question

A(n) _____ is an event or occurrence that generally leads to a response.

answer

stimulus

question

Learning is most like

answer

Connecting A to B.

question

Nature is to nurture as

answer

genes are to environment

question

Animals are appealing to researchers studying learning because they can

answer

be controlled more easily.

question

Learning is most similar to

answer

Drawing a picture with a pencil.

question

With _____, we associate two different stimuli, such as the sound of a bell and food.

answer

classical conditioning

question

Your professor asks you to summarize learning in one word, what word do you choose?

answer

"associations".

question

Your friend doesn't understand why her cat is no longer interested in the feather toy she bought last week. You suggest it may be the result of

answer

habituation

question

You teach a dog to salivate at the sound of a bell by pairing the bell with food. This is an example of

answer

classical conditioning

question

You are excited the first time your professor gives you a candy for getting an A on the test but are less thrilled by the third candy. This is an example of

answer

habituation

question

With repeated pairings of a conditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus, when the second neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus as well, _____ has occurred.

answer

higher order conditioning

question

A(n) _____ is an emotional reaction acquired via classical conditioning.

answer

conditioned emotional response

question

_____ are chambers outfitted with food dispensers that animals can activate and recording equipment to monitor these Behaviors.

answer

Skinner boxes

question

_____ is also apparent in operant conditioning, as organisms can learn to discriminate between behaviors that do and do not result in reinforcement.

answer

Stimulus discrimination

question

_____ is designed to decrease the behavior that it follows, and reinforcement aims to _____ the behavior.

answer

Punishment; increase

question

If you were instructing someone on how to replicate one of Pavlov's experiments you could instruct them to ____ and then _____.

answer

ring a bell; give food

question

Spontaneous recovery cannot occur without

answer

extinction.

question

At what point does a neutral stimulus become a conditioned stimulus?

answer

when it elicits a conditioned response.

question

With operant conditioning, the _____ of Behaviors influence future outcomes.

answer

consequences

question

Harsh physical punishment could interfere with cognitive development, retarding the growth in various parts of the _____, a region of the brain that processes complex thoughts.

answer

frontal lobes

question

Andrew's friend has paired a buzzer sound with a puff of air blown in Andrew's eye, which makes him blink. After a few trials Andrew blinks at the sound of the buzzer alone. This is an example of

answer

Learning

question

In classical conditioning, the process by which the conditioned response decreases after repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus is called:

answer

extinction.

question

In a study on _____, researchers provided animals with flavored water followed by injections of a drug that upset their stomachs. The animals rejected the flavored drink thereafter.

answer

taste aversion

question

If you know that doing something a certain way will get you something you want, you have learned about the _________ related to the behavior.

answer

reinforcement.

question

You teach your dog to go to the bathroom outside using a combination of rewards and punishment. In this case the key to learning is that the dog

answer

received consequences for his behaviour

question

Operant conditioning uses _____ to increase target behaviors, and punishment applies _____ to decrease unwanted behaviors.

answer

reinforcers; aversive stimuli

question

Which is an example of Pavlovian conditioning?

answer

A cat that comes running when someone goes near their food dish.

question

_____ is the learning process in which two stimuli become associated with each other.

answer

Classical conditioning

question

For Little Albert, the sight of the rat went from being a(n) _____ to a(n) _____, and his fear of the rat became a conditioned response.

answer

neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus

question

You performed an experiment that showed that rats were more likely to press a lever again when they were given a reward on a previous trial than when they were given a shock, this is an example of

answer

the law of effect

question

James teaches his dog to roll over first by teaching his dog to lie down, then to shift to one side, then to roll over. What method of acquisition is occurring?

answer

shaping

question

Negative punishment _______ a behavior, negative reinforcement _______ a behavior.

answer

decreases; increases

question

If you were conducting an experiment based on Pavlov's original observations, which of the following stimuli would you use?

answer

Footsteps.

question

Laura notices that her rat, who was conditioned to avoid a part of the cage when a red light appeared, also avoids that part of the cage when a green light appears. Laura's rat is showing

answer

Stimulus generalization

question

If you fear something that cannot harm you, the thing you fear is a (an)

answer

conditioned stimulus

question

How are secondary reinforcers linked to primary reinforcers?

answer

Secondary reinforcers are used to obtain primary reinforcers.

question

Spanking is an example of

answer

Positive punishment

question

At the core of all examples of Pavlovian conditioning is

answer

association.

question

One thing that is the same about classical and operant conditioning is that the initial stage is referred to as _________ in both paradigms.

answer

acquisition

question

If you were replicated the study by Watson and Rayner you would need

answer

a baby.

question

You are writing a paper on the founder of Behaviorism, who is most likely to be the subject of your paper?

answer

B. F. Skinner

question

Your mother gives you money for mowing the lawn. The money is a _____ reinforcer.

answer

secondary

question

Positive reinforcement _______ a behavior, negative punishment _______ a behavior.

answer

increases; decreases

question

In early experiments with dogs, Pavlov found that the dogs began to salivate at the mere sight or sound of the lab assistant. The dog had been __________.

answer

conditioned

question

You are setting up a classical conditioning experiment. The term you use for the stimulus that does not produce a response before the experiment is the

answer

neutral stimulus

question

Pavlov followed up on his initial observations with numerous studies in the early 1900s. Pavlov studied _____ behaviours, like salivating.

answer

involuntary

question

_____ has occurred whenever a new, nonuniversal link between a stimulus and response is established.

answer

Learning

question

Spontaneous recovery cannot occur without

answer

extinction.

question

You conduct and experiment where you pair the sound of a bell with the presentation of food to a dog. Before the start of the experiment the bell is

answer

a neutral stimulus.

question

The evolutionary perspective helps clarify why some types of learning are so powerful. With _____, species gain an evolutionary advantage through quick and efficient learning about poisonous foods.

answer

conditioned taste aversion

question

You have conditioned a dog to salivate at the sound of a bell. You present the bell without food several times. You expect the dog to show

answer

extinction.

question

The dogs in Pavlov's experiments began to salivate when exposed to the smell of food, even before tasting it. This is an involuntary response of the:

answer

autonomic nervous system.

question

One thing that is the same about classical and operant conditioning is that the initial stage is referred to as _________ in both paradigms.

answer

acquisition

question

What is true about the variations of classical conditioning?

answer

not all conditioned responses are emotional.

question

The initial learning phase in both classical and operant conditioning is called:

answer

acquisition

question

In Pavlov's experiments, the connection between food and salivating is _____, whereas the link between the sound of the footsteps and salivating is _____.

answer

innate; learned

question

You can study a number of different responses using Pavlov's original approach, but they would all have one thing in common. What would that be?

answer

They would all be involuntary responses.

question

The son of a village priest, _____ had planned to devote his life to the church. Instead, he conducted research on the physiology of digestion. His most enduring legacy was his trailblazing research on learning.

answer

Ivan Pavlov

question

Pavlov discovered how associations develop through the process of_____, which he referred to as conditioning.

answer

learning

question

You were not afraid of dogs. Over the course of a couple weeks you had three unpleasant experiences with a neighbour's dog who runs at you snarling and barking. Now you are afraid of the dog. Now that you fear the dog, the dog is a (an)

answer

conditioned stimulus

question

Suppose you are reading about a Pavlovian experiment. Which of the following would be an example of a conditioned response?

answer

salivating to a bell.

question

You are about to read about an experiment that used Pavlov's paradigm. Before you even begin reading you know you will read about

answer

stimuli and responses

question

Your professor is talking about an experiment about learning. He says that in his experiment 'learning' would be said to occur if the animal showed a relatively permanent change in behaviour gained through experience. Your professor has just provided you with the ______ of learning.

answer

Operational definitions

question

When you conduct an Pavlovian experiment you _____ one stimulus with another.

answer

pair

question

You didn't mind cats, until your roommate's cat attacked you, now you fear all cats. To you, cats went from being a ____________ to being a ____________.

answer

neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus

question

Which of these examples related to Pavlovian conditioning does NOT show learning?

answer

salivating when food is presented.

question

Researchers tried to get quolls to stop eating toxic toads byconditioning taste aversion because

answer

quolls could not learn to avoid the toads on their own because eating one toad killed the quoll.

question

You never used to care about the phone ringing, but ever since you got some bad news over the phone last week that made you nervous, hearing the phone makes you nervous. In classical conditioning terms, your response to the phone now is

answer

a conditioned response

question

One study conducted in New Zealand and discussed in your text found that the more television children watched, the more likely they were to show _____ as young adults.

answer

antisocial behaviors

question

In a Bobo doll experiment conducted by Bandura, children were more likely to copy models who were _____ for their aggressive behavior and less likely to mimic those who were _____.

answer

positively reinforced; positively punished

question

In a study conducted by Bandura, children who were paired with adults who acted violently toward a Bobo doll performed displays of:

answer

aggression.

question

There is a positive correlation between television watching (regardless of the content) and antisocial behavior. This means that

answer

the more television a child watches the more likely they are to be antisocial.

question

Deanne was shown a video of a person hitting a clown doll whereas Andrea was shown a video of a person hugging a clown doll. After the presentation of the video Deanne is more likely to

answer

act aggressively.

question

You do a study and find that the more siblings a child has the more prosocial behavior they show. This means

answer

having more siblings is positively correlated with prosocial behavior.

question

Which of the following types of learning would be involved if a person with limited vision learned how to press elevator buttons by resting their hand on someone else who was doing the action in the correct sequence?

answer

Observational learning

question

Dr. Yates is interested is observing whether children who observe aggressive behavior in adults are more aggressive towards other children than children who do not observe aggressive behavior. Whose work is Dr. Yates replicating?

answer

Albert Bandura

Psych101 – LC Quizzes Chap. 5 – Flashcards

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