question

_______ is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

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Learning

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What is operant conditioning?

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A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence.

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The name of the researcher who originally described classical conditioning was.

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Ivan Pavlov

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Observational learning is also known as

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Imitation Modeling

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The conditioned response is triggered by the

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Conditioned Stimulus

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What is a conditioned stimulus?

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A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a learned response.

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Place list in order of occurrence Bandura's four components of observational learning.

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1. Attention 2. Retention 3. Motor reproduction 4. Reinforcement

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When removal of a stimulus in response to a behavior increases the frequency of that behavior, ________ is said to have occurred.

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Negative reinforcement

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_____________ in classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.

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Generalization

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_____________ refers to the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

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Habituation

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Which theorist worked with dogs who were exposed to inescapable shocks and ultimately proposed the theory of learned helplessness?

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Seligman

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In order to get an animal to perform a complex behavior, we might reinforce successive approximations. This process of reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior is called _______________.

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Shaping

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By ringing a bell whenever he gave food to his lab dogs, Pavlov eventually got the dogs to salivate to the sound of the bell. In this context the salivation elicited by sound of the bell is called the

answer

Conditioned response

question

Which of the following are examples of primary reinforcers?

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Food Water

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__________ of reinforcement are timetables that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.

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Schedules

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A(n) _______ stimulus produces a response without prior learning.

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Unconditioned

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What is insight learning?

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A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of the problem's solution.

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___________ is the initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.

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Acquisition

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_________ is the process in operant conditioning by which a stimulus following a particular behavior increases the probability that a behavior will be repeated.

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Reinforcement

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______________ is the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.

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Extinction

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An ______________ response is an unlearned response that is automatically elicited by a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning.

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Unconditioned

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___________ is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not to others.

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Discrimination

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____________ ______________ is when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

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Classical Conditioning

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Which theory of learning discounts the importance of such mental activities as thinking, wishing, and hoping, and focuses solely on observable actions?

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Behaviorism

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Human beings cannot breathe underwater and fish cannot drive cars. The structure of an organism's body.

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Inhibits certain kinds of learning Permits certain kinds of learning

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In ______________ reinforcement, the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by desirable stimulus.

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Positive

question

In _____________, a response decreases because of its unpleasant consequences.

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Punishment

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Sarah is starting to struggle in her general psychology class. She doesn't understand the material in her lectures, and she has gotten behind on her homework. She knows that if she goes to the professor now, the solution will likely be easier than if she waits and gets further behind. If Sarah decided to wait and see if she can catch up on her own but ended up failing her next test, it would exemplify.

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Delayed Punishment

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_________________ learning occurs when the organism learns that by making a particular response, a negative stimulus can be altogether avoided.

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Avoidance

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Which of the following does not describe a process affected by operant conditioning?

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A dog salivating at the sound of a dinner bell

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A schedule that reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors is a ____________-______________ schedule.

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Fixed-ratio schedule

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____________-_____________ schedules of reinforcement reinforce the first behavior after a specific amount of time has passed.

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Fixed-interval

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Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through.

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Experience

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Thorndike's law of effect states that behaviors followed by _____________ outcomes are strengthened, and that behaviors followed by _____________ outcome are weakened.

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Pleasant; Unpleasant

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_____________ learning occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events.

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Associative

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In the Pavlovian experiment, ringing the bell was only a neutral stimulus

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Before Pavlov began feeding the dog the meat powder

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______________ _____________ is the tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning.

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Instinctive Drift

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Which of the following statements describes a variable-ratio schedule?

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It rewards a behavior an average number of times but on an unpredictable basis.

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___________ __________ ___________ is the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.

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Applied behavior analysis

question

A woman works hard all week because she believes that she will be paid on Friday. This is an example of which cognitive factor of learning?

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Expectation

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Which of the following plays an important role between conditioned stimuli and immune and endocrine functioning?

answer

The sympathetic nervous system

question

_______________ is a classical conditioning procedure for weakening a conditioned response by associating the fear-provoking stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with the fear.

answer

Counterconditioning

question

_____________ ______________ is a special kind of classical conditioning involving the learned association between a particular taste and nausea.

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Taste Aversion

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Tolman believed that in order to understand why people engage in particular actions it is necessary to study.

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Entire behavioral sequences

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An operant chamber is called a ___________ __________ is a device used to study operant conditioning.

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Skinner box

question

Which researcher discovered the principles of classical conditioning?

answer

Pavlov

question

_______________ conditioning is a form of treatment that consists of repeated pairing of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.

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Aversive

question

Which of the following is an example of spontaneous recovery.

answer

Remembering a family trip to the movies when visiting the same theater.

question

___________ learning is unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior.

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Latent

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______________ rein forcers are rein forcers that are learned by association and are not innately satisfying.

answer

Secondary

question

Tim has decided not to go out this weekend to party with his friends, but to save his money and go on vacation with his girlfriend over Christmas break. Tim's actions are an example of

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Delayed reinforcement

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_____________ is the species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others.

answer

Preparedness

question

Which theorist viewed learning as the process of observing and imitating behavior?

answer

Albert Bandura

question

Because it's difficult to tell when a reward will come, behavior in a variable-interval schedule is ____________ and _____________.

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Slow and Consistent

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Dweck uses the word _____________ to describe the way our beliefs about ability dictate what goals we set for ourselves, what we think we can learn, and ultimately what we do learn.

answer

Mindset

question

__________ means that the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented very close together in time.

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Contiguity

question

Samantha stubs her tow on the coffee table on the way into the kitchen and she cries out in pain. Stubbing her tow on the coffee table is an example of a(n) ___________ and her cry of pain is an example of a(n) _________.

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Unconditioned stimulus; Unconditioned response

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Classical conditioning is a form of _______________ behavior, or behavior that occurs in automatic response to a stimulus such as a nausea-producing drug, and later to a conditioned stimulus, such as sweet water that was paired with the drug.

answer

Respondent

question

Pavloc gave food to the dog only after ringing the bell and not after any other sounds. What classically conditioned response was this designed to produce?

answer

Discrimination

question

Classical and operant conditioning approaches have focused on the environment and _______________ behavior, but contemporary theorists believe that learning has cognitive influences as well.

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Observable

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____________ means that the conditioned stimulus must precede the unconditioned stimulus, and it must be a reliable indicator that the unconditioned stimulus is on its way.

answer

Contingency

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___________ ____________ involved approaching and interacting with the conditioned stimulus, as if it has become a strongly desired thing in its own right.

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Sign tracking

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It is Sarah's first day at a new job. She watches Jim use the time clock to punch in for work. After seeing him take his time card out of his slot, place it in the machine, stamp it, and then return it to his slot, Sarah decides that she will try to use the machine herself. Sarah has used what method of learning?

answer

Observational learning

question

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with little albert, they paired a loud noise with a white rat. Although Albert has not initially been afraid of the rat, after only seven pairings of the loud noise with the white rat, Albert began to fear the rat, even when the loud noise was no longer sounded. In this experiment, the loud noise is an example of a(n)

answer

Unconditioned stimulus

question

The research of Mineka and Ohman has investigated the natural power of _______ to evoke fear in many mammals.

answer

Snakes

question

Correlational studies have shown that time spent living abroad is associated with higher __________ ___________ performance among MBA students (Maddux & Galinsky, 2007).

answer

Insight learning

question

Classical conditioning can help explain the _____________ effect, which is the effect of a substance or procedure which researchers use as a control to identify the actual effects of a treatment.

answer

Placebo

question

Dr. Jones recommends that his patients Jennifer and Steve take an ibuprofen at the first symptom of a headache. When Steve takes the ibuprofen to help his headache, he has an allergic reaction to the medication and doesn't want to take it again. When Jennifer takes the ibuprofen, it gets rid of her headache, and she would take more ibuprofen in the future to get rid of a headache again. For Steve, the medicine served as ___________, but for Jennifer it worked as _____________.

answer

Positive punishment; negative reinforcement

question

____________ can be especially helpful for learning highly complex tasks that require time and persistence to complete. In this process, rewards are given as subjects get closer to approximating each step of the task.

answer

shaping

question

Classical conditioning and _____________ ____________ are both types of associative learning.

answer

Operant conditioning

question

___________ refers to the recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel context.

answer

Renewal

question

Within the framework of operant conditioning, spanking a child would be considered _____________ punishment.

answer

Positive

question

Einstein's extraordinary intellect was due to

answer

Both biological and cultural factors

question

As the time for class draws to a close, the professor says: " Just one last thing before we wrap up for today..." She notices that all of her students begin to close their notebooks and put them in their backpacks, even though she wasn't done lecturing. Her concluding phrase served as a

answer

Discriminative stimulus

question

Which of the following illustrates Dweck's incremental theory?

answer

A student who keeps trying to complete a challenging assignment.

question

While using the computer at the library, you notice that it does not seem to be connecting properly to the internet. After a few minutes, you give up trying to use that computer and move to a different one. Several weeks later, you are back at the library. You attempt to use the same computer that wasn't working last time, in hopes that it is now working. This behavior exemplifies.

answer

Extinction

question

You use an electric can opener to open your cat's food everyday. When you turn on the can opener and it starts to make noise, your cat comes running into the kitchen to eat his food. Today you used the can opener to open a can of tuna to make yourself a sandwich for lunch, and the cat came running into the kitchen. Your cat has some to associate the previously neutral stimulus of the electric can opener with his cat food. The cat food is the.

answer

Unconditioned stimulus

question

A chimpanzee cannot reach honey inside a hive. After sitting and appearing to think about it for a minute, he picks up a stick and dips it into the hive to extract the honey. This is an example of

answer

Insight learning

question

Roger is watching his favorite TV show. During the show, the main character casually drinks a Starbucks coffee. Placing the Starbucks coffee cup on the table in such a way that viewers would recognize the logo is an example of

answer

Embedded Marketing

question

If Watson and Rayner attempted to recreate their 1920 study today, they would violate the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association. What is the primary concern about their study?

answer

They did not reverse Albert's fear of furry objects, so presumably this phobia remained with him after the experiment.

question

Robert stopped drinking soda and lost three pounds this week. He was so excited by his results, he decided to stop having snacks before bedtime, too. This change in Robert's eating habits because he had a weight loss success when he changed his drinking habits is an example of.

answer

Generalization

question

In _________ reinforcement, the reinforce is presented every time; whereas in __________ reinforcement, the reinforce is presented some of the time.

answer

Continuous; Partial

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