Public Speaking Mid-Term - Flashcards

Q: The purpose of an introduction is

To get the audience\'s attention and interest

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When an audience member translates the speaker's verbal and nonverbal messages into information and ideas, this process is known as?

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Decoding

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In the communication process, what is the term for something that interferes with the communication process?

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Noise

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When a speaker watches and listens for audience response and adapts the delivered message to that response, the speaker is reacting to audience

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Feedback

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The environment or situation in which a speech occurs is termed

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Context

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One of the ways that public speaking and conversation are different is that public speaking is

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More formal

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What a public speaker says and how she or he says it is referred to as

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The message itself

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Rachel is called on to speak in front of her Theories of Education class. She has gained confidence and competence in her public speaking class, a term that your text calls

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Empowerment

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The speaker spoke so softly that audience members were straining to hear. They tried signaling the speaker by cupping their ears and giving a "thumbs up" sign so as to encourage the speaker to increase the volume. Finally, someone from the back of the room shouted "Louder please." Which of the following statements best describes this situation?

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The speaker ignored important audience feedback

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Being an audience-centered public speaker

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Influences every step of the speech making process

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The three types of general speech purposes are

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To entertain, inform, and persuade

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The purpose of an introduction is

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To get the audience's attention and interest

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From topic selection to outlining, what should be the central focus in speech preparation?

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The audience

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The specific purpose is

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A statement of what your audience should be able to do after your speech.

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Wanda, who is engaged, was excited about her informative speech because she liked her topic: planning a wedding. However, during the speech, the audience seemed distracted and disinterested. Given this information about the situation, what was Wanda's mistake?

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She was speaker-centered rather than audience-centered in her topic selection.

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Our beliefs, values, and moral principles by which we determine what is right or wrong are our

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Ethics

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Communication that is truthful, fair, responsible and shows respect for self and others is termed

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Ethical Communication

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The willingness to listen to different viewpoints and understand beliefs and values other than your own is known as

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Accommodation

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Lifting key passages from sources you do not credit in your speech is an unethical practice known as

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Plagiarism

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What must balance the right to free speech?

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the responsibility to speak ethically

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In a persuasive speech, you tell a hypothetical story in your introduction and represent it as actually happening to you. Is this appropriate?

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No, because you are violating an ethical principle which requires that speakers be honest.

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Maggie has decided on an informative speech on the topic of dreaming. She finds three different articles that cover areas that she believes will be of interest to her audience. Although she credits these sources in her written citation page, she imports intact the ideas and support from these sources as her speech's main ideas and supporting material. Which of the following statements best pertains to this situation?

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There is an ethical violation here known as patchwork plagiarism.

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When facing public speaking anxiety, the goal for the speaker should be to

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Manage it positively

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Right before her speech, Tasha says in her mind, "I can DO this. I am excited about sharing this material with my audience. I am a powerful, confident speaker." Is this is a helpful technique to reduce nervousness and build confidence?

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Yes, this is a nerve calming technique

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Grace knew her speech backwards and forwards. She rehearsed it over and over, timing it to make sure she didn't run over the time limit. When she actually delivered the speech, she found herself much less nervous and much more confident than she expected to be. Which guideline for developing confidence provided in your text applies here?

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Be prepared

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Tara was really nervous before her final class speech, but she just kept concentrating on how important she believed her message to be. She felt convinced in her message, and that conviction finally helped her to dispel her nervousness before the presentation. Which tip about developing confidence in public speaking does this example reflect?

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Focus on your message rather than on your fear

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Considering the needs, interests, and expectations of listeners during the entire speech preparation process is called

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Being audience-centered.

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Speeches that you present will be either to inform, to persuade, or to entertain. This goal for your speech is knows as its

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General purpose

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The speaker's statement as to the behavioral change she or he wants from the audience is known as the

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Specific purpose

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A complete, declarative sentence that summarizes your speech is known as the

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Central Idea

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The general purpose of a persuasive speech is to

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change or reinforce an audience's beliefs and/or urge action.

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Searching for logical divisions in a subject is a strategy for

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Determining your main ideas

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When you find out as much about your audience's needs, interests, and expectations prior to selecting a topic, you are fulfilling which guideline for selecting a topic?

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Consider your audience

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When you make a list of your own interests, and just begin writing as many topics related to these as you can think of without stopping to consider them, you are using a technique known as

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Brainstorming

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When you structure your speech topic into main points, based on a reasonable, appropriate progression of ideas, what aspect of organization are you accomplishing?

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Finding logical divisions

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A properly worded central idea or thesis statement

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Is a single sentence summarizing your speech.

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Emily has been asked to speak to a group of her colleagues at work about a new project, but she wonders, "What do these people already know about this project, and are they excited about it?" These questions reflect Emily's

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Concern about the interests and knowledge of her audience.

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The central idea for your speech on "Use sunscreen" just will not break itself down into logical divisions. Rather than forget this topic and try to find one that divides more logically, what does your text suggest you do?

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Establish reasons why your central idea is true.

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If a speaker says, "Tonight, I'm going to discuss with you two reasons why everyone should recycle, including cost-saving benefits and the problems waste creates in the environment," you recognize this as

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A preview of main ideas

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The three goals of an informative speech are to present information so that your audience will

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Be interested, understand, and remember.

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The type of informative speech that concerns anything you can see or touch is a speech about

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Objects

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The art and science of teaching adults to learn is

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Andragogy.

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When a speaker shows the audience that the information presented will affect them directly, he or she is fulfilling which goal of information speaking?

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To maintain interest

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This is a generally accepted principle of adult learning.

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Adults like to be actively involved in the learning process.

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In an informative speech, when you talk about how an object feels, how something tastes, or how an emotion feels, you are invoking the power of

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Description

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Comparing a personal computer to a filing cabinet is an example of

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Analogy

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Lee presents a speech to a group of police officers about managing job stress. He opens by asking the officers to think about specific times when, on duty, they felt a high level of stress. What principle of andragogy is Lee using?

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Getting them actively involved in the learning process

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You've been assigned an informative speech in your public speaking class. You want to make a good grade and to present material the audience finds useful and interesting. What is the best way to accomplish your goals, according to your text?

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Make sure the audience benefits from your speech.

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Sheena's informative speech was on the life of Marie Curie. She covered Curie's early life and marriage, her scientific achievements despite the prejudice against her as a woman, and finally, the importance of Curie's discoveries on modern life. She concluded her introduction by previewing all the main points, then used an internal summary as a transition to each of the main ideas. In her conclusion, she summarized main ideas, emphasizing the importance of Marie Curie's life. What strategy to enhance audience recall was Sheena using?

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Building in redundancy.

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Jason is informing the audience about an impending tuition hike at the college. Jason says, "Please, listen to this. This is important and affects all of us in this room; it affects our attitudes about school, our pocketbooks, and our stress levels." This strategy to enhance audience recall is

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Reinforcing key ideas verbally.

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When Kiko reviewed the main points in her informative speech, she slowed down her rate of speech, decreased her volume, made sure to articulate each word clearly, and paused between each point. What technique of enhancing audience recall did Kiko effectively employ?

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Reinforcing key ideas nonverbally

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The process of changing or reinforcing a listener's attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior is

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Persuasion.

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A learned predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably toward something is

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Attitude

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Something you understand to be true or false is a

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Belief

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An enduring conception of what you perceive as right or wrong, good or bad is a

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Value

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Aristotle defined ________ as persuasion relying upon the credibility of the speaker.

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Ethos

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The sense of discomfort that prompts a person to change when new information conflicts with previous attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviors is

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Cognitive dissonance.

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Knowing what your listeners value or need and appealing to those values or needs is known in persuasion as

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Positive motivation

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When your proposition in a persuasive speech focuses on whether something is true or false, it is

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A proposition of fact.

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When a proposition in a persuasive speech focuses on having the listener judge the work or importance of something, it is

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A proposition of value

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When a proposition in a persuasive speech focuses on changing a procedure, a law, or a behavior, it is

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A proposition of policy

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The difference in information speaking and persuasive speaking is that only in persuasive speaking does the speech

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Target change or advocate action from your audience.

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In the process of persuading your audience, the most difficult to change is your listeners'

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Values

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Sometimes persuasive messages using cognitive dissonance are so at odds with the listeners' attitudes, beliefs, and values that audiences

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May stop listening

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Maslow's hierarchy of needs asserts that the most basic human needs must be satisfied before listeners can be motivated using any higher needs. These basic needs are

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Physiological.

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Matt is listening to a persuasive speech on assisted suicide. He feels uncomfortable because he is beginning to question his own opinion. What is the best term for what Matt is experiencing?

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Cognitive dissonance

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Brendan argues, in his persuasive speech, "What starving people need first is food and clean water not counseling about the sad state of their governments, not advice about ways to attract new industry, and not pity over the loss of their self-esteem." What principle of persuasive speaking is Brendan effectively utilizing?

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The principle that basic needs must be satisfied before higher-level ones

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The audience's perception of a speaker's competence, trustworthiness, and dynamism is termed

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Credibility

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The type of credibility when a speaker establishes common ground with the audience, supports an argument with believable evidence, and presents a well-delivered speech is

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Derived credibility

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The term used by Aristotle to describe appeals to human emotion is

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Pathos

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Something that is true because it can be directly observed or proved is

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A fact

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Reasoning that occurs when one attempts to persuade without adequate evidence or with arguments that are irrelevant or inappropriate is

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A fallacy

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What is the first step in the motivated sequence?

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Get attention

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When Nicole said, "It is dangerous to work in a fast food restaurant at night. I used to work in one and I was robbed one night," you recognized this fallacy as

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A hasty generalization.

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Thomas was asked to make a presentation to a Sunday-morning church school class of senior citizens, so he decided to treat the event like an after-dinner speech and planned a humorous speech. What error did Thomas make in preparing for this speech?

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He forgot to consider the audience and the occasion.

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When Jonathan began his report to the company vice-presidents, he acknowledged the reason why everyone was there. He then explained how he gathered the information for his report. According to your book, would this be considered a good beginning?

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Yes; Jonathan demonstrated the first two guidelines related to presenting reports.

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The method a speaker uses to arrange her or his main ideas is termed

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The organizational pattern.

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The pattern of speech organization used in a speech topic that progresses in order of time is

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A chronological pattern.

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When your central idea naturally divides into various areas to be supported, the organizational pattern is

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Topical.

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A speech topic that presents an issue that needs resolving can effectively be organized as

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Problem-solution.

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When you save the most important material for last, you are using the principle of

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Recency

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Telling your audience your main ideas before you begin to develop your speech is a

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A preview

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The main reason to use previews, summaries, and signposts is to

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Keep your audience on track with your speech

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After speakers have organized their main points, what is the next step?

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Dividing main points into sub points

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When you state a main idea, cite the source, present the material, and then explain how the material supports the main idea, you are

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Integrating supporting materials smoothly.

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A change in facial expression, a pause, an altered vocal pitch or speaking rate, or a movement all may indicate a

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Nonverbal transition

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"An article in the January, 2002 issue of Newsweek about the failure of Enron asserts, 'Many of Enron's 20,000 employees lost their retirement savings when the company collapsed...By contrast, chairman Ken Lay made $205 million in stock option profits in the past four years alone....'" This is an example of

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A citation of supporting material

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In his speech on varying explanations of how the earth came into existence, Eduardo begins with opinions, moves to inferences, and uses scientific facts in support of his last point. What principle of supporting material organization is Eduardo reflecting in his speech?

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"Soft" to "hard" evidence

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In a speech, Aisha says: "You should now understand the three most-recommended methods for improving your ability to recall people's names: the repetition method, the word-association method, and the visual imagery method. I hope you will put these methods into practice and you will remember my name the next time you see me in the hall." What device is Aisha making use of in her speech?

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A final summary

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The first step in an introduction is

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To get the audience's attention.

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Proximity in an introduction means

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Relating the topic to the audience.

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It is important in an introduction to build trust with the audience, to have them believe you and like you. This is known as speaker

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Credibility

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The final step in an introduction is to provide your audience with an overview of your speech. This step is known as

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A preview

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When is it appropriate to use humor in an introduction?

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When the humor directly relates to the topic

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In the introduction to your speech, a good way to establish your credibility is to

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Be well prepared and confident.

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In a speech introduction, the most important purpose that you must accomplish is

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To introduce the topic of your speech

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In Ryan's speech on surfing, he is trying to decide whether or not to tell the audience in his introduction that he has been a surfer since he was just a kid. He wonders if this will help or hurt his credibility. What textbook advice applies here?

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Ryan should give a brief, credibility-building explanation of his experience with the topic.

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Janet's introduction contained the following remarks: "How many of you know someone who has tried to quit smoking, successfully or unsuccessfully? Have any of the smokers in this audience tried to quit? Well, if you have tried to quit and failed, you are among the 20 percent of Americans who have tried to quit multiple times. A few months ago I tried to quit, for the umpteenth time, but this time I made it. I'd like to tell you exactly how I made it." Which of the following statements is accurate about this introduction?

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Janet has successfully combined introductory devices of questions to the audience, statistical information, and a personal reference.

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In the speech just before Jerome's, the speaker covered some of the same material that Jerome was going to use in his speech on golf. Instead of letting this throw him, Jerome acknowledged the overlap in his introduction. Was this a wise thing to do, according to your text?

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Yes; Jerome used an attention-getting, credibility-building device known as a reference to a preceding speech.

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In an introduction, you may ask a question that doesn't require a response but makes the audience think about your topic. This type of question is

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A rhetorical question.

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This usually comes at the end of the introduction.

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Preview main points

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In her introduction to her speech about eating disorders, Sheila told the story of her friend who almost died of anorexia. In her conclusion, she reminded her audience of what all her friend went through and explained that her friend was currently doing well in her battle against the disease. Was this an appropriate strategy for her speech?

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Yes; this is a concluding strategy known as a reference to the introduction.

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Reemphasizing the central idea in a memorable way, moving an audience to action, and providing closure are all functions of

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The speech conclusion

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What should a speech conclusion do?

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Summarize the main ideas

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"Even though there are a lot of non-profit organizations similar to this one, this is your chance to make a donation to your school and to help keep this tradition alive." This is an example of a(n)

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Appeal to action

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"Think about your life and whether you would forsake a mother, father, son, daughter, sister or brother a long life full of the things we take for granted." This statement is an example of a(n)

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Inspirational appeal.

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"To the world you might just be one person, but to one person you might just be the whole world." This is an example of

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Quotations

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"Remember, the average American generates over 200 pounds of trash a year." This statement is an example of

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A startling statistic.

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"Will your future include a corner office with a massive desk and hefty salary or will it include burgers, shakes and fires?" This statement is an example of a(n) ________.

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Question

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"Remember as it says in the book 'Everything I Need to Know I Learned from Monopoly,' the roll of the dice doesn't compare to the path you choose." This statement is an example of

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A quote

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The speaker's outline which contains the specific purpose, the introduction, all main ideas with supporting material, and a conclusion is

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The preparation outline.

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The ultimate goal of the planning period with your outline is to

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Insure that all main ideas and sub points are clearly and logically arranged and adequately supported.

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The delivery outline is

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Shorter than the preparation outline.

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Complete sentences are used in your preparation outline

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For your main ideas and subpoints.

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Why should you use complete sentences in a preparation outline, according to the text?

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Because this will help you judge the coherence of the speech

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What is the major benefit of using correct outline form?

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It points out relationships between ideas and material.

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When developing a preparation outline, you should write out everything but

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Directions for delivering your speech

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The delivery outline

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Should be brief and have speaking notes.

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What is preferable as speaking notes?

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Whatever system makes sense and works best for the speaker

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What aspect of standard outlining procedure is violated in the following example? I. The Rocky Mountains were formed in stages, over a long period of time. 1. Mountains are affected by geographic and environmental events. 2. Mountains provide a sort of "blueprint" as to what has occurred in a certain region. II. The Rockies are younger mountains than the Swiss Alps.

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Numbering/lettering

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How does the following outline violate standard outlining form? I. Current local efforts to recycle common household products are increasingly successful. A. More community involvement 1. Each day more types of items are added to the list of what can be recycled. 2. People are becoming more aware of local recycling centers

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The sub point is not written out as a complete sentence.

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George shows Laura his delivery outline for an upcoming speech. She criticizes George for including supporting material and signposts in his outline. Who is right?

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George is right because supporting material and signposts should be included in a delivery outline.

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What is wrong in the following segment of a speech preparation outline? I. Romantic relationships rarely develop like they are portrayed in Hollywood movies. a. Many times, movies show "opposites who attract," when in real life "similars" attract. b. Movies tend to over-dramatize conflicts, when actually subtle conflicts are more the norm. II. Successful romantic relationships take time and effort.

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The sub points should be capital letters.

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Stuart has always been a nervous public speaker, but this time he's going to prepare an outline that will really help him calm his nerves and build his confidence. He's going to completely write out his introduction and conclusion and include them on his delivery outline. Is this advisable, according to your textbook?

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No; he should only write the first sentence of the intro and final sentence of the conclusion, if needed.

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Sandy decided that she needed almost all of her material on her delivery outline because she had so many statistics and direct quotations. She liked to use note cards, but was distressed to find she had fifteen. When delivering the speech, she dropped her cards and lost her place. What can help a speaker avoid a situation like this?

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Don't have too many cards, if possible; always be sure and number them.

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Bernard is rehearsing a class demonstration speech that he has to present in two days. As he rehearses from his delivery outline, he continues to revise the outline. He changes the order of some points, deletes some extraneous detail, and reworks his conclusion. According to your textbook, is this kind of revision advisable?

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Yes; this kind of revising of the delivery outline is expected and helpful during rehearsal.

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Reading a speech word-for-word from material written out on a page is termed

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Manuscript speaking.

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What is the best method to improve manuscript speaking?

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Speak with vocal variety

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Delivering a speech in a conversational style from a well-developed and researched outline is termed

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Extemporaneous speaking.

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When asked to deliver a speech at the last moment, the type of delivery style you will use is

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Impromptu.

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A good guideline for impromptu speaking is

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Be brief

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What is an advantage of memorized speaking?

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Maximum eye contact with audience

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Given the task of preparing a speech, Susan decides to speak from an outline that can help her sound conversational and spontaneous. She wants to be able to adapt her remarks to the feedback she receives from the audience. She also wants to make more eye contact with the audience. What method of delivery will be best, given Susan's speech goals?

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Extemporaneous speaking

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The ability to monitor your audience's response and adjust your message accordingly is a benefit of

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Good eye contact.

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Which of the following statements is the best guideline for using gestures in a speech?

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Make your gestures appropriate to the situation and audience.

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Gestures that help your verbal message, such as holding your hands out to show how long an object is, are termed

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Repeating.

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The minister pounds his fist on the podium when he says the words "sin" and "evil." What function does this form of nonverbal communication serve?

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Emphasizing

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Tom is speaking on a stage, behind a rather tall podium. His audience is made up of elementary school children. What does Tom need to do to immediately improve his speech?

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Remove the physical barriers

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The process of producing language and speech sounds that are clear and distinct is termed

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Articulation.

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Vocal volume is increased by

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Projecting more air through your larynx.

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What dialect is preferred by most audience members?

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Their own

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Everyone has a range between the highness and lowness of their voice during normal conversation. This level is referred to as your

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Habitual pitch.

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What aspects of vocal delivery are directly related to the obligation of a speaker to be understood by an audience?

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Volume, articulation, dialect and pronunciation

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Of the three types of microphones, which type requires the most skill to use effectively?

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The stationary microphone

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What is the term for such words and sounds as "er," "you know," "okay," and "um"?

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Vocalized pauses

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According to the ________ principle, people move closer to things they like and away from things they dislike.

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Immediacy

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Knowing that he was speaking to a culturally diverse audience, Buck arrived early to his speaking engagement to hear the presentations of some international persons whom he knew would be in his audience later. What kind of observations are most important for Buck to make in order to adapt his speech to that audience?

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Buck should observe the speaker's eye contact and gestures.

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Marian is speaking to a group from China, which she knows is a high-context culture. How should she adapt her delivery style to this culture?

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Marian should concentrate on her nonverbal delivery.

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In his speech about American loyalty and patriotism, Mike thought he had really reached everyone in his audience. However, after receiving classmates' written critiques of his speech, it seems as though his delivery and content offended a couple of international students in his class. Which of the following statements best explains this situation?

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Mike's presentation likely contained an ethnocentric approach, one which has the potential to offend members of other cultures.

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Yvonne was really nervous about her upcoming speech. On the day of the speech, she arrived early, used mental and physical relaxation techniques, and felt like she knew the speech. But all she could think about was how the audience wouldn't laugh at her funny moments in the speech and how the applause would be weak and disappointing. What tip for reducing delivery jitters that your textbook advises did Yvonne ignore?

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Yvonne forgot to visualize her success; instead she visualized her failure.

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Eric was an excellent cook and so decided to present a speech on "The American Art of Barbeque" to his German audience. He was quite flamboyant with a chef's outfit, broad gestures, and a real grill. His audience did not seem to appreciate his speech? What could be the problem?

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Eric didn't realize that Germans are a low-context culture.

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The best reason to use presentation aids is that

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They help your audience understand and remember.

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Presentation aids enhance your audience's understanding of your speech because

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Audiences are accustomed to visual reinforcement.

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The type of speech that will benefit from the use of presentation aids is

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Any type of speech

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A presentation aid which represents statistical data is

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A graph

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The most unpredictable presentation aid a speaker could use is

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A person or animal

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When illustrating how data is distributed in a given category or area with a presentation aid, your audience will most readily understand the information with

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A pie graph

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How can you best use people as presentation aids in a speech?

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Rehearse with the person; then, introduce the individual to the audience just before his or her participation.

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Anna is giving a speech on the basic functions of the Electoral College. As the presentation gets under way, she cannot figure out how to advance to her first slide, and ends up not using her visual aid. What guideline was violated?

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Considering her own skill and experience with equipment

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This is not a primary consideration when selecting a presentation aid.

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Length of the speech

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Dwayne is giving an informative speech about methods of increasing memory capacity. He has four steps, each starting with a catchy word, such as Stop, Repeat, etc. What is the best way for Dwayne to help his audience retain his information?

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He should enumerate the four steps on a transparency or PowerPoint to reinforce his message.

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Malachi loves horses, so for his demonstration speech he wants to show his audience the proper way to groom a horse. Instead of bringing a live horse for the speech, what does your textbook suggest a speaker should do in Malachi's situation?

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A speaker should use a three-dimensional model of an object when the object is too large to be easily used as a presentation aid for a speech.

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Regina's demonstration speech topic was "Three Ways to Improved Photography." In this speech, Regina showed a 35 mm camera, used a chart with an enlarged diagram of the main components of the camera, and then showed 4 x 6 photographs some good and some with errors to the audience. Which of the following statements best summarizes Regina's use of presentation aids in this speech?

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Regina should have enlarged the photographs so the audience could clearly see them.

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When determining whether or not a presentation aid will enhance a presentation, a speaker's first consideration should be to

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The audience

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Presentation aids help listeners do all of the following except

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Act

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Sam was giving a speech on fast food restaurants and made each PowerPoint slide the representative color of individual chains. Was this an effective strategy?

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No, because using too many colors detracts from the message.

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Barney was giving a speech on animal-borne diseases. When discussing each disease, his slides contained a definition, symptoms, risks, treatment and ways to prevent the disease. Was this an effective strategy?

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No, because he didn't include a manageable amount of information.

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Which of the following statements about preparing presentation aids is true?

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Establish a consistent graphic theme.

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Follow these guidelines for preparing presentation aids except for

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Include as much information as possible on each aid.

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What action should a speaker take if his or her speech topic calls for an illegal or dangerous presentation aid?

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Substitute an appropriate representation or model

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On her way to public speaking class, Delaney decided to add one last presentation aid to her speech. Was this a good idea, according to your textbook?

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No; because Delaney didn't have a chance to rehearse with the new aid.

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What is the best advice for timing the use of presentation aids in a speech?

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Display presentation aids to correspond with points in your speech.

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Howard taped pictures of rainbows all around the room as presentation aids for his speech. He never referred to them, but simply created an atmosphere for his presentation. Was this appropriate?

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No, because you should explain your presentation aids, not just show them.

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Jewel had carefully planned presentation aids for her speech on "Quilting." She thoroughly demonstrated how to sew together the squares by hand, which required her to concentrate on the quilt. What guideline for using presentation aids did Jewel violate?

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Jewel focused on the presentation aid instead of the audience.

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In a speech about organ donation, Nathan gave the audience a handout about the need for organs and the process for becoming an organ donor before his speech. Is this an effective use of presentation aids?

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No; Nathan should have waited until the conclusion to hand this out as audience members will read what you give them.

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Rashan thought that he would be dramatic and impress his public speaking class with his speech on air pollution. He decided to use mice in a closed jar to illustrate how air pollution is slowly killing human beings. But during the speech, he noticed that audience's attention was on the jar of mice, rather than on him as the speaker. What guideline did Rashan ignore, with regard to using presentation aids?

answer

Use animals with caution as presentation aids.

Public Speaking Mid-Term – Flashcards

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