Middle Childhood – Flashcards
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During middle childhood ___. A) the incidence of myopia decreases B) girls and boys are more likely to be slim than at any other time C) girls are usually taller and heavier than boys D) ear infections are more likely than they were earlier in the lifespan because of more exposure to germs during the school years
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B
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During middle childhood, ___. A) the proportion of body fat is identical for girls and boys B) growth continues at the same rate as in infancy C) bodies are pudgier than they were in toddlerhood with a higher body mass index D) children run longer and faster because of expanded lung capacity
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D
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During middle childhood, there is an increase in myelination of the ___ that accelerates the reaction time for both boys and girls. A) corpus callosum B) Broca's area C) Wernicke's area D) pituitary gland
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A
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For 6-year-old Emannuel, which of the following fine motor tasks is developmentally appropriate? A) writing in cursive B) writing complete sentences and spelling multi-syllable words, such as "hippopotamus" C) writing the letters of the alphabet, writing his name, and writing numbers from 1 to 10 D) running a 4-minute mile, jumping over hurdles, and dribbling a basketball
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C
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By the time Shawna has reached the end of middle childhood, what abilities are close to adult maturity? A) psycho-motor skills B) fine motor abilities C) eye-hand coordination D) gross motor abilities
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B
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What is the current understanding of how genetics influence obesity? A) genetics is a good explanation for recent rises in obesity rates during childhood; however it does little to explain the rates of obesity for adulthood B) genetics cannot explain recent rises in obesity rates, but rather, genetics provides only a risk for overweight and obesity C) obesity is more likely to be caused by genetics than the environment D) genetics only explains obesity with regard to females
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B
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Rates of childhood obesity ___. A) are higher in the US than in most other developed countries B) are highest among Americans form economically advantaged backgrounds who have access to more foods C) are equally high in different parts of the US D) have stayed relatively stable in the last decade
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A
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Your neighbors eat out quite a bit, and most of it is fast food. Their 8-year-old daughter is obese with a BMI of 24. Which of the following statements is most accurate? A) they should be concerned because she is at heightened risk for kidney failure and blindness B) as long as they emphasize that "beauty is from within" they should not be concerned about emotional problems C) they should be concerned because of an increased chance of ADHD correlated with the stress of being obese D) they should not be concerned because most children outgrow their obesity
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A
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In developed countries, ____. A) even children who do not receive vaccinations are less susceptible to fatal diseases in middle childhood than they were earlier in their development B) lead poisoning continues to be one of the top causes of death during middle childhood C) middle childhood is the least safe time of life because of an increased need for independence at this period in development D) rates of minor illness have increased during recent decades, even though rates or more serious illnesses have declined
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A
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Which of the following is a risk factor for asthma? A) living in the Western part of the US B) being male C) having French ancestry D) being underweight
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B
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Maurice is 8 years old and is shown to round balls of clay that are equal in size. He watches as the experimenter rolls one ball into a long sausage shape. When asked "which has more clay?" he will likely reply ___. A) I'm not sure; I'll need to weight them B) they're both the same C) the ball D) the long one that looks like a sausage
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B
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Marina is 9 years old and is capable of concrete operational thought. Like most other children her age, she should ___. A) think in terms of hypotheticals B) pass the three mountain task, but fail the abstract thinking task C) be able to organize and manipulate information mentally D) still have great difficulty with sedation tasks, such as arranging items from shortest to longest
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B
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Research on ADHA ___. A) has found that less than half of children diagnosed with this disorder in the US receive medication B) has shown that two of the most common side effects of medication are weight gain and stuttering C) has shown that like the American studies, studies in other countries found higher rates among boys than among girls D) has found similar treatments utilized across the various countries that have been studied
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C
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Selective attention ___. A) is a common measure of intelligence B) refers to focusing on the relevant stimuli, while ignoring what is irrelevant C) refers to the placement of things into meaningful categories D) refers to thinking about thinking
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B
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Both Gardner's and Sternberg's theory of intelligence propose ___. A) that there are multiple components of intelligence B) an IQ score that allows comparisons among individuals C) that there are three different types of intelligence D) that creativity is genetically determined
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A
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Compared to her brother in first grade, Fari, a 9-year-old in fourth grade, will be MORE likely to ___. A) use longer sentences, but with less complex grammar B) use fewer conditional sentences because children are aware that others may misinterpret them C) have trouble understanding jokes because children take everything literally at this age D) realize that what people say is not always what they mean
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D
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After his mother accidentally put the peanut butter in the refrigerator, Carl heard his father say to his mother, "well that was smart". Carl understood that his father was not giving her a compliment and it did not mean his mother was especially intelligent. This is an example of increased understanding of ___. A) pragmatics B) the past imperfect tense C) conditional sentences D) decentering
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A
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Children who are bilingual ___. A) take longer to master the second language when they learn it after already becoming fluent in the first language B) score lower on tests of metalinguistic skills, but higher on IQ tests C) are usually behind their single-language counterparts in meta-linguistic skills D) learn the second language better after age 12 because they have a more sophisticated understanding of syntax by this point in development
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A
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S. grew up in Shanghai, China; one cousin grew up in Japan, and another grew up in Italy. It is most likely that all three learned ___ as their second language. A) French B) English C) German D) Spanish
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B
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Which statement best describes the history of education in the US? A) prior to 1800, about half of children did not attend school B) enrollment in school decreased throughout much of the 19th century C) during the 19th century, children went to school mostly during the spring and summer because it was too expensive to heat the schoolhouse in other times of the year D) in the late 19th century, classrooms were segregated by gender and age
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A
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Which of the following is one of several features of Asian schools that reflect collectivistic cultural beliefs? A) children often work alone so they can master difficult skills as quickly as possible B) children are required to go to school fewer days then in Western cultures C) rather than wearing a school uniform, parents decide how their children will dress D) children are required to help maintain the cleanliness and order of the school
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D
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Karena would have both the shortest school day and school year if she lived in A) South Korea B) The US C) China D) Japan
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B
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Research on reading and math skills has shown that ___. A) only humans have any awareness of numeracy B) all approaches to reading are equally effective when children are first learning to read C) in the last two decades, girls are more likely to be diagnosed with dyslexia than are boys D) children who have trouble learning to read often have trouble mastering early math skills as well
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D
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When first learning to read, Kara was taught using the phonics approach and Yolanda was taught with the whole-learning approach. Which of the following outcomes is most likely based on existing research? A) Kara is more at risk of developing dyslexia because of the confusion between the sound and appearance of letters linked to the phonics approach B) both of them will learn to read equally well C) Yolanda will learn to read faster than Kara D) Kara will learn to read faster than Yolanda
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D
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During middle childhood ___. A) children are aware that they can experience two contradictory emotions at once B) it is harder for children to hide their emotions than in early childhood because they become so much more intense at this period of development C) children are less content than in adolescence mostly because they do not have the social skills required to manage peer conflict D) the ability to self-regulate decreases from early childhood, mostly because of the many different contexts they experience
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A
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Dr. Marinello is using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) method for her research. She is most likely measuring ___. A) self-concept B) self-esteem C) meta-cognitive awareness D) emotions
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D
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Nine-year-old Henry is a boy from China, a collectivistic culture. He would be more likely than his counterpart in the US to answer the fill-in-the-blank question, "I am ___" with the following. A) good at soccer and tennis B) one of the smartest kids in my class C) a body with brown hair D) a son
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D
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When compared to her 6-year-old sister, Isabelle, an 8th grader, is more likely to describe herself in terms of ___ characteristics. A) concrete B) external C) psychological D) physical
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C
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During middle childhood ____. A) both boys and girls come to see occupations they associate with men as having higher status than occupations they associate with women B) boys feel less competent than their female counterparts in math and science even when they have equal abilities in these areas based on their grades C) gender segregations is unique to play groups in the US D) play groups in traditional cultures become less gender-segregated than they were in early childhood
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A
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Which of the following best illustrates correlation? A) a parent tells her child how disappointed she is in her behavior B) siblings both run to heir mother to tell her what the other did to get that child in trouble C) a child makes her bed without being asked because she knows that her parents expect the house to stay clean D) a child speaks for her younger, nonverbal sibling
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C
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Which of the following statements about families is TRUE? A) most children of gay and lesbian couples are heterosexual B) single motherhood is highest among Hispanic-Americans C) in an effort to escape poverty, children of single-parent families have higher achievement in school than their counterparts from two-parents families D) compared to other countries, rates of single motherhood are lowest in Northern Europe
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A
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In middle childhood, ____ becomes the main reason for children ending friendships. A) having less leisure time as a result of more homework B) violating trust C) increased competitiveness D) different religious background
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B
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Around the world, child labor ___. A) is most likely to involve working in service industries, such as cleaning B) is highest in Germany and Spain C) has been declining as a result of greater attention to the problem of exploitation D) is no longer a problem as a result of an increase in the number of years children are required to go to school
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C
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Marin, an 8-year-old boy, watches high amounts of violence on the television in his room and his parents are usually not around to monitor the content or enforce time limits on his viewing. Which of the following is most accurate based on research? A) he is no more likely to be aggressive in adulthood than his counterparts who watch either little or no violence B) he is more likely to be aggressive in adulthood C) he is likely to be aggressive in adulthood than his counterparts who watch either little or no violence because he was able to work out his frustrations vicariously through watching others D) no longitudinal research has examined this question
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B
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Which best describes sensory changes during middle childhood? A) hearing problems increase due to higher rates of ear infections B) rates of farsightedness increase while myopia decreases C) vision and hearing both improve dramatically D) the incidence of myopia increases
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D
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Rates of overweight and obesity ___. A) are lower among Latinos and Native Americans than among European Americans B) are lowest in the most affluent regions of the world, such as North America and Europe C) are lowest among African American females compared to all other ethnic groups in the US D) are rising worldwide
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D
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In developed countries ___. A) the most common cause of injury is poisoning B) rates of lead poisoning in children have fallen over the last several decades C) middle childhood is one of the least safe and healthy times of life because of children's increased need for independence D) asthma rates are at their lowest point in decades
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B
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In middle childhood, ____. A) girls are more likely than their male counterparts to be on a sports team because they are more collaborative B) children have a slower reaction time than they did early in childhood because they are less impulsive C) children are more likely to be involved in organized sports than they were when they were younger D) children are less coordinated than they were in early childhood because they are going through an awkward phase
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C
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By the end of middle childhood ____. A) improvements in fine motor skills are seen primarily among children who were educated in a formal school settings B) fine motor development has nearly reached adult maturity C) most children are just beginning to learn to tie their shoes D) children's drawings look about the same as they did in early childhood in terms of level of detail
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B
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When capable of concrete operational thought, children ____. A) can organize and manipulate information mentally B) can reason about abstractions C) are likely to be misled by appearances D) still have great difficulty with seriation tasks, such as arranging items from shortest to longest
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A
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In the US, about ___ of children between ages 4 and 10 age diagnosed with ADHD. A) 15% B) 4% C) 7% D) 1%
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C
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The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) ___. A) has been criticized for focusing too much on creativity and not enough on core skills of reading and writing B) has both math and performance subtests C) has only been predictive of the future outcomes of gifted children D) is the most widely used intelligence test for children
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D
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Research on reading and math skills ___. A) has shown that girls are more likely to be diagnosed with dyslexia than are boys B) has shown that the whole-language approach is more effective than the phonics approach for children who are first learning to read C) has only been conducted in the US and Canada D) has found that even some nonhuman animals have a primitive awareness of numeracy
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D
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Compared to younger children, those in middle childhood ___. A) use less complex grammar, but longer sentences B) are less likely to use conditional sentences because they know that it may be interpreted negatively C) are more serious and therefore have more difficulty understanding the punch lines in jokes D) are more likely to realize that what people say is not always what they mean
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D
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Compared to single-language children, those who are bilingual ____. A) have better metalinguistic skills B) are behind in metalinguistic skills C) score lower on general measure of cognitive ability D) are worse at detecting mistakes in grammar
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A
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Compared to Asian students, American schoolchildren ___. A) spend more time studying art and music B) work in groups and help teach one another difficult concepts C) care about the maintenance of their schools D) have a longer school year
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A
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During middle childhood, ____. A) children tend to be less happy than they were in early childhood because they engage in more social comparison B) children experience less emotional stability than they did at early stages in development because they are changing social contexts more often C) children's emotions become more intense, so they are not yet able to conceal their true feelings D) children learn how to conceal their emotional and show socially acceptable emotions
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D
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A 9-year-old boy from a collectivistic culture, such as Japan, would be most likely to describe himself as ___. A) really good at math B) a son C) shy D) funny as can be
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B
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In terms of gender development, during middle childhood ____. A) play groups become less gender-segregated in developed countries only B) play groups become less gender-segregated than they were in early childhood C) children increasingly view personality traits as associated with one gender or the other D) gender roles become less rigid than earlier in life
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C
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Which of the following best illustrates correlation? A) siblings negotiate a conflict without resorting to physical aggression B) a child is able to prepare himself breakfast, provided that he follow his parents' rules and not use the stove C) a child describes himself in relation to others D) a child counts to three and tells himself to calm down after getting angry at his brother
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B
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Sam is unpopular and has trouble making friends. He is aggressive and just last week started a fight by punching a boy who disagreed with him. Which of the following is more likely the case? Sam is a(n) ___ child. A) controversial B) average C) rejected D) neglected
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C
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Child labor ____. A) is most common in Mexico and Hawaii B) is considered legal in most countries C) has declined worldwide in the last decade D) is difficult to monitor because no international labor organization exists
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C
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Media use in middle childhood ___. A) has been linked with aggression only in the US B) has been associated with a number of negative outcomes later in development C) has not been associated with any positive outcomes D) has only been studied with male participants
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B
