Medical Terminology – The Human Body in Health and Disease – Flashcards
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aden/o
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gland
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adip/o
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fat
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anter/o
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before, front
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caud/o
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lower part of the body, tail
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cephal/o
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head
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cyt/o, -cyte
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cell
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end-, endo-
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in, within, inside
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exo-
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out of, outside, away from
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hist/o, histi/o
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tissue
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-ologist
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specialist
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-ology
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the science or study of
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path/o, -pathy
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disease, suffering, feeling, emotion
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plas/i, plas/o, -plasia
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development, growth, formation
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poster/o
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behind, toward the back
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-stasis, -static
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control, maintenance of a constant level
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anatomic reference systems
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used to describe the locations of the structural units of the body
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anatomy
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the study of structures of the body
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physiology
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the study of the functions of the structures of the body
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anatomic position
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describes the body standing in the standard position
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vertical plane
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up and down
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sagittal plane
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vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions
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midsagittal plane
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aka midline, the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves
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frontal plane
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aka coronal plane, a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
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horizontal plane
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flat crosswise plane
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transverse plane
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a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
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ventral
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refers to the front, or belly side of the organ or body
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dorsal
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refers to the back of the organ or body
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anterior
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means situated in the front
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posterior
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means situated int he back
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superior
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means uppermost, above, or toward the head
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inferior
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means lowermost, below or toward the feet
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cephalic
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means toward the head
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caudal
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means toward the lower part of the body
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proximal
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means situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure
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distal
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means situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
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medial
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means the direction toward, or nearer the midline
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lateral
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means the direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline
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2 major body cavities
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dorsal and ventral
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dorsal cavity
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located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions and is divided into two portions, cranial and spinal
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cranial cavity
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located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain
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spinal cavity
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located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord
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ventral cavity
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located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis
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homeostasis
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the processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment
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thoracic cavity
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aka chest cavity or thorax, surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs
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abdominal cavity
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contains primarily the major organs of digestion
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pelvic cavity
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the space formed by the hip bones and contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
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abdominopelvic cavity
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refers to the abdominal and pelvic cavities
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right and left hypochondriac regions
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covered by the lower ribs
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right and left lumbar regions
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are located near the inward curve of the spine
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right and left iliac regions
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located over the hip bones
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hypogastric region
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located below the stomach
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quadrant
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divided into FOUR
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RUQ
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right upper quadrant
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LUQ
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left upper quadrant
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RLQ
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right lower quadrant
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LLQ
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left lower quadrant
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peritoneum
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multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
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parietal peritoneum
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the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall
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mesentery
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a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
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visceral peritoneum
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the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity
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retroperitoneal
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means located behind the peritoneum
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peritonitis
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inflammation of the peritoneum
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cells
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the basic structural and functional units of the body
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cytology
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the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell
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cytologist
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a specialist in the study and analysis of cells
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genetics
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the study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease
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genetic disorder
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aka hereditary disorder, is a pathological condition caused by an absent of defective gene
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down syndrome
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DS, a genetic variation that is associated with the characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease
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hemophilia
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a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing
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phenlketonuria
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a genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing
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tissue
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a group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions
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histology
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the study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues
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muscle tissue
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contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax
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aplasia
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the defective development or the congenital absence of an organ or tissue
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hypoplasia
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the incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells
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anaplasia
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a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other
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dysplasia
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the abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
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hyperplasia
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the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase int he number of cells in the tissues
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hypertrophy
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a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of cells in the tissues
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gland
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a group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions
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exocrine glands
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secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body, such as sweat glands
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endocrine glands
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produce hormones, do not have ducts, these hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream then transported to organs and structures of the body
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adenitis
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inflammation of a gland
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adenoma
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benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue
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adenmalacia
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the abnormal softening of a gland
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adenosis
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an disease or condition of a gland
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adenosclerosis
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the abnormal hardening of a gland
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adenectomy
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the surgical removal of a gland
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pathology
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the study of disease
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pathologist
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specializes in the laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm of establish a diagnosis
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etiology
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the study of the causes of diseases
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pathogen
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a disease-producing microorganism such as a virus
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communicable disease
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aka contagious disease, any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct of by indirect contact with contaminated objects
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bloodborne transmission
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the spread of a disease through contact with blood or other body fluids that are contaminated with blood
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endemic
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refers to the ongoing presence of a disease with a population, group or area
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epidemic
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is a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area
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pandemic
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refers to an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide
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idiopathic disorder
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an illness without known cause
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nosocomial infection
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a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting
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developmental disorder
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aka birth defect, can result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe
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anomaly
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a deviation from what is regarded as normal
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atresia
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describes the congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular
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general practitioner
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GP, or family practice physician, provides ongoing care for patients of all ages
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internist
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a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and related body systems
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pediatrician
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a physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating and preventing disorders and diseases of infants and children
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geriatrician
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physician who specializes in the care of older people
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hospitalist
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focuses on the general medical care of hospital patients
