question

Tests of ability not named Binet & Wechsler

answer

-Special populations (e.g., hearing-impaired) -Greater focus on nonverbal performance scales -Less focus on verbal responses

question

Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

answer

NBAS Assumptions: 1. Infants are highly capable when they are born. 2. Babies "communicate" through behavior, which is a rational language. 3. Infants are social organisms.

question

Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale as a predictor of cognitive development and IQ in full-term infants: a 6-year longitudinal study (2011)*

answer

80 full-term newborns followed from 3 days until 6 years. Neonatal self-regulation behaviors were the best predictors of infant development and intelligence.

question

Bayley Scale of Infant Development (Bayley III, BSID)

answer

Measures cognitive, language and motor development from one to 42 months of age. Frequently used to describe particular medical conditions and developmental disabilities. Most commonly used measure of development in this age range in both clinical and research settings. High reliability and validity. Good Standardization Sample (n = 1,700) 2004, with stratification by: age, sex, race/ethnicity, parent education level, geographic region. Poor predictive value to later IQ scores. Considered good screening device for identifying children in need of early intervention.

question

The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (KABC-II)*

answer

Culturally fair cognitive ability test. Minimize verbal instructions and responses. Test items contain little cultural content, children of diverse backgrounds are assessed more fairly. Less disparity in test scores based on race/ethnicity. Actual theoretical basis. Based on cognitive, information-processing, and sequential/versus synthesis processing. The KABC-II helps to identify an individual's strengths and weaknesses in cognitive ability and mental processing.

question

The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (KABC-II): Simultaneous

answer

Simultaneous Triangles: the child assembles several foam triangles to match a picture. Face Recognition: the child looks a photographs of one or two faces for 5 seconds and then selects the correct face/faces shown in a difference pose from a selection. Rover: The child moves a toy dog to a bone on a grid that contains several obstacles trying to find the quickest path to the bone. Gestalt Closure: The child mentally fills in the gaps in a partially completed inkblot drawing and names or describes the object/action depicted in the drawing.

question

The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (KABC-II): Learning

answer

Learning Atlantis: the assessor teaches the child nonsense names for pictures of fish, shells and plants. The child then has to point to the correct picture when read out the nonsense name. Atlantis Delayed: the child repeats the Atlantis subtest 15-25 minutes later to demonstrate delayed recall.

question

Cerebral Lateralization: Cognition

answer

Left: more dominant for "serial" processing -Speech production / comprehension -Reading / writing -Logic Right: more dominant for "synthesis" -Perceiving wholes -Non-linguistic functions including recognition of faces, places, and sounds, -Complex patterns (music)

question

Attention: Active

answer

We actively move information detectors (e.g., eyes, ears) toward the information of focus

question

Infants and Attention

answer

Infants show orienting responses (directing attentional resources to something) and habituation (directing attentional resources away from something). Provides information on what they are interested in (or is new) and what they are no longer interested in (or is familiar)

question

2003 Study

answer

Forty-six Taos Pueblo Native American children from New Mexico took part in a prepublication study of the cultural validity of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (KABC-II). Despite significant cultural and linguistic differences, the performance of the Taos Pueblo children was found to be commensurate with the national standardization sample.

question

2006 Study

answer

In the total sample of 174 examinees, SES level correlated .39 with the WISC-IV FSIQ and .25 with the KABC-II FCI; the difference between these correlations is statistically significant (p ; .01). That is, SES explains about 15% of the variance of WISC-IV scores and about 6% of the variance of KABC-II scores.

question

Learning Disabilities

answer

Difficulty mastering academic subject Have normal intelligence Not suffering from other neurological condition Difficulty reading (e.g., dyslexia) Difficulty understanding words (e.g., impaired comprehension) Difficulty with math (e.g., dyscalculia)

question

Broad Perspectives on Learning Disabilities

answer

Researchers often contrast medical vs. social models of disability. Medical perspective emphasizes biological roots of disabilities within the individual. Social perspective explores factors that make students more likely to experience LDs or to receive an LD label.

question

Medical Perspectives on Learning Disabilities*

answer

Genetic abnormalities Major birthing difficulties or trauma during or immediately after childbirth Use/abuse drugs or alcohol Environmental or industrial toxins and pollution Unknown cause (i.e., 'idiopathic')

question

Social Perspectives on Learning Disabilities*

answer

Racial Minorities, economically disadvantaged youth, males, and some linguistic minorities more likely to be labeled with a LD (a) Flawed methods of assessing LDs don't distinguish linguistic ability from learning ability (b) Learning difficulties due to disadvantaged background incorrectly labeled LD

question

Social perspectives on LD

answer

In 2013, 12 percent of children living in families below the federal poverty line were identified as having a learning disability, compared with 6 percent of other children. LD are deviant in that they are not receptive to the teaching practices that work for other students. This label controls this deviance by assigning blame to the student's deficiencies rather than to failings on the parts of parents, teachers, or schools.

question

Temperament*

answer

In first weeks after birth, infants differ in characteristics such as: -Activity level -Mood -Responsiveness -Soothability -Attention span Most researchers agree that temperament reflects biologically based individual differences... That emerge in early life and predispose the individual to certain feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.

question

Infant Temperament and Childhood Psychiatric Disorder: Longitudinal Study (2013)

answer

Intensity of emotional reaction was associated with later disorder. Associations were stronger in girls and in those children with high levels of intensity at both 6 and 24 months of age.

question

Temperament (recent focus)

answer

(1) Behaviorally Inhibited (fearful): -High negative reactivity towards novelty. -High levels of social withdrawal, particularly to unfamiliar persons. (2) Exuberance -High approach, high activity level, impulsivity, displays of high intensity, positive affect, and sociable behavior.

question

Temperament: Fearful

answer

Found to be stable from early childhood to adolescence and even early adulthood. Tend to show later internalizing disorders, especially anxiety. For example: 61% of children characterized as highly inhibited at age two showed symptoms of social anxiety at age 13, compared with 27% for non-inhibited children.

question

Temperament: Exuberance

answer

Shown to be stable from infancy to childhood Good predictor of externalizing problems, especially for children who display high approach and low self-regulation. For example: exuberant group of children particularly at risk for externalizing behaviors such as aggressive and destructive problems.

question

Personality Perspectives

answer

(1) Psychoanalytic: Unconscious and early childhood experience (2) Trait: Description and measurement (3) Social Cognitive: Learning and importance of beliefs about self (4) Humanistic: Self and fulfillment of one's unique potential

question

Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality

answer

Id: Operates according to the pleasure principle - instant gratification Ego: Operates according to the reality principle - delay gratification Superego: Consists of moral ideals and conscience Sex, aggression

question

The Trait Approach*

answer

Five-factor Model (aka the Big 5): Personality consists of 5 basic traits on a continuum: Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism

question

Consistency Across the Lifespan

answer

Personality least stable during childhood Consistency of personality increases with age Intra-individual change in personality stability: Plateaus around age 30-40

question

The Trait Approach: Biological Roots of Personality*

answer

Results suggest that personality differences in the population are 40% to 50% genetically determined.

question

Physiological Component: Introversion / Extroversion

answer

Introversion: -easily aroused -sensitive to punishment -oversensitive to stimulants -undersensitive to depressants Extroversion -not easily aroused -sensitive to reward -undersensitive to stimulants -oversensative to depressants

question

Measuring/Assessing Personality

answer

Projective tests: -Rorschach -Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Structured Tests

question

Structured Tests

answer

Self-report questionnaires True or False Yes or No Assume response can be taken at face-value -I ask you: "Do you like cake?" -You respond: "Yes" -I assume: "You like cake" Assume respondent is following instructions, can read and understand items, is answering honestly, or is even aware of their own biases in responding

question

Structured Tests: Empirical Approach*

answer

Compare "criterion group" (e.g., individuals with depression) to "control group" (e.g., individuals without depression). Look for questions that these groups answer differently. -As long as they produce different answers, content of questions is irrelevant

question

Structured Tests: MMPI*

answer

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory -Self-report questionnaire: True/False -Identify psychopathology -Test-taker must have normal IQ and be at the 8th grade reading level Original MMPI: -Criterion Group: Psychiatric inpatients at University of Minnesota Hospital -Control group: Relatives and visitors at hospital

question

Original MMPI: Validity Scales* (K)

answer

K scale: detect pathological groups that deceptively present self in favorable way. Use known pathological test-takers that produced normal test results, and focus on particular items that differentiated them from control participants.

question

Validity Scale: Self-Favorable

answer

Defensiveness Assumes psychopathology. If someone with a history of psychological problems scores high, then they are being defensive. However, a high K is also associated with high education and socio-economic status. If there are signs of psychopathology in the history, then high K indicates defensiveness, intolerance, dogmatism, and being controlling.

question

Original MMPI: Validity Scales* (F)

answer

F scale: detect groups that deceptively present self as pathological or exaggerate degree of pathology. Use items that are chosen infrequently by control sample and very infrequently by psychiatric patients. Anyone picking a lot of these items is seen as trying to "fake bad".

question

Validity Scale: Self-Unfavorable

answer

Infrequency F(p) scale: items endorsed by 20% or less of psychiatric patients Detecting faking or exaggerating serious psychopathology

question

Original MMPI: Problems*

answer

Individuals with a specific clinical diagnosis do not score high on just the associated MMPI scale (i.e., people with depression do not score high on just the depressive scale). Individuals with clinical diagnoses tend to score high on many of the scales.

question

Original MMPI: Solution*

answer

Identify unique "pattern" of responses across all of the scales for different diagnoses.

question

MMPI-2

answer

Tested on larger and more representative sample. Include validity scales to test for "random responding" as well as "acquiescence" (tendency to agree no matter the content).

question

Birth cohort increases in psychopathology among young Americans, 1938-2007: A cross-temporal meta-analysis of the MMPI (2010)

answer

Two cross-temporal meta-analyses find large generational increases in psychopathology among American college students (N= 63,706) between 1938 and 2007 on the MMPI and MMPI-2 and high school students (N= 13,870) between 1951 and 2002 on the MMPI-A (adolescent). The current generation of young people scores about a standard deviation higher (average d= 1.05) on the clinical scales, including Pd (Psychopathic Deviation), Pa (Paranoia), Ma (Hypomania), and D (Depression).

question

Birth cohort increases in psychopathology among young Americans, 1938-2007: A cross-temporal meta-analysis of the MMPI (2010) (con't.)

answer

Five times as many now score above common cutoffs for psychopathology, including up to 40% on mania. The birth cohort effects are still large and significant after controlling for the validity scales, suggesting that the changes are not caused by response bias. The results best fit a model citing cultural shifts toward extrinsic goals, such as materialism and status and away from intrinsic goals, such as community, meaning in life, and affiliation.

question

California Psychological Inventory (CPI)

answer

Used on "normal" individuals. Not designed to diagnosis pathology, however shares many questions with MMPI. Personal and work-related characteristics. (implementer, supporter, innovator, visualizer) "Develop leadership abilities by helping individuals better understand themselves and how they interact with others." "Help organizations identify talent by measuring results relating to occupational issues, creativity, leadership, amicability, and tough-mindedness."

question

What is CBT?

answer

-Short-term, directive therapy (6 - 20 sessions) -Evidence-based (data and assessment driven) -Case formulation for treatment planning -Regular assessment throughout treatment -Focuses on relationship between thoughts, behaviors, and feelings -Problem-focused -Skills-based

question

Imaging Basic Structures: Computed Tomography (CT)*

answer

X-ray of brain from all angles

question

MRI

answer

Radio waves passed through brain cause iron in hemoglobin to produce magnet fields which can be recorded by magnetic sensors Good contrast between soft tissues Neurological (brain), musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and oncological (cancer)

question

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

answer

Water molecules in brain tend to diffuse along the length of axons DTI uses radio-frequency and magnetic field pulses to create pictures of axons by tracking the movement of water molecules along axons Method for understanding health of white matter

question

Comparison of white matter integrity between autism spectrum disorder subjects and typically developing individuals: a meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging tractography studies. (2013)

answer

Meta-analysis 25 relevant diffusion tensor imaging studies comparing autism spectrum disorders and typical development Autism spectrum disorders associated with changes in superior longitudinal fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, and corpus callosum supporting the long-distance underconnectivity hypothesis

question

Recording Neural Activity: Electroencephalography (EEG)*

answer

Electrodes that measure and record: -Electrical potentials -Artifacts of neural activity in brain -Pass through meninges, skull, and scalp

question

Event-Related Potential (ERP): The P300*

answer

Positive deflection ~300ms after familiar stimuli only Occurs above anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) Signal of automatic information processing

question

Electrical Potentials: Cons / Pros

answer

Cons -Tedious to apply and requires trained experts -Noise: Many trials averaged -Poor spatial resolution: poor measure of location of activity, however improved by dense array Pros -Good temporal resolution: good measure of changes in brain activity over time -Not too expensive -Non-invasive

question

Recording Magneto-Neural Activity: Magnetoencephalography (MEG)*

answer

Measures magnetic fields generated by the electrical currents in neural activity -Noninvasive -Good temporal resolution (rapid imagery) -Sensitive to sulci activity (EEG often complicated by activity in bulges)

question

Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID)

answer

MEG measurements are conducted using an extremely sensitive magnetic field detector called a SQUID The SQUID uses superconductors and thus requires cryogenic temperatures for operation (i.e., a helmet shaped liquid helium containing vessel)

question

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

answer

Radioactive chemical tracer -Tracer moves via blood to brain and body -Tracer gives off positively charged particles (positrons) -Camera records positrons and creates computer image -*Any radioactive (and safe) substance that emits positrons can act as a tracer PET shows less anatomical detail than CT or MRI because it shows only the location of tracer. PET often matched with CT for detail

question

PET Procedure

answer

1. Radiotracer injected intravenously (can also be swallowed or inhaled) 2. ~60 min for tracer to move through body and be absorbed by organ or tissue being studied; typically asked to avoid movement and talking. May be asked to drink contrast material 3. Often CT scan done first (few minutes), followed by PET scan (20-30 minutes) *Additional tests involving other tracers or drugs may be used. Also, you may undergo a PET scan before and after exercising or before and after receiving medication that increases blood flow.

question

PET: Cons / Pros*

answer

Cons -Tedious to apply, Trained experts -Very expensive -Invasive -Exposure to radiation -Poor temporal resolution -Slow Pros -Okay spatial resolution -Concentration of activity

question

Hemodynamics*

answer

Changes in blood flow and blood oxygenation in brain When brain cells are active, they consume oxygen carried by hemoglobin in red blood cells Hemodynamic Response: Body responds by increasing oxygen in blood Blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) fMRI: Modify MRI scanner to detect BOLD

question

fMRI: Cons / Pros*

answer

Cons -Tedious to apply, Trained experts -Very expensive Pros -Better spatial and temporal resolution that PET scan -Non-invasive -No radiation exposure

question

California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT)*

answer

Age range: 16 to 89 years Norms: Nationally normed on a representative sample (2000) Clinical measure of verbal learning and memory used to assess numerous neurological conditions (e.g., Alzheimer's) -Two word lists; 20 min interval consisting of nonverbal testing, free recall, cued recally, and recognition memory of List A are tested

question

California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT)* (con't.)

answer

Along with an assessment of general memory functioning, the CVLT measures rate of learning, recall consistency, and the use of various learning strategies. Based on cognitive psychology.

question

Criterion validity of the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (CVLT-II) after traumatic brain injury (2007)

answer

The California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (CVLT-II) performed by 200 participants: -moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (n = 43) -mild traumatic brain injury (n = 57) -demographically matched control (n = 100) groups. CVLT-II variables were accurate 66-71% overall, but false positive rates ranged from 49 to 54%. In conclusion, average scores on the CVLT-II differ meaningfully between patients with various degrees of severity of traumatic brain injury and controls, but this test should not be used in isolation to determine the presence or absence of acquired memory impairment.

question

State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)*

answer

Commonly used measure of trait (personality-based) and state (situation-based) anxiety. Used in clinical settings to diagnose anxiety and to distinguish it from depressive syndromes. Good support in literature on reliability and validity.

question

Assessing Quality of Life: Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Survey Instrument (SF-36)

answer

Easy to score, evaluated on large populations, good reliability and validity.

question

2015 MCAT Changes*

answer

"Recognition that health outcomes, to a large extent, are determined by circumstances in which people live."

question

Exposure To Harmful Workplace Practices Could Account For Inequality In Life Spans Across Different Demographic Groups (2015)

answer

Used General Social Survey data to estimate differential exposures to workplace conditions and results from a meta-analysis that estimated the effect of workplace conditions on mortality 10-38 percent of the difference in life expectancy across demographic groups can be explained by the different job conditions their members experience

question

Vocations and Personalities*

answer

John Holland identified 6 personality types that affect vocational choices Investigative Social Realistic Artistic Conventional Enterprising

question

Vocations and Personalities (con't)

answer

(1) Investigative -Enjoys working with ideas -Introspective, Analytical, Curious, Task-oriented -Such as Anthropologist, Physicist, Engineer, Medical Technologist (2) Social -Enjoys interacting with people -Sociable, Responsible, Humanistic, Sometimes religious -Such as Social Work, Teaching Counseling, Public Health Services (3) Realistic -Enjoys real-world problems and working with objects -Robust, Practical, Physically active, Good motor skills -Such as Construction, Plumbing, Surveying, Carpenter (4) Artistic -Someone who is emotional and high in need for individual expression -Unconventional, Creative, Introspective, Independent -Such as Music, Writing, Visual arts, Reporter (5) Conventional -Enjoys well-structured tasks and values material possessions and status -Conscientious, Efficient, Obedient, Orderly -Such as Accounting, Banking, Quality control, Secretary (6) Enterprising -Enjoys adventures and is persuasive and strong leader -Popular, Self-confident -Such as Sales, Realtor, Politics, Supervisory positions

question

Strong Interest Inventory (SII)*

answer

Measures career and leisure interests Aid people in making educational and career decisions Ability to predict the occupations that people will eventually enter (Strong, 1935, 1955; Campbell, 1966; Harmon, 1969; Hansen & Swanson, 1983; Dirk & Hansen, 2004).

question

Value-Added Assessment*

answer

Do you "add" something above and beyond what is expected. E.g., Do your students perform better than expected

question

Defining "Expected"

answer

Achievement: score on end-of-year test. Because students come to school with different backgrounds, one-time assessment scores are not fair way to compare teachers that work under vastly different circumstances. Growth: progress in test scores from year to year. -Based on test scores from previous year, test scores are projected for current year. -Meet or exceed projected scores: value added

question

Defining "Success"*

answer

Estimate of teacher quality How well teacher performed in improving students in class and how this change in performance compares with other teachers

question

Value-Added: Critiques*

answer

Based on standardized tests. Assumes learning is a linear process. Ignores benefits that don't show up on standardized tests. Discourages teachers from working with most challenging classes.

question

Where Have All The Teachers Gone? (2015)

answer

Several big states have seen alarming drops in enrollment at teacher training programs. In California, enrollment is down 53% over the past five years. There's a growing sense that K-12 teachers simply have less control over their professional lives in an increasingly bitter, politicized environment that bases job security on student test scores.

question

Personality and Job-Performance Relations: Meta-analysis (2004)

answer

Identified 43 independent samples (N = 5,242) from published articles, chapters, technical reports, and dissertations between 1980 and 2000 Estimated true validities: .43 (Emotional Stability), .35 (Extraversion- Ambition), .34 (Agreeableness), .36 (Conscientiousness), and .34 (Intellect-Openness to Experience).

question

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)*

answer

Based on C. G. Jung's theory of "psychological types" - basic differences in the ways individuals prefer to use their perception and judgment. (a) Favorite world: Do you prefer to focus on the outer world or on your own inner world? This is called Extraversion (E) or Introversion (I). (b) Information: Do you prefer to focus on the basic information you take in or do you prefer to interpret and add meaning? This is called Sensing (S) or Intuition (N) (c) Decisions: When making decisions, do you prefer to first look at logic and consistency or first look at the people and special circumstances? This is called Thinking (T) or Feeling (F). (d) Structure: In dealing with the outside world, do you prefer to get things decided or do you prefer to stay open to new information and options? This is called Judging (J) or Perceiving (P).

question

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)* (con't.)

answer

Interests Reactions Values Motivations Skills

question

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI): Some Facts

answer

Often used by human resource professionals to build teams with personality types that work well together or to help co-workers interact more effectively with each other. More than 10,000 companies, 2,500 colleges and universities, and 200 government agencies in the United States use the test.

question

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI): Some Problems

answer

CPP is a private company that is the exclusive publisher of the MBTI. While the Myers-Briggs assessment can be taken online for $49.95, individuals administering the assessment and interpreting and applying the results must be certified, which costs $1,695.00 plus shipping and taxes. CPP's profit from the MBTI is roughly $20 million annually. Theories in Jung's 1921 book Psychological Types are not supported by controlled experiments or data. Individuals taking tests often get different outcomes with repeated tries. Little evidence of reliability or validity.

question

Wonderlic Personnel Test*

answer

50 question (12 minute) intelligence test famously used to assess NFL players. Among active players, Jets QB (and Harvard grad) Ryan Fitzpatrick has highest score of 48. Most players with high scores are QBs or wide receivers. Blaine Gabbert, Eric Decker, Calvin Johnson, and Alex Smith all scored 40 or better. Matthew Stafford, Eli Manning, Colin Kapernick, Tony Romo, and Aaron Rodgers all scored 35 or better. Frank Gore (6), Mario Manningham (6), or Cordarrelle Patterson (11).

question

Polygraph

answer

Tests anxiety Looking for increase in activity on all measures. Also known as DEFENSIVE RESPONSES In knowledge detection, will look for a decrease in some activity of an ORIENTING RESPONSE

question

Attention: Threat vs. Information

answer

Defensive Response: -survival based: heart rate accelerates -attention automatically captured by "threatening stimuli" Orienting Response: -Information based: heart rate decelerates -Intentional search for "informative stimuli" -automatically captured by "informative stimuli"

question

A "Deceptive" Test

answer

"Relevant" questions (i.e., about crime) show larger response than "control" questions (i.e., known lies) You must be more nervous about the crime than a "white" lie

question

An "innocent" test

answer

"Control" questions (i.e., known lies) show larger response than "relevant" questions (i.e., about crime) You must be more nervous about a little lie that no one really cares about than the crime

question

Guilty Knowledge Test

answer

Because it's based on memory and not fear and anxiety, it has very little false positives; almost never accuses innocent

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