question

Classical conditioning was originally researched most extensively by ___________.

answer

Pavlov

question

A dog's salivation in response to a musical tone is a(n) __________ response.

answer

conditioned

question

The weakening of a conditioned response that occurs when a conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus is called ______.

answer

extinction

question

For higher-order conditioning to occur, a neutral stimulus is typically paired repeatedly with an _____.

answer

existing conditioned stimulus

question

Five-year-oid Jesse was bitten by his neighbor's collie. He won't go near that dog but seems to have no fear of other dogs, even other collies. Which learning process accounts for his behavior?

answer

discrimination

question

In Watson's experiment with Little Albert, the white rat was the (conditioned, unconditioned) stimulus, and Albert's crying when the hammer struck the steel bar was the (conditioned, unconditioned) response.

answer

conditioned, unconditioned

question

Albert's fear of the white rat transferred to a rabbit, a dog, a fur coat, and a mask. What learning process did this demonstrate?

answer

generalization

question

Rescorla's research suggests that__________ processes play a role in classical conditioning.

answer

Cognitive

question

Taste aversions result from many trials in which a stimulus is paired with nausea, (true/false)

answer

False

question

Counselors usually advise recovering drug addicts to avoid cues (people, places, and things) that are associated with their past drug use because the environmental cues may serve as conditioned stimuli for drug cravings, (true/false)

answer

true

question

Who researched trial-and-error learning using cats in puzzle boxes and formulated the law of effect?

answer

Thorndike

question

Operant conditioning was researched most extensively by_____________.

answer

Skinner.

question

Which of the following processes occurs in operant conditioning when reinforcers are withheld?

answer

extinction

question

Many people take aspirin to relieve painful headaches. Taking aspirin is a behavior that is likely to continue because of the effect of (positive, negative) reinforcement.

answer

negative

question

(Partial, Continuous) reinforcement is most effective in conditioning a new response.

answer

Continuous

question

Jennifer and Ashley are both employed raking leaves. Jennifer is paid $1 for each bag of leaves she rakes; Ashley is paid $4 per hour. Jennifer is paid according to the___________schedule; Ashley is paid according to the__________schedule.

answer

fixed-ratio; fixed-interval

question

Which schedule of reinforcement yields the highest response rate and the greatest resistance to extinction?

answer

variable-ratio schedule

question

Danielle's parents have noticed that she has been making her bed every day, and they would like this to continue. Because they understand the partial-reinforcement effect, they will want to reward her every time she makes the bed. (true/false)

answer

false

question

Punishment is roughly the same as negative reinforcement, (true/false)

answer

false

question

Depending on the circumstances, avoidance learning can be either adaptive or maladaptive. (true/false)

answer

true

question

Victims of spousal abuse who have repeatedly failed to escape or avoid the abuse may eventually passively resign themselves to it, a condition known as ___________________.

answer

Learned helplessness

question

Using sensitive electronic equipment to monitor physiological processes in order to bring them under conscious control is called___________.

answer

Biofeedback

question

Applying learning principles to eliminate undesirable behavior and/or encourage desirable behavior is called______________

answer

behavior modification.

question

The sudden realization of the relationship between the elements in a problem situation that results in the solution to the problem is called (latent learning, insight).

answer

insight

question

Learning that is not demonstrated until one is motivated to perform the behavior is called

answer

latent learning

question

Hayley has been afraid of snakes for as long as she can remember, and her mother has the same paralyzing fear. Hayley most likely acquired her fear through

answer

observational learning.

question

You are most likely to learn a modeled behavior if you

answer

are physically capable of performing the behavior.

question

Learning a new behavior from a model

answer

modeling

question

Exhibiting a behavior similar to that of a model

answer

facilitation

question

Suppressing a previously learned unacceptable behavior after seeing a model be punished for it

answer

inhibitory

question

Exhibiting a previously learned unacceptable behavior after seeing a model do so

answer

disinhibitory

question

Latent learning

answer

Edward Tolman

question

Observational learning

answer

Albert Bandura

question

learning by insight

answer

Wolfgang Kohler

question

______________was a pioneer in the study of the ways in which observing aggressive behavior on television and in films influences children's behavior.

answer

Bandura

question

Ben continues to play a slot machine even though he never knows when it will pay off.___________

answer

Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

question

Tamake watched a movie about tornadoes and is now afraid of bad storms._______________

answer

Classical conditioning of emotions.

question

Joey is crying and asking for a candy bar. His mother gives in because doing so will make him stop crying for now--but Joey will most likely behave this way again._____________________

answer

Positive reinforcement for Joey; negative reinforcement for his mother.

question

Hans got sick eating lasagna and now never eats food containing tomato sauce.____________

answer

generalization

question

Helen washed the dinner dishes, and her mother allowed her to watch television for 30 extra minutes that evening. From then on, Helen dutifully washed the dishes after every family meal.___________

answer

Positive reinforcement

question

Natasha's parents are advised to stop paying attention to her crying when it is time for bed and instead ignore it.___________

answer

extinction

question

Jorge is paid for his factory job once every two weeks.________________________

answer

Fixed interval reinforcement schedule

question

Maria is scolded for running into the road and never does it again. ____________________

answer

Positive punishment

question

Ellen watches her lab partner mix the chemicals and set up the experiment. She then repeats the same procedure and completes her assignment. ______________________

answer

Observational learning, modeling effect

question

Through associations with such things as food and shelter, pieces of green paper with pictures of past U.S. presidents on them become very powerful reinforcers._________________________

answer

Secondary reinforcer

question

Although he studied the problem, Jack did not seem to be able to figure out the correct way to reconnect the pipes under the sink. He took a break before he became too frustrated. Later he returned and immediately saw how to do it. _____________

answer

insight

question

Morgan often listens to her iPod while chatting with friends online and watching television. ___________

answer

Electronic multitasking environment

question

Classical conditioning is based on the association between___________, and operant conditioning is based on the association between a __________ and its_____________ .

answer

Stimuli, behavior, consequences

question

___________is a relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude that is acquired through experience and cannot be attributed to illness, injury, or maturation.

answer

Learning

question

Ed feeds the horses on his ranch every day at the same time. He notices that the horses now run to their feed troughs and whinny as if they know dinner is on its way as soon as they hear his truck coming up the drive. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is___________________ . the unconditioned stimulus is ____________.

answer

the sound of the truck, The food

question

The unconditioned response of Pavlov's dogs was .____________

answer

salivation

question

In Pavlov's classic experiment, the bell was originally a(n)_________________stimulus.

answer

neutral

question

7/ To get coyotes to stop eating sheep, ranchers poison sheep carcasses in the hope that coyotes that eat the carcasses will get sick enough to avoid eating sheep from that point on. The ranchers hope that the coyotes will avoid all types and sizes of sheep—which is an example of___________in classical conditioning.

answer

generalization

question

8/The ranchers in question 7 also hope that the coyotes will be able to distinguish between sheep and other more appropriate sources of food. This is an example of _________________in classical conditioning.

answer

discrimination

question

9. Eduardo loved eating at a certain fast-food restaurant. After a while even the giant logo sign in front of the restaurant would make him hungry every time he saw it. The restaurant ran a TV ad showing a clown standing by the logo sign. Pretty soon, every time Eduardo saw a clown, he became hungry. Eduardo's responses are examples of _____________conditioning.

answer

Higher-order

question

10. If Watson had wanted to extinguish Little Albert's conditioned fear of white furry things, he would have presented the__________ stimulus without presenting the____________stimulus.

answer

Conditioned , unconditioned

question

11. The law of___________, developed by _______________, states that a response that is followed by a satisfying consequence will tend to be repeated, while a response followed by discomfort will tend to be weakened.

answer

Effect, Thorndike

question

Since researchers cannot tell rats to press the bar in a Skinner box for food or have them read "The Skinner Box Owner's Manual," they must initiate the bar-pressing response by rewarding___________ ________________, an approach known as shaping.

answer

Successive approximations

question

Reinforcement is any event that follows a response and increases the probability of the response. ____________reinforcement involves the removal of a stimulus and __________reinforcement involves the presentation of a stimulus.

answer

Negative, positive

question

You're driving on an interstate highway and suddenly notice that you've been going 80 miles per hour without realizing it. Immediately after you slow down, you see the flashing light of a state police car, and you know you're about to be pulled over. In this case the flashing light is a ____________stimulus.

answer

discriminative

question

Food is considered a ____________reinforcer; money is considered a ______________reinforcer.

answer

Primary, secondary

question

If you were going to train a rat to press a bar for food, you would probably use ____________ reinforcement for the initial training period and a __________-reinforcement schedule to strengthen the learned bar-pressing behavior.

answer

Continuous, partial

question

Bandura's research demonstrated that children may learn__________behaviors from watching models perform them on television.

answer

aggressive

question

Research shows that children learn to identify advertising on____________several years before they can do the same for ads on____________.

answer

television, the internet

question

Pavlov is associated with___________conditioning.

answer

classical

question

This theorist believed that the causes of behavior are in the environment and that inner mental events are themselves shaped by environmental forces.

answer

Skinner

question

Which of the following theorists developed the concepts of latent learning and cognitive mapping?

answer

Tolman

question

This theorist researched observational learning and the effects of modeling on behavior.

answer

Bandura

question

Which of the following theorists is associated with research on reinforcement theory?

answer

Skinner

question

The concept that is associated with cognitive learning is

answer

latent learning.

question

Jim has been sober since he completed a treatment program for alcoholics. He was told to stay away from his old drinking places. The danger is that he may start drinking again as a result of the conditioned stimuli in those environments. If he did, it would be a practical example of_________in classical conditioning.

answer

spontaneous recovery

question

The seductive nature of a slot machine in a gambling casino is based on its __________ schedule of reinforcement.

answer

variable-ratio

question

Little Albert, the conditioned stimulus was ________.

answer

a loud noise

question

Positive reinforcement increases behavior; negative reinforcement____________behavior.

answer

also increases

question

A good example of a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is _____________.

answer

a child's weekly allowance.

question

The nice thing about continuous reinforcement is that it creates a behavior that is very resistant to extinction, (true/false)

answer

false

question

Taste aversion is a real-world example of

answer

classical conditioning

question

In______________ learning, a person or animal learns a response that _________ a negative reinforcer.

answer

escape; terminates

question

Ms. Doe, a new teacher, is having a difficult time with her misbehaving second graders. When the principal enters the room, the children behave like perfect angels. In this case, the principal may be thought of as a(n)________________.

answer

discriminative stimulus.

question

According to Tolman,________is defined as learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement but is not demonstrated until the organism is sufficiently reinforced to do so.

answer

latent learning

question

Which statement best sums up research on learning from video games?

answer

Video games can have both positive and negative effects.

question

Twenty-two year old Sofia drank too much vodka and cranberry juice one evening and became very ill. Now, anytime Sofia tastes cranberry juice, she feels very ill. Based on classical conditioning, ________________ is the unconditioned stimulus whereas ________________ is the conditioned stimulus.

answer

too much vodka; cranberry juice

question

The weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response that is caused by repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the presence of the unconditioned stimulus is called

answer

extinction.

question

Jerry bought a dog specifically to serve as a watch dog. He teaches his dog to bark whenever the doorbell rings. However, the dog also barks at the telephone or a doorbell rung on television. Which process explains these additional responses?

answer

generalization

question

John B. Watson's work with Little Albert was significant because it demonstrated

answer

a conditioned fear response.

question

Janie once ate fish at a restaurant and later felt ill. Now the very smell of cooked fish makes her nauseous. What has Janie experienced?

answer

a taste aversion

question

Bill completes his drug rehabilitation program. His counselor strongly urges him to avoid going to places where he used to use drugs. His counselor, knowledgeable about classical conditioning, says this so that

answer

Bill doesn't come into contact with stimuli previously associated with drug use.

question

Thorndike's experiments using the cat that had to learn to escape the puzzle box for food illustrated which behavioral law?

answer

law of effect

question

________________ are the major concepts of operant conditioning, a type of learning devised by ________________.

answer

Reinforcement and punishment; Skinner

question

The process of shaping a response involves reinforcing each of a series of steps that become increasingly more similar to the desired response. This is called

answer

successive approximations.

question

What causes extinction in operant conditioning?

answer

withholding reinforcement

question

Cindy cries for candy when in the store with her mother. Her mother, wanting Cindy to be quiet, gives in and gets her some candy, at which point Cindy becomes silent. The next time they go to the store, the process repeats itself. Which of the following best describes what has happened?

answer

Cindy's behavior is positively reinforced, and her mother's behavior is negatively reinforced.

question

Positive reinforcement ________________ the likelihood of a behavior happening again; negative reinforcement ________________ the likelihood of a behavior happening again.

answer

increases; increases

question

Which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer?

answer

water

question

A professor gives his class a quiz each Monday. Consequently, students do not study much during the week, but "cram" throughout the weekend to earn a good grade. Their behavior best corresponds to which schedule of reinforcement?

answer

fixed interval

question

When Billy misbehaves, his parents make sure to apply punishment immediately and consistently and to use the harshest possible punishment so that Billy will "get the message." According to the research in your text, which of the following is a recommendation you might make to help their use of punishment be more effective?

answer

make punishment less severe

question

Seligman's experiments with dogs that did not escape the shock administered, even when they could have, demonstrates which principle?

answer

learned helplessness

question

Carrie is trying to complete a jigsaw puzzle. She struggles with it for some time until she suddenly sees how the pieces fit together. Which type of learning is Carrie exhibiting?

answer

insight learning

question

Carl learned how to change a flat tire by watching his mother do so. She would change a tire and then have him show her each step as well. Which type of learning does this demonstrate?

answer

observational learning

question

John B. Watson was one of the researchers who demonstrated that fear could be conditioned in humans.

answer

True

question

The "operant" in operant conditioning refers to a voluntary behavior.

answer

True

question

According to Skinner, punishment can suppress behavior but not extinguish it.

answer

True

question

Biofeedback can be used to train individuals to control internal responses such as heart rate and anxiety-tension states.

answer

True

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