question

motivation

answer

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

question

instinct theory

answer

theory whose underlying assumption is that genes predispose species-typical behavior; names instead of explains behavior and fails to explain most human motives.

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evolutionary perspective

answer

perspective that serves as the modern day form of instinct theory.

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drive-reduction theory

answer

theory that physiological need creates an aroused tension state (aka "drive") that motivates an organism to satisfy said need.

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drive

answer

an aroused tension state.

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instinct

answer

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

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homeostasis

answer

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level; what motivates drive-reduction theory.

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incentive

answer

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

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human motivation

answer

aims not to eliminate arousal but seeks optimum levels of arousal.

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stress

answer

too much stimulation, want to decrease arousal.

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boredom

answer

too little stimulation, want to increase arousal.

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hierarchy of needs

answer

Maslow's pyramid; physiological needs must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

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self-transcendence level

answer

people strive for meaning, purpose, and communion that is beyond the self, that is transpersonal.

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modern pyramid add-ons

answer

gaining and retaining mates, and parenting offspring.

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Keys' experiment

answer

the semi-starved men's preoccupations w/food and hunger illustrated how activated motives can hijack our consciousness: when you are hungry, food matters; subjects lowered BMR to adjust to lowered ability to consume food.

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Washburn experiment

answer

showed that stomach contractions (transmitted by the stomach balloon) accompany our feelings of hunger (indicated by a key press).

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hunger

answer

can persist w/o stomach pangs or even stomach!

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glucose

answer

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissue; when its level is low, we feel hunger.

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insulin

answer

appetite hormone secreted by the pancreas that controls blood glucose; actually diminishes blood glucose, partly by converting it to stored fat.

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arcuate nucleus

answer

neural arc of hypothalamus that has two centers, one that secretes appetite-stimulating hormones and another that secretes appetite-suppressing hormones.

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ghrelin

answer

a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach and sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain.

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leptin

answer

appetite hormone secreted by fat cells that decreases hunger.

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orexin

answer

appetite hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that increases hunger.

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PYY

answer

appetite hormone secreted by the digestive tract that decreases hunger.

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set point

answer

point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set; when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight; heredity influences.

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basal metabolic rate (BMR)

answer

the body's resting rate of energy expenditure.

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settling point

answer

indicates the level at which a person's weight settles in response to caloric intake and expenditure (which are influenced by environment as well as biology) - alternative to biologically fixed "set point".

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Rozin experiment

answer

tested two patients with anterograde amnesia who had no memory for events occurring more than a minute ago; would repeatedly eat meals when offered suggesting that part of knowing when to eat is our memory of our last meal.

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carbohydrates

answer

help boost levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which has calming effects.

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sweet and salty

answer

preferences for these tastes are genetic and universal.

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neophobia

answer

dislike of things unfamiliar; an adaptive trait.

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repeated sampling

answer

doing this will repeatedly typically increase appreciation for a new taste.

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social facilitation

answer

theory that presence of others tends to amplify our natural behavior tendencies; explains why we over eat at celebrations.

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unit bias

answer

calories increase with portion size and we we tend to eat whole portions; smaller portion sizes explain why French weight less than us.

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food variety

answer

having access to a bunch of different or many foods stimulates eating; adaptive trait.

question

way to reduce consumption

answer

1. Before eating with others, decide how much you wish to eat. 2. Reduce standard portion sizes. 3. Serve food with smaller bowls, plates, and utensils. 4. Limit variety. 5. Store appealing foods out of sight.

question

biological influences (eating behavior)

answer

hypothalamic centers in the brain monitoring appetite; appetite hormones; stomach pangs; weight set/settling point; attraction to sweet and salty tastes; adaptive wariness towards novel foods.

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social-cultural influences (eating behavior)

answer

culturally learned taste preferences; responses to cultural preferences for appearance.

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psychological influences (eating behavior)

answer

sight and smell of food; variety of foods available; memory of time elapsed since last meal; stress and mood; food unit size.

question

fat

answer

an ideal form of stored energy; a high-calorie fuel reserve to carry the body through periods when food is scarce.

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>=30

answer

an obese BMI.

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BMI formula

answer

weight in kilograms/squared height in meters

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body mass index (BMI)

answer

measure of obesity; criticized for not distinguishing between muscle and fat.

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obesity risks

answer

diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, gallstones, arthritis, certain types of cancer, and late-life cognitive decline (women only).

question

2-4

answer

# of years of life lost on average to moderate obesity (BMI 30-35).

question

obesity stereotype

answer

obese people are slow, lazy, and undisciplined.

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Gortmaker study

answer

study that followed 370 obese 16-to 24-year-old women over 7 year period, @ end: 2/3 of whom were still obese 7 years later, they made on average $7000 a year less that non-obese women, and they were less likely to be married.

question

Pingitore experiment

answer

filmed mock job interviews in which professional actors appeared either as normal-weight or overweight applicants; when appearing overweight, the same person was rated less worthy of hiring weight, esp. if they were female.

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obesity-depression correlation

answer

obesity contributes to depression and depression fosters obesity.

question

3500 calories

answer

the energy equivalent of a pound of fat (# of calories in a pound of fat).

question

metabolic rate

answer

fat has a lower rate of this b/c it takes less food energy to maintain; why require less food to maintain our weight than we did to attain it!

question

decreases metabolic rate

answer

what the body does to adapt to starvation; explains why why reducing your food intake by 3500 calories may not reduce your weight by 1 pound and diet plateaus.

question

Bray experiment

answer

daily food intake of obese subjects was reduced from 3500 to 450 calories but they only lost only 6 percent of their weight b/c their metabolic rates dropped about 15%.

question

reverse Bray experiment

answer

volunteers were overfed an extra 1000 calories a day for eight weeks; those who gained the least weight tended to spend the extra caloric energy by fidgeting more; results suggest that lean people are naturally disposed to move about.

question

genes

answer

predispose the size of our jeans; explains why the weights of identical twins, even when reared apart, have a +.74 correlation.

question

biological parents

answer

a person's weight most closely resemble their...

question

FTO

answer

gene that nearly doubles the risk of becoming obese.

question

sluggish

answer

people who are genetically disposed to have a ______ brain reward may eat more to boost its activity.

question

sleep loss

answer

the lack of this makes you vulnerable to obesity b/c it lowers leptin and increases ghrelin.

question

social influence

answer

another factor that increases obesity risk; explain why obesity has a high correlation with in a group of friends.

question

increased/decreased

answer

primary environmental factors on global obesity epidemic are ________ food consumption and ____________ activity levels

question

genetic factors

answer

these factors mostly determine why one person today is heavier than another.

question

environmental factors

answer

the factors mostly determine why people today are heavier than their counterparts 50 years ago.

question

ways to lose weight

answer

1. Begin only if you feel motivated and self-disciplined. 2. Minimize exposure to tempting food cues. 3. Exercise. 4. Eat healthy foods. 5. Don't starve all day and eat one big meal at night. 5. Beware of the binge. 6. Connect to a support group.

question

sexual response cycle

answer

excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution (Masters and Johnson).

question

excitement phase

answer

men's and women's genital areas become engorged with blood, a woman's vagina expands and secretes lubricant, and her breasts and nipples may enlarge.

question

plateau phase

answer

excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase; penis becomes fully engorged and some fluid may appear at its tip; vaginal secretion continues to increase, the clitoris retracts, and orgasm feels imminent.

question

orgasm phase

answer

muscle contractions take place all over the body during, accompanied by further increases in breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates; pulse rate surges from about 70 to 115 beats per minute.

question

resolution phase

answer

when the body gradually returns to its unaroused state as the engorged genital blood vessels release their accumulated blood; happens fast if orgasm has occurred, relatively slowly otherwise.

question

refractory phase

answer

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm but women can; lasts anywhere from a few minutes to a day or more for men!

question

sexual disorder

answer

a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning.

question

erectile dysfunction

answer

inability to have or maintain an erection.

question

orgasmic dysfunction

answer

distress over infrequently or never experiencing orgasm; women's form of ED.

question

34%

answer

rate of obesity in the US.

question

8-10

answer

# of years of life lost on average to severe obesity.

question

Christakis & Fowler experiment

answer

experiment wherein subjects were most likely to become obese when a friend became obese; the closer the friend, the more likely the subject was to become obese.

question

female orgasm

answer

reinforces and facilitates conception by helping propel semen from the penis, positioning the uterus to receive sperm, and drawing the sperm further inward.

question

sex hormones

answer

direct the physical development of male and female sex characteristics, and (especially in nonhuman animals) they activate sexual behavior.

question

estrogens

answer

sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics.

question

ovulation

answer

when strogen levels peak in nonhuman female mammals, promoting sexual receptivity aka state of being "in heat"; sexual desire rises slightly in women as well but they do not experience "heat".

question

testosterone

answer

sex hormone that both males and females have it, but males have more of; additional amount in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

question

testes

answer

manufactures testosterone.

question

testosterone-replacement therapy

answer

can increase sex drive in both women and men.

question

biological influences (sexual motivation)

answer

sexual maturity; sex hormones, esp. testosterone; sexual orientation.

question

social cultural influence (sexual motivation)

answer

family and society values; religious and personal values; cultural expectation; media.

question

psychological influences (sexual motivation)

answer

exposure to stimulating conditions; sexual fantasies.

question

habituates

answer

how a response to a stimulus lessens after repeated exposure.

question

erotic materials

answer

mean and women report or exhibit nearly as much arousal when viewing; men's amygdala lights up more on fMRI; can lead to devalue of women and partner; promotes false belief in "rape fantasy".

question

imagination

answer

can influence arousal; explains wet dreams, orgasmic fantasies, and why people who have no genital sensation can still feel sexual desire.

question

teen pregnancy (contributing factors)

answer

1. Minimal communication about birth control. 2. Guilt related to sexual activity. 3. Alcohol use. 4. Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity.

question

50%

answer

% U.S. ninth-to twelfth-graders who report having had sexual intercourse.

question

sexualization of girls

answer

this occurs when girls are led to value themselves in terms of their sexual appeal, compare themselves to narrowly defined beauty standards, and/or see themselves as sexual beings for others' use.

question

39.5%

answer

% of sexually experienced 14-to 19-year-old U.S. females who report having had STI

question

"phantom" sex partners

answer

past partners of partners

question

condoms

answer

offer limited protection against certain skin-to-skin STIs, such as herpes BUT very effective at preventing AIDs and bacterial STIs.

question

predictors of sexual restraint

answer

high intelligence, religious engagement, father presence, participation in service learning programs.

question

sexual orientation

answer

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).

question

heterosexuality/homosexuality

answer

____________ prevails and ____________ survives.

question

2.5%

answer

percent of the population is gay or lesbian.

question

erotic plasticity

answer

explains why women's sexual orientation tends to be less strongly felt and potentially more fluid and changing (aka more likely to be bi).

question

fraternal birth order effect

answer

men who have older brothers are also somewhat more likely to be gay, about 1/3 more likely for each additional brother; may be caused by maternal antibodies becoming stronger w/each birth and consequently preventing the fetus' brain from developing in a male-typical pattern.

question

hypothalamus

answer

not a sexual orientation center, but an important part of the neural pathway engaged in sexual behavior.

question

Levay

answer

studied sections of the hypothalamus taken from deceased heterosexual and homosexual people and identified one cell cluster that was reliably larger in heterosexual men.

question

kin selection

answer

explains how gay people's genes live on through their supporting the survival and reproductive success of their nieces, nephews, and other relatives (who also carry many of the same genes); based in assumption that gay men make generous uncles.

question

"fertile females" theory

answer

based in research that homosexual men have more homosexual relatives on their mother's side than on their father's; suggests that the genes that dispose women to be strongly attracted to men, and therefore to have more children, also dispose men (including some of their male relatives) to be attracted to men.

question

prenatal hormones

answer

control the sexual differentiation of brain centers involved in sexual behaviors; explains why female fetuses most exposed to testosterone, and male fetuses least exposed to testosterone, appear most likely later to exhibit gender-atypical traits and to experience same-sex desires.

question

trait differences (gay-straight)

answer

spatial abilities, fingerprint ridge count, auditory system development, handedness, occupational preferences, relative finger lengths, gender nonconformity, puberty age of onset (males only), sleep length, physical agression, and walking style.

question

brain differences (gay-straight)

answer

one hypothalamic cell cluster is smaller in women and homosexual men, anterior commissure is larger in gay men than straight men, gay men's hypothalamus react as straight women's do to the smell of sex-related hormones.

question

genetic influences (gay-straight)

answer

shared sexual orientation is more common among identical than fraternal twins, sexually attraction in fruit flies can be genetically manipulated; male homosexuality appears to be transmitted from the mother's side of the family.

question

prenatal influences (gay-straight)

answer

altered prenatal hormone exposure may lead to homosexuality in humans and other animals; right-handed men w/several older brother are more likely to be gay, possibly due to a maternal immune-system reaction.

question

straight women and gays

answer

most adept at remembering an object's spatial location.

question

autonomy

answer

a sense of personal control; a basic psychological need.

question

competence

answer

the result is a deep sense of well-being; a basic psychological need.

question

ubuntu

answer

S.A. word for the human bonds that define us all; "my humanity is caught up, is inextricably bound up, in yours".

question

self-esteem

answer

a gauge of how valued and accepted we feel.

question

ostracism

answer

social exclusion; elicits increased activity in brain areas, such as the anterior cingulate cortex, that also activate in response to physical pain.

question

acetaminophen

answer

lessens social as well as physical pain.

question

love

answer

natural painkiller.

question

internet

answer

is diversifying our social networks.

question

social networking

answer

strengthening our connections with people we already know.

question

electronic communication

answer

stimulates healthy self-disclosure.

question

FaceBook profile

answer

reflects actual personality.

question

narcissists

answer

especially active on social networking sites.

question

job

answer

an unfulfilling but necessary way to make money.

question

career

answer

an opportunity to advance from one position to a better position.

question

calling

answer

a fulfilling and socially useful activity; this group report the highest satisfaction with their work and with their lives.

question

flow

answer

a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills; a "zone".

question

purposeful engagement

answer

quality of life positively correlates to _______; idea behind flow concept.

question

psychological contract

answer

the sense of mutual obligations between workers and employers.

question

industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology

answer

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.

question

personnel psychology

answer

a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development.

question

organizational psychology

answer

a subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change.

question

human factors psychology

answer

a subfield of I/O psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use.

question

talents

answer

given the persistence of our traits and temperaments, we should focus not on our deficiencies, but rather on our...

question

interviewer illusion

answer

overconfidence of interviewers, contributing factors: good intentions are less revealing than habitual behaviors; you don't follow those you passed up; presumption that people are who they seem to be; preconceptions and moods lead to bias.

question

unstructured interviews

answer

do provide a sense of someone's personality (their expressiveness, warmth, and verbal ability) but they are not good predictors of future success!

question

structured interviews

answer

interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales; 50% more productive than unstructured interviews and less likely prone to bias.

question

checklists

answer

supervisors simply check specific behaviors that describe the worker ("always attends to customers' needs," "takes long breaks").

question

graphic rating scales

answer

supervisor checks, perhaps on a five-point scale, how often a worker is dependable, productive, and so forth.

question

behavior rating scales

answer

supervisor checks scaled behaviors that describe a worker's performance.

question

360-degree feedback

answer

our knowledge, skills, and behaviors are rated by ourselves and surrounding others.

question

performance evaluation errors

answer

severity, leniency, and recency.

question

achievement motivation

answer

a desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of skills or ideas; for rapidly attaining a high standard.

question

discipline

answer

outdoes talent and refines talent.

question

10-year rule

answer

theory that is takes ten years of hard work to become an expert in anything.

question

grit

answer

passionate dedication to an ambitious, long-term goal.

question

hardiness

answer

resilience under stress.

question

New Lanark Mills

answer

provided an influential demonstration of how industries could do well while doing good; based on utopian vision of Robert Owen.

question

employee engagement

answer

the extent of workers' involvement, enthusiasm, and identification with their organizations.

question

engaged

answer

working with passion and feeling a profound connection to their company or organization.

question

not engaged

answer

putting in time but investing little passion or energy into their work.

question

actively disengaged

answer

unhappy workers undermining what their colleagues accomplish.

question

effective managers

answer

start by helping people identify and measure their talents; match tasks to talents and then give people freedom to do what they do best; care how their people feel about their work; reinforce positive behaviors through recognition and reward.

question

implementation intentions

answer

action plans that specify when, where, and how they will march toward achieving stated goals.

question

task leadership

answer

goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals; more autocratic.

question

social leadership

answer

group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support; more democratic.

question

great person theory of leadership

answer

that all great leaders share certain traits; outdated and overrated.

question

effective leadership personality

answer

tend to be neither extremely assertive (impairing social relationships) or unassertive (limiting task leadership).

question

transformational leadership

answer

motivates others to identify with and commit themselves to the group's mission.

question

voice effect

answer

if given a chance to voice their opinion during a decision-making process, people will respond more positively to the decision.

question

human abilities and behavior

answer

designers and engineers should consider ______________ by designing things to fit people, user-testing their inventions before production and distribution, and being mindful of the curse of knowledge.

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