place in stage 4 of sleep.

question

n Albert Bandura's model of observational learning, which of the four steps includes the element of reinforcement regarding the likelihood for a certain behavior to occur?

answer

motivation

question

Psychologists suggest that the ease with which rats can learn to navigate mazes has to do with their instinctive abilities that are necessary for living underground in the wild. This is an example of

answer

biological preparedness

question

In operant conditioning, any response that causes a behavior to diminish is considered

answer

punishment

question

In social cognitive theory, Alfred Bandura's behavioral model states that people gravitate toward activities or behaviors when they

answer

believe in their ability to perform the behavior successfully

question

A woman who develops a dislike of tuna after years of working in a tuna-canning factory still appreciates fresh seafood. This is an example of

answer

discrimination

question

Psychologists trained raccoons to drop coins into a box. They soon observed the animals dipping the coins into the box and rubbing them as if they were washing the coins, as they do with food in the wild. This is an example of

answer

instinctive drift

question

A teacher rewards his class for good behavior by having popcorn parties every month. He finds that doing so encourages the class to behave. This is an example of

answer

positive reinforcement

question

A man who has overcome his dislike of soup because he used to associate it with food poisoning suddenly develops a dislike of soup again. This is an example of

answer

spontaneous recovery

question

Unlike behaviorist theories of learning, observational learning states that

answer

outward behavior does not always change as a result of learning

question

In classical conditioning, the asymptote of acquisition is defined as the

answer

point at which an acquired skill slows or stops

question

A bird is taught to return to its perch when it hears a whistle because the sound of the whistle is paired with the reward of food. Soon, the food is no longer required, and the bird returns to its perch at the sound of the bell alone. The bell is an example of

answer

secondary reinforcement

question

A new stimulus is similar enough to a conditioned stimulus to trigger the same conditioned response. This is the definition of

answer

generalization

question

In B.F. Skinner's experiments, animals were often exposed to unpleasant stimuli until they engaged in the desired behavior, at which point the stimuli were stopped. Use of such stimuli is an example of

answer

negative reinforcement

question

Researchers suggest it is possible to treat an individual's alcohol problem by determining which cues an individual associates with drinking. By exposing the individual to those cues without the conditioned response of drinking, researchers suggest that the desire to drink will decrease. This illustrates the principle of

answer

extinction

question

In operant conditioning, any response that causes a desired behavior to repeat is considered

answer

reinforcement

question

Biological needs like food and water are also known as

answer

primary reinforcers

question

A researcher gives an animal a treat after it has successfully carried out a task three consecutive times. According to operant conditioning, this procedure is referred to as

answer

a fixed-ratio schedule

question

A person trying to lose weight promises himself that he will enjoy some time off from the gym after he faithfully works out for a month. This is an example of which aspect of social learning theory?

answer

self- regulation

question

When an unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus are presented together to elicit the conditioned response, the phenomenon is known as

answer

acquisition

question

A child with problems controlling his anger learns to control it by watching peers with similar problems effectively controlling their own anger. This is an example of

answer

modeling therapy

question

All of the following statements regarding schizophrenia are true EXCEPT:

answer

Schizophrenics have multiple personalities.

question

Alex makes sure she turned off her curling iron before leaving her bathroom. Once she makes it to the front door to head off to work, she feels the need to check once more. She makes it to her car and feels yet another urge to check again. This has become a part of Alex's morning routine. Alex likely is suffering from

answer

obsessive-compulsive disorder

question

According to the DSM-IV-TR, most developmental disorders emerge

answer

during childhood

question

Which of the following best describes somatoform disorders?

answer

Disorders that include an apparent physical illness with no identifiable physical cause

question

Lynne feels an overwhelming sense of fear when she is in a public place. She begins to panic when she is outside of her comfort zone and experiences a sense of impending doom when she leaves her home. Lynne is likely suffering from

answer

agoraphobia

question

Classifications of psychological disorders describe insanity as

answer

a legal term

question

Rachael erroneously believes herself to be the queen of England and acts as if this were true. Rachael is experiencing

answer

delusions

question

Which of the following characteristics are true of dissociative identity disorder? the identities can have their own names, mannerisms, and IQs the illness most often stems from childhood sexual abuse the different identities represent different ages

answer

I, II, and III

question

A person suffering from unipolar depression commonly suffer from all of the following EXCEPT

answer

mania

question

Psychoanalysts believe that dissociative identity disorder results from which of the following?

answer

traumatic events

question

Which of the following can be found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)? diagnoses for disorders symptoms of recognized disorders causes of disorders treatment of disorders

answer

I and II only

question

All of the following are anxiety disorders EXCEPT

answer

depression

question

Which of the following is an example of what the DSM-IV-TR classifies as a developmental disorder?

answer

autism

question

Psychologists classify organic disturbance disorders as any disorder that

answer

is caused by dysfunction of the brain

question

Someone who experiences sexual arousal by inflicting pain on another is known as a

answer

sadist

question

Infamous serial killer Ted Bundy expressed neither emotion nor remorse after being convicted of murder. He is an example of a person with

answer

antisocial personality disorder

question

The work of Dorothea Dix inspired which of the following?

answer

The establishment of state hospitals for the mentally ill

question

In biological terms, people with clinical depression have

answer

low levels of serotonin

question

Which of the following best describes bipolar disorder?

answer

Alternating periods of mania and depression

question

Defining abnormality can be a complicated task. There are several characteristics that help diagnose a person as having psychological abnormalities. For instance, a behavior can be maladaptive, which means it

answer

is harmful and/or disturbing to the individual

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