Masterworks Final Exam – Flashcards
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Who was Carl Jung?
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Swiss physician, friend of Freud's, believed that there is more than just ego, superego, and id, and that there are both a personal and collective unconscious.
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The Personal and Collective Unconscious
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Essay by Carl Jung
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What happened in the dream that Jung analyzes?
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Woman's dream of a superhuman father figure in a field of wheat swaying in the wind, symbolic of a doctor/father/lover figure. Connects this to an archetype of God and analyzes the dream in terms of a "collective unconscious."
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Personal Unconscious
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Materials in this layer are of a personal nature insofar as they have the character partly of acquisitions derived from the individual's life and partly of psychological factors which could just as well be conscious. This includes all information that is present within an individual's mind, but not readily available as conscious recall; so memories that have been forgotten or repressed.
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Collective Unconscious
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The "impersonal"; the part of the unconscious mind that is derived from ancestral memory and experience and is common to all humankind, as distinct from the individual's unconscious. These are things that are humanly innate characteristics that have been imprinted in people's minds like fear of the dark, or of snakes or spiders.
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Does Jung believe that the personal and collective unconscious are separate realms of the psyche?
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Yes, but they interact with each other.
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The Uses of Diversity
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Essay by Jonathan Kozol
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Kozol's "The Uses of Diversity" main points?
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Critiquing using "diversity" to describe schools when they aren't, the use of strong words like "segregated" and "apartheid."
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What is the way in which Kozol argues that we should honor heroes?
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He says we shouldn't just look at their courage in a lesson plan of "arm's length admiration," but to emulate that courage by empowering students to see clearly and speak openly.
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Morality and Religion
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Essay by Iris Murdoch
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Iris Murdoch's "Morality and Religion" main points?
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The relationship between morality and religion, how religion affects what we think of as moral behavior, the ideas of virtue, duty, secular idealism vs. religious belief, mysticism, and good and evil.
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Francis Kilvert
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Simple clergyman who found his rural community moments of intense beauty and uprightness (Iris Murdoch's "Morality and Religion")
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What does Murdoch believe about the concept of virtue?
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That it is a relative concept rather than a fixed idea, and that the modern world "virtue" has lost its positive meaning and is related to priggishness.
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What does Murdoch believe about the concept of dutifulness?
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That it could be an account of a morality with no hint of religion and that there is a sense of obligation associated with it.
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What does Murdoch say about mysticism?
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Direct spiritual experience of God, achieved through prayer, religious discipline, fasting, or a variety of ascetic practices similar to meditation.
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What does Murdoch say about good and evil and morality?
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That there can only be a concept of morality in an environment in which there is an evil and a goodness. "Both morality and religion face the same inseparable difficulty." If there is no morality, there can be no good and evil.
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Letter from Birmingham Jail
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Letter written by Martin Luther King, Jr. while he was in prison.
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What are the main points in "Letter from Birmingham Jail"?
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Organizing nonviolent action, that "negotiation" and "dialogue" should be the end game, and addresses the clergymen's criticisms, particularly that King was "unwise and untimely," the difference between just and unjust laws, and that the church will pay for its refusal to challenge injustice, "justice too long delayed is justice denied."
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Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions
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Essay by Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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Where was the "Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions" given?
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Seneca Falls Convention
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What was Elizabeth Cady Stanton's speech at the Seneca Falls Convention modeled after?
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Jefferson's Declaration of Independence
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What was the purpose of "Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions"?
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Advocating for women's equality.
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Encouraging Learning
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Essay by Hsun Tzu
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What were the main points in Hsun Tzu's "Encouraging Learning"?
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Human nature is inherently evil (Christian doctrine of original sin), we are born without any moral leanings or moral knowledge, so following our natural instincts would lead to an unhappy life. Education is a lifelong pursuit, we must follow "The Way," we need rituals of discipline to help achieve moral perfection.
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What is the "Way," or Tao, in Hsun Tzu's essay?
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The path that leads to peace and understanding, and that we use the rituals of ancients as aids in self-perception.
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What does Tzu say the sensory life of nature would veer toward?
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Immorality and evil behavior resulting in pride, envy, lust, and fear.
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The Declaration of Independence
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Written by Thomas Jefferson
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Main points of Dec. of Ind.
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All men created equal; unalienable rights that government should never violate; when a government fails to protect those rights, it's the duty of the people to overthrow the government.
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The Word Weavers/ The World Makers
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Essay by Neil Postman
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Main points in "The Word Weavers/ The World Makers"?
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Everything we know has its origins in questions; metaphors help us see, feel, and understand the world; definitions, questions, and metaphors are three of the most potent elements with which human language constructs a worldview; there are two different worlds--one of events and things and one about events and things; semantics.
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Organ of perception
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metaphors are an example of this: something that helps us feel emotions based on things we know/see
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Semantics
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study of relationship between the world of words and the world of "not words," the study of the territory we call reality and how, through abstracting and symbolizing, we map the territory.
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Time-binders
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Accumulate knowledge from the past and communicate what we know about the future.
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Abstraction
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Continuous activity of selecting, omitting, and organizing the details of reality so that we experience the world as patterned and coherent. A sort of summary of the world; a generalization about its structure.
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What does Postman describe as an abstraction of a very high order and of crucial importance?
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The naming of things
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New Horizons in the Study of Language
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Essay by Noam Chomsky
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What is Chomsky's "New Horizons in the Study of Language" about?
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While words and order of words may change profoundly, all languages express the same idea. The brain is hardwired in advance to acquire language. Also generative and transformational grammar.
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Transformational (or transformational-generative or universal) grammar
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Grammar is a system of rules that generate exactly those combinations of words which form grammatical sentences in a given language. This involves the use of transformations to produce new sentences from existing ones. Basically, it is a theory of grammar that accounts for the constructions of language by linguistic transformations and phrase structures.
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Tabula rasa
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Locke's philosophical theory that at birth, the mind is a "blank slate" without rules for processing data. Chomsky disagrees.
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What physical process does Chomsky compare language acquisition to?
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The growth/development of organs.
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Narrative of the Life of ____________
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Frederick Douglass
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What were the main points in Frederick Douglass' "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass"?
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Autobiography; slavery has a negative effect on slave and slaveholder alike; both suffered the consequences of a political system that was inherently immoral; it was unlawful and unsafe to teach a slave to read; pathway from slavery to freedom; Mrs. Auld.
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What book did Frederick Douglass get his hands on that encouraged him to read?
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"The Columbian Orator"
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What book did Frederick Douglass copy the italics of until he could make them all without looking at the book?
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Webster's Spelling Book
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Who was the woman Frederick Douglass looked up to, but who succumbed to the influence of slavery's bias/discrimination?
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Mrs. Auld; under slavery's influence, "her tender heart became stone" and "the lamblike disposition gave way to tiger-like fierceness."
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What was the first sign that Mrs. Auld was going downhill?
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She ceased to instruct Douglass.
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What did Douglass envy about his fellow slaves?
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Their stupidity.
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Where Words Come From
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By Bill Bryson
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What were the main points in Bill Bryson's "Where Words Come From"?
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Words are created by error; words are adopted; words change by doing nothing.
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How does Bryson suggest that words are created by error?
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People mistake a sound for a new word, or they assume a misspelling is in fact a new word.
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How does Bryson suggest that words are adopted?
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English is known for accepting foreign words as if they were English to start with.
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How does Bryson suggest that words are created?
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The word "dog" seems to have been created from no Latin or Greek or any other language. No one knows how some words got into the language, but they are securely part of our vocabulary.
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How does Bryson suggest that words change by doing nothing?
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Some words over time come to mean almost the opposite of what they once meant. No one knows why these changes occur.
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The Gospel of Wealth
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Written by Andrew Carnegie
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What are the main points of Andrew Carnegie's "The Gospel of Wealth"?
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The problem of our age is the proper administration of wealth, we are able to experience more comfort and luxury, rigid castes are formed, and the law of competition is essential for future progress.
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Individualism
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a social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control.
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The Law of Accumulation of Wealth
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Every great financial achievement is an accumulation of hundreds of small efforts and sacrifices that no one ever sees or appreciates.
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The Law of Competition
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a law that promotes or seeks to maintain market competition by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies?
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What are the three modes in which surplus wealth can be disposed of according to Carnegie?
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It can be left to families of the descendants, it can be bequeathed for public purposes, or it can be administered during their lives by its possessors. The first and second is how most wealth is distributed.
