Psy 201: Psychology Cognition Flashcards
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Infants are first able to discriminate speech sounds during the ________ stage.
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babbling
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Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Mrs. Zumpano, a second-grade teacher, watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior. Mrs. Zumpano's surveillance strategy best illustrates
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confirmation bias.
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The title of a song is on the tip of Gerard's tongue, but he cannot recall it until someone mentions the songwriter's name. Gerard's initial inability to recall the title was most likely caused by
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retrieval failure.
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The part of the cerebral cortex that directs the muscle movements involved in speech is known as
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Broca's area
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When Tony is in a bad mood, he interprets his parents' comments as criticisms. When he's in a good mood, he interprets the same types of parental comments as helpful suggestions. This best illustrates that our emotional states influence the process of:
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encoding.
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Andre first became suspicious of his roommate's honesty when he could not find his wallet. Although Andre later recalled that he had left his wallet in the glove compartment of his own car, his newly formed doubt about his roommate's honesty remained as strong as ever. Andre's irrational suspicion of his roommate best illustrates
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the belief perseverance phenomenon.
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Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's telephone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates
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proactive interference.
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When someone mentions Ivy League colleges, Trisha immediately thinks of Harvard University. In this instance, Harvard University is a:
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prototype.
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Ojinska sold many more raffle tickets when she told potential buyers they had a 10 percent chance of winning a prize than when she told them they had a 90 percent chance of not winning. This best illustrates:
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the framing effect
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Noam Chomsky has emphasized that the acquisition of language by children is facilitated by
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an inborn readiness to learn grammatical rules.
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To help resolve the controversy over reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse, the major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest that
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adult memories of experiences happening before age 3 are unreliable.
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When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used?
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recall
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Although Steve was certain that he answered between 70 and 80 items correctly on his biology test, he actually was right on only 55 items. Steve's misjudgment of his test performance illustrates:
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overconfidence
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Visualizing an object and actually seeing that object activate similar brain areas. This most clearly contributes to
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imagination inflation.
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Jamilla systematically tried each successive key on her dad's key ring until she found the one that unlocked his office door. This best illustrates problem solving by means of:
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an algorithm
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To combine words into grammatically sensible sentences, we need to apply proper rules of
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syntax.
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The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely to
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save time in arriving at solutions to problems.
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Dean overestimates the proportion of family chores for which he takes sole responsibility because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than to recall what other family members have done. This best illustrates the impact of
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the availability heuristic.
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In English, adjectives precede nouns. This is a rule of syntax, which is the:
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orderly arrangement of words into grammatically sensible sentences.
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Recall of what you have learned is often improved when your physical surroundings at the time of retrieval and encoding are the same. This best illustrates
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context-dependent memory.
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No matter what language we first use, our first words are mostly
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nouns.
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The earliest stage of speech development is called the ________ stage.
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babbling
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Marlene forgot to bring a pillow on the camping trip, so she spent a very uncomfortable and restless night. Unfortunately, she never thought of using her down-filled jacket as a pillow. Marlene's oversight best illustrates
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fixation or mental set
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Which of the following poses the greatest threat to the credibility of children's recollections of sexual abuse?
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the misinformation effect
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After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of
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retroactive interference.
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People are likely to take less time to recognize a woman as a nurse than a man as a nurse because a woman more closely resembles their nurse
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prototype
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Eva had difficulty recognizing that a sea horse was a fish because it did not closely resemble her fish
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prototype
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Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is initially
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rapid and subsequently slows down
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One day after Usha hears her mother's list of 12 grocery items, Usha is most likely to remember the items ________ of the list.
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at the beginning and end
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After learning that kicking would move a crib mobile, infants showed that they recalled this learning best if they were tested in the same crib. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on recall.
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retrieval cues
