OB CH. 4 – Flashcards

1. In managing organizational behavior, the importance of attitudes:
a. is determined by observation
b. rests with understanding non-productive behavior
c. lies in their link to behavior
d. can be assessed from observing non-work behavior

. An individual’s psychological tendency expressed by evaluating an entity with some degree of favor or disfavor reflects:
a. an attitude
b. one’s mood
c. values
d. beliefs

3. All of the following are indications of affect except:
a. he believes that young employees are error prone
b. she dislikes eating lunch in the company cafeteria
c. he prefers group discussion
d. she likes the new phone system

Asking an employee whether he or she would use a new computer software package is an attempt to determine:
a. affect
b. cognition
c. dissonance reduction
d. behavioral intent

. An individual does not have an attitude until he or she responds to an entity on a:
a. personal, cognitive, and behavioral basis
b. cognitive, interactive, and behavioral basis
c. behavioral, affective, and interactive, basis
d. cognitive, behavioral, and affective basis

6. When one’s attitudes and required job behavior conflict, __________ may develop.
a. affect
b. attitude consonance
c. behavioral tendency
d. cognitive dissonance

7. Attitudes are learned and two major influences include:
a. repeated behavior and affect
b. direct experience and social learning
c. cognitive dissonance and negative affectivity
d. random behavior modeling and unconscious motivation

. A major reason why attitudes derived from direct experience are so powerful is because:
a. they become a heuristic to assist in decision making
b. they are easily accessed and are active in our cognitive processes
c. they are accessible through the left part of the brain which is more intuitive
d. of the behavioral intention component of an attitude

When one’s attitudes and required job behavior conflict, __________ may develop.
a. affect
b. attitude consonance
c. behavioral tendency
d. cognitive dissonance

10. If a salesperson is required to sell a defective TV set but believes this act to be unethical, he or she would:
a. not engage in the act
b. experience the discomfort of cognitive dissonance
c. need to be at Kohlberg’s 5th level of cognitive development in order to resolve the conflict between attitudes and behavior
d. reexamine his or her behavioral intention

Which of the following is not an important aspect or process of modeling?
a. The learner must focus attention on the model.
b. The model must not be aware of the learner’s presence.
c. The learner must retain, accept, and/or stamp in what was observed for the model.
d. The learner must practice the model’s behavior.

In social learning, the family, peer group, religious organizations, and culture shape an individual’s attitudes in a(n):
a. direct manner
b. indirect manner
c. reciprocal manner
d. parallel manner

Assume you are a supervisor and you strongly endorse keeping an open line of communication with your employees, you always keep your office door open and you instruct your secretary to not screen phone calls from employees. These conditions include:
a. attitude specificity
b. cognitive dissonance
c. little connection between attitudes and appropriate behavior
d. non-compliance with social constraints

Which of the following is NOT one of the five things the attitude-behavior correspondence depends upon?
a. attitude specificity
b. attitude relevance
c. social constraints
d. the experimental model used to test the relationship

If an individual from a country holds a negative attitude towards women in management because of a cultural belief system, but does not reflect behavior consistent with that attitude in a group, the link between the attitude-behavior is probably weak because:
a. the measurement timing is poor
b. of social constraints
c. the individual is a low self-monitor
d. of low attitude relevance

A pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or job experiences reflects:
a. job involvement
b. job satisfaction
c. loyalty
d. job morale

According to considerable research, the relationship between job satisfaction and job performance is:
a. strong and direct
b. strong and negative
c. modest
d. positive for women and negative for men

The JDI measures:
a. job performance
b. attitude specificity
c. employee absenteeism
d. job satisfaction

Job satisfaction and employee performance are likely to be positively related when:
a. pay is linked to attendance
b. non-participative techniques are used
c. rewards are valued by employees and are tied directly to performance
d. employee turnover is high

Job satisfaction has been shown to be related to organizational citizenship, which is:
a. the tendency to exhibit strong ethical behavior
b. behavior that is above and beyond the call of duty in behalf of the organization
c. loyalty to the organization
d. the tendency to look for the positive within organizations

Employees working for Aplus.net came to work during massive wildfires that swept through California in 2003, even though some of their own homes were threatened. This is an example of:
a. affective commitment
b. continuance commitment
c. organizational citizenship
d. organizational involvement

22. Which of the following statements is true regarding job satisfaction and organizational commitment?
a. They are reciprocally related.
b. They are strongly positively related.
c. Organizational commitment moderates the relationship between job satisfaction and performance.
d. There is a curvilinear relationship between the two variables.

Employee loyalty toward the organization is a significant factor in:
a. job displacement
b. continuance commitment
c. affective commitment
d. employee turnover

When an employee remains with a firm because he or she faces significant exit barriers, this can be characterized as:
a. organizational citizenship
b. withdrawal syndrome
c. continuance commitment
d. dysfunctional attachment

Which statement best reflects the relationship between job satisfaction and individual performance?
a. productive workers are satisfied
b. satisfied workers are productive
c. modest support for both “productive workers are satisfied” and “satisfied workers are productive” but no simple direct relationship between satisfaction and performance has been found
d. the strongest relationship between job satisfaction and performance has been found when satisfaction results in strongly valued rewards and then performance

Which statement best reflects the current state of knowledge regarding the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational performance?
a. It is similar to the relationship between job satisfaction and individual performance.
b. Unfortunately, this relationship has not been investigated.
c. No relationship has been found between job satisfaction and organizational performance.
d. Companies with satisfied workers have better performance than companies with dissatisfied performance.

27. The relationship between job satisfaction and absenteeism is best reflected by which statement?
a. Job dissatisfaction is positively related to absenteeism.
b. Job dissatisfaction and absenteeism are negatively correlated.
c. Job dissatisfaction and absenteeism are not related.
d. Job satisfaction and absenteeism are positively related.

Which statement regarding the relationship between culture and job satisfaction is most accurate?
a. Job satisfaction is not influenced by culture.
b. Job satisfaction and participative techniques do not appear to be related when taking into account cultural differences.
c. Culture does not appear to affect the factors (i.e., work itself) that lead to job satisfaction.
d. Job satisfaction is significantly affected by culture but factors may differ.

. Counterproductive behavior that violates organizational norms and causes harms to others of the organization is known as:
a. OCB
b. WDB
c. JDI
d. MSQ

30. The strength of an individual’s identification with an organization is known as:
a. normative commitment
b. organizational commitment
c. continuance commitment
d. behavioral commitment

Which of the following is NOT a type of organizational commitment?
a. affective
b. continuance
c. normative
d. citizenship

The type of organizational commitment that is based on an individual’s desire to remain in an organization is called:
a. intentional commitment
b. normative commitment
c. affective commitment
d. attitudinal commitment

Which of the following persons is most likely to be persuaded to change?
a. a low self-esteem individual
b. an individual who holds an extreme attitude
c. a high self-esteem individual
d. someone who is in the peripheral route of a persuasion attempt

To understand how attitudes can change, it is necessary to understand that the characteristics which affect the persuasion process include:
a. source, intended, and message characteristics
b. source, directed, and message characteristics
c. source, intended, and directed characteristics
d. source, target, and message characteristics

The three major aspects of the source characteristic affecting persuasion include:
a. expertise, credibility, charisma
b. credibility, charisma, attractiveness
c. expertise, charisma, attractiveness
d. expertise, trustworthiness, attractiveness

The two major cognitive routes to persuasion include:
a. the direct and central
b. the direct and peripheral
c. the central and circular
d. the central and peripheral

The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion proposes that:
a. persuasion occurs over the routes of message, target, and source characteristics
b. the likelihood that an attitude will change is largely dependent on the amount of time spent attempting to change the attitude
c. attitudinal change is a function of three interactive routes, physical, mental, and visual
d. persuasion occurs over two routes, the central and the peripheral

Jim is a salesperson who focuses on nonverbal cues when working with a client. Jim will be more successful if he:
a. appears eager when the client appears eager
b. appears subdued when the client is more eager
c. focuses on message content rather than nonverbal cues
d. presents the positive consequences of purchasing his product

Acting in ways consistent with one’s personal values and the commonly held values of the organization and society is:
a. legal behavior
b. ethical behavior
c. cognitive behavior
d. loyal behavior

Your text states that the CEO of Johnson & Johnson compared the performance over a 40-year period of time for organizations that had devoted a great deal of time to ethics. Which of the following conclusions were supported by his investigation?
a. Ethical behavior and job satisfaction were positively associated.
b. Ethical behavior and sales growth were positively associated.
c. Ethical behavior and the growth of market value were positively associated.
d. Organizations with more time spent on ethical behavior have lower accounting returns and slow sales growth.

. Ethical behavior is influenced by which two major factors?
a. religion and value system
b. terminal and instrumental values
c. level of ethical reasoning and intelligence
d. individual characteristics and organizational factors

Which of the following qualities has NOT been suggested as important to making ethical decisions?
a. competence to identify issues
b. self-confidence to seek out different opinions
c. tough-mindedness
d. commitment

An enduring belief that a particular behavior or end state of existence is preferred is known as a/an:
a. message
b. value
c. ethic
d. attitude

All of the following are considered terminal values except:
a. wisdom
b. achievement
c. self-control
d. equality

Which of the following is not an instrumental value?
a. helpfulness
b. independence
c. self-respect
d. courage

The goals to be achieved, or the end states of existence, are called:
a. instrumental values
b. terminal values
c. lifelong values
d. permanent values

47. Recent research found four values exerted the most influence on job choice decisions. Which of the following was not one of those values?
a. achievement
b. concern for others
c. fairness
d. pay

48. Which of the following work values is LEAST relevant to individuals?
a. honesty
b. fairness
c. concern for others
d. professionalism

What type of work culture would you most likely find in Iran?
a. individualist culture
b. work culture based on task accomplishment
c. work culture based on contributions to loyalty
d. collectivist culture

50. Persons with an internal locus of control:
a. believe that fate affects their circumstances
b. accept others controlling them
c. take personal responsibility for their situation and the consequences of their behavior
d. can easily succumb to social and peer pressure

Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. Locus of control has little to do with ethical behavior.
b. Other people control persons who are strong on internal locus of control.
c. Persons with an internal locus of control make more ethical decisions than others.
d. Individuals with an internal locus of control are more likely to exhibit uncontrollable behavior.

High-Mach persons are better at:
a. cheating
b. accepting orders from others
c. behaving ethically
d. building strong interpersonal relationships

High-Machs:
a. believe that any means justify the desired ends
b. accept authority better than low-Machs
c. exhibit very strong corporate loyalty
d. are easily manipulated by others

Low-Mach persons value:
a. loyal and personal friendships
b. the “get it done anyway” mentality
c. manipulation of others
d. emotional detachment

A personality characteristic indicating one’s willingness to do whatever it takes to get one’s own way is considered:
a. low in cognitive moral development
b. Machiavellian
c. a high self-monitor
d. someone who has a strong external locus of control

According to research on Kohlberg’s model of cognitive moral development, individuals at higher development stages are:
a. more likely to cheat
b. more likely to put expediency before ethics
c. not able to distinguish right from wrong
d. more likely to engage in whistle-blowing

In Stage 6 of Kohlberg’s cognitive moral development model, individuals:
a. obey rules to avoid punishment
b. control others
c. focus on the expectations of others
d. follow self-selected ethical principles

A legitimate criticism of Kohlberg’s model of cognitive moral development includes:
a. individuals do not appear to go through stages
b. maturity has not been found to be related to moral development
c. the model does not take gender differences into account
d. the fact that women and men face different moral dilemmas