"Learning Psychology" Test 1 EAB3002 - Flashcards

question

The quotation, "Change is the only constant," is attributed to ______.

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Lucretius

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Work on selective breeding in ___________ over a period of 40 years shows that behavioral characteristics can be selectively bred so that the descendants behave more like a different species than like their own ancestors.

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foxes

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Darwin was influenced by the book, An Essay on the Principle of Population, by

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Thomas Malthus

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Variation and natural selection are the foundations of _______.

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evolution

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Darwin suggested that natural selection is analogous to

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breeding

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Evolution is widely accepted except in

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America

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Natural selection is illustrated by changes in the coloration of the Peppered Moth resulting from _______.

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industrial pollution

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The gollypod, a fictitious aquatic animal, breaks out in a cold sweat whenever exposed to the sun. This reaction is most likely ______.

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a reflex

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A reflex is ________.

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a relationship between an event and a simple response

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Modal action patterns are induced by events called ______.

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releasers

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The person who demonstrated that the marching of tropical army ants is not intelligent behavior is ______.

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Schneirla

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The cowbird deposits its eggs in the nests of other birds. This is most likely a ________.

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modal action pattern

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The rooting of pigs (for worms, larvae, and truffles) is an example of a

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MAP

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The list of alleged human instincts ______.

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has gotten shorter over the years

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The best title for the figure below is _________.

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fearfulness and heredity

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The chief advantage of learning over natural selection as a means of adapting to change is that learning _______.

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is faster

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Lee Cronk wrote an article on how evolved behavior can prove nonadaptive when the environment changes. The article was called ________.

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Old Dogs, Old Tricks

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Natural selection is often _______.

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behind the times

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Most mutations _______.

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are not helpful to survival

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Learning is evolved _________.

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modifiability

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The author of your text evidently believes that _______.

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learning is a way of adapting to change

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_____ changes when learning occurs.

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Behavior

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Behavior refers to anything a person or animal does that can be

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measured

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Steven says that he was very nervous when he first attended college classes, but now he feels quite relaxed. Steven's loss of anxiety is most likely an example of _______.

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learning

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Teenagerus Americanus, a two-legged ape indigenous to North America, breaks out in a cold sweat whenever exposed to elevator music. This reaction is most likely ______.

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learned behavior

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Experience refers to ________.

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changes in the environment

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A thumbtack stuck in a bulletin board several feet away is less likely to affect your behavior than a thumbtack placed on the chair on which you are sitting. Even though both examples involve a thumbtack, the second is more likely to qualify as a ________.

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stimulus

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The figure below most likely illustrates _______.

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habituation

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Zing Yang Kuo found that 86% of kittens that saw their mothers kill rats later killed rats themselves. He found that _____ of kittens that never saw their mothers kill rats later killed rats themselves.

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45%

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Hart and Risley did a longitudinal study of the influence of the home verbal environment on children from different socioeconomic backgrounds. They found that _______.

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children whose parents talked to them a lot later scored higher on IQ tests

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Learning is a biological mechanism.

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True

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Malthus' book, An Essay on the Principle of Population, had a strong influence on Darwin.

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True

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In Darwin's day, the laws governing inheritance were not generally known.

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True

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The evolution of most species is now complete.

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False

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All reflexes contribute to survival.

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False

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Reflexes are generally less variable than modal action patterns.

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True

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Darwin believed that there were no human instincts.

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False

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A major problem with natural selection as an adaptive mechanism is that it is slow.

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True

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Natural selection helps the individual adapt to changes in its environment.

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False

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Natural selection helps the species adapt to change, not the individual.

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True

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The cross-breeding of closely related species is called hybridization.

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True

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Some people have genes from Homo neanderthalensis.

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True

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Your text views learning as a change in the brain that is represented in behavior.

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False

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It is sometimes difficult to say whether an event is behavior or physiology.

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True

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The author of your text excludes thoughts and feelings from the realm of behavior.

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False

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The word stimulus always refers to events in an organism's surroundings

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False

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Learning always involves the acquisition of new behaviors.

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False

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The evidence from biology suggests that the first "eyes" were not eyes at all, but_______.

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light-sensitive cells

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The brown-headed cowbird puts its eggs in other birds's nests. This is an example of a ______.

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modal action pattern/fixed action pattern/instinct

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The chief limitation of natural selection as a means of adapting to change is that ___________.

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it is slow/takes place over generations/helps the species but not the individual

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_______, like natural selection, is a biological mechanism for adapting to change.

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Learning

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Learning is a change in behavior due to ________.

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Experience

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A stimulus is an environmental event that is capable of affecting _______.

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Behavior

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Repeated exposure to a stimulus that evokes a reflex response results in ________.

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Habituation

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The dispute over the relative importance of genetics and learning is often called the ________ debate.

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nature-nurture

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The person who suggested that to learn how nature works, we must "sit down before fact as a little child," and "be prepared to give up every preconceived notion" was ______.

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T. H. Huxley

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Harry teaches an advanced painting class. His goal is to teach students to paint more creatively. Harry will probably measure learning as a change in response _________.

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topography

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Marjorie drives a school bus. Sometimes the kids get rather noisy. She decides to play music the kids like through speakers on the bus, but whenever the kids get too noisy she turns the music off. When they quiet down, she turns the music back on. In this way, she hopes to get the kids to make less noise. Marjorie is probably going to measure learning as a change in response _________.

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intensity

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The figure below shows learning as a change in ___________.

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topography

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The figure below shows learning as a change in __________.

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intensity

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In a cumulative record, learning is indicated by a change in response _______.

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rate

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A teacher who looks for an increase in the number of correct performances per minute is using _______ as a measure of learning.

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fluency

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In the cumulative record below, the rate of behavior is ________.

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decreasing

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A person who says, "Everyone knows that...." is referring to _______.

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anecdotal evidence

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The figure below shows the results of an experiment comparing the effects of two teaching methods. Phyllis was taught by method A; Gertrude was taught by method B. This study is an example of _______.

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a between-subjects design

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Any variable an experimenter manipulates is a(n) ________ variable.

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independent

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Any variable that is allowed to vary freely is a(n) __________ variable.

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dependent

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The figure below shows the results of an experiment on the effects of heat on aggressive social behavior. Each rat experienced three temperatures. There was a sharp increase in the rate of aggressive behavior in all rats when the temperature went above 90. This study is best described as ________.

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a within-subject experiment

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The kind of experiment that is most likely to require statistical analysis is a(n) _______.

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between-subjects experiment

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In within-subject experiments, each subject's performance is compared with his or her performance during a ______.

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baseline period

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In group-design experiments, researchers often use _________ to reduce differences among participants.

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matched sampling

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The kind of study that is most likely to involve a large number of subjects is one with a ________.

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between-subjects design

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Using an ABA reversal design is rather like using a ______.

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light switch

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The first person to use a single-subject reversal design was probably ____________.

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Galen

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Experiments done in natural settings are called _______.

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field experiments

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Experimental research on behavior is often said to be artificial. To compensate for this problem, researchers do ________ .

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field experiments

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An _____________ is something an organism tries to escape or avoid.

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aversive

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One problem with computer simulations as a substitute for animal research is that ___________.

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no one knows what behavior to program until the research has been done

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Balster suggests that inhumane treatment of research animals is __________.

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bad science

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A computer simulation that is useful for teaching certain principles of learning is called _________.

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Sniffy the Virtual Rat

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One highly readable little book on research methods mentioned in your text is called _________.

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Psychological Research: An Introduction

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The natural science approach assumes that things are caused only by natural events.

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True

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Speed and rate are different terms for the same measure of learning.

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False

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A cumulative record shows the total number of responses that have occurred in a given period of time as well as the rate at which they occurred.

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True

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B. F. Skinner was the first person to record data cumulatively.

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False

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Research results with humans usually parallel those with animals.

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True

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A change in the form that behavior takes is called a change in ________.

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topography

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Response _______ refers to the time that passes before a response occurs.

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latency

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Your text describes four basic sources of evidence: anecdotal, case study, descriptive study, experimental study. The least reliable of these is ______.

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anecdotal

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A flat cumulative record indicates that the behavior is ________.

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not occurring

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One thing researchers can control better with animal subjects than with human subjects is _________.

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genetic history/environmental history/learning experiences

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Pavlov became interested in psychic reflexes around ________.

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1900

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Pavlov's main interest initially was ______.

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physiology

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Pavlov was a ________.

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Russian

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________ said that Pavlov was one of the greatest geniuses of all time.

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H G Wells

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George Bernard Shaw said that Pavlov was __________.

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the biggest fool he knew

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Many people think of scientists as dull people without feelings, but Pavlov said that science requires ______________.

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supreme passion

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Pavlov is best described as ________.

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an experimenter from head to foot

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Ivan Pavlov is best known for his research on the ________.

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psychic reflex

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The author of your text uses the terms unconditional reflex and conditional reflex, but he notes that most authors use the terms _______ and _______ reflexes.

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conditioned and unconditioned

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Pavlov said that the salivary glands behaved as though they had ________.

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intelligence

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What fascinated Pavlov most about his salivating dogs was that _________.

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the dogs began to salivate before receiving food

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In studying "psychic secretions," Pavlov focused his attention on the ________.

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events in the dog's environment

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Pavlov called reflexes present at birth ________.

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unconditional

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The term ___________ response refers to an innate reflex response to a stimulus.

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unconditional

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__________ stimuli are typically events that are important to survival.

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unconditional

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The notation that best describes the Pavlovian procedure is _______

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CS-->US

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John, "Mr. Anxiety," finally musters up the courage to ask the beautiful and popular Carole to go to the movies. She finds the idea so ridiculous that she laughs out loud the instant he has gotten the question out. John's face turns the color of a steamed lobster. In classical conditioning terms, John's experience is an example of ________.

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trace conditioning

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A week later John (see above item) bumps into Carole on campus, feels his face turn red and recalls with embarrassment their earlier encounter. Carole has become a _______.

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CS for blushing

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Pavlovian conditioning is also called ________ conditioning.

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Classical

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J. M. Graham and Claude Desjardins established a(n) ______ as a CS for sexual arousal in rats.

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odor

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The experiment in which a dog learned to salivate at the sight of a black square after it had been paired with a CS for salivating is an example of _________ conditioning.

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higher-order

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The experiments of Staats and Staats with nonsense syllables are examples of ____________ conditioning.

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higher-order

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Higher-order conditioning is probably most important to ___________.

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humans

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One way to determine if conditioning has occurred is to present the CS alone. Each such presentation is called a(n) ______ trial.

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test

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Of the following conditioning procedures, the one that is least like the others is ________.

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backward

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Oafish Bill (John's twin brother; see items above) has heard nothing of John's unfortunate encounter with Carole, and he decides to ask her out. Just as he approaches her she bursts into laughter, apparently in response to a joke someone just told. Bill immediately pops the question and she politely declines, having decided to join a convent at the end of the semester. A week later Bill bumps into Carole on campus but feels no particular embarrassment. The pairing of Bill's request for a date and Carole's laughter is most likely an example of ________.

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backward conditioning

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Two students, Edward and Edwina, serve as subjects in a conditioning experiment. The CS is a buzzer; the US is a mild electric shock; the UR is a change in the electrical conductivity of their skin called the Galvanic Skin Response. Both subjects undergo 50 trials, but the experimenter feels sorry for Edwina so periodically he lets her off without a shock. The results will indicate that _______.

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the CR is stronger in Edward

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The rate of conditioning is affected by the degree to which the US is ___________ the occurrence of the CS.

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contingent on

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In Pavlovian conditioning, ISI refers to ______.

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interstimulus interval

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A _________ stimulus is one that consists of two or more stimuli presented simultaneously.

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compound

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In general, the more intense a US, the __________.

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faster conditioning proceeds

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An experimenter presents a flash of light and a bell simultaneously followed by food. Conditioning proceeds satisfactorily, but when the experimenter presents the light and bell separately, he finds that the bell is an effective CS, but the light is not. The experimenter has demonstrated _______

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overshadowing

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When exposure to a stimulus prior to pairing with a US interferes with conditioning, the phenomenon is called ________.

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latent inhibition

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Of the following, the one that does not belong with the others is ________.

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higher-order conditioning

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In so far as the rate of learning is concerned, the most important pairings of the CS and US are those that come _________.

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at the beginning of training

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The time between conditioning trials is called the _______.

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intertrial interval

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Braun and Geiselhart found that eyelid conditioning generally proceeded slowly with _______.

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older adults

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If, following conditioning, a CS is repeatedly presented without the US, the procedure is called ________.

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extinction

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In the figure below, the data point at the extreme right illustrates _________.

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spontaneous recovery

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Spontaneous recovery is associated with _______.

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extinction

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Each time a buzzer sounds, a puff of air makes a rabbit blink. Soon the rabbit blinks when it hears the buzzer. George believes that this means the buzzer takes the place of the air puff. George is an advocate of ________.

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stimulus substitution theory

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The equation, ΔVn = c (λ- Vn -1), is associated with the _______________ of Pavlovian conditioning.

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Rescorla-Wagner model

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Pavlov won the Nobel Prize for his research on conditioning.

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False

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Pavlov's work paved the way for Darwin's theory of evolution

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False

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A key feature of Pavlovian conditioning is that the CS and US appear together regardless of what the animal or person does.

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True

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The procedure of pairing a neutral stimulus with a well-established CS is called higher-order conditioning.

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True

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One way to test for the effects of conditioning is to use test trials.

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True

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If a CS is presented several times alone, and is then repeatedly paired with a US, conditioning proceeds more rapidly than if the CS had never been presented alone.

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False

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According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, blocking occurs because when the second (blocked) CS is presented, most of the learning that can occur has already been "used up" by the first CS.

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True

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The Rescorla-Wagner model has been very influential, but it does not explain latent inhibition.

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True

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Conditional reflexes are so named because they ____________.

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depend on many conditions

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Each pairing of a CS and US is one _______.

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trial

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In _______ conditioning the CS and US overlap

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delayed

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. In ____________ conditioning, the CS and US occur at the same time.

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simultaneous

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A CS that consists of two or more stimuli is called a _________ stimulus.

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compound

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Generally, the _____ (more/less) intense a stimulus, the faster conditioning occurs.

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more

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If two stimuli are paired and then one becomes a CS, the other will become a CS more rapidly than it otherwise would have, a phenomenon called sensory ________.

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preconditioning

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The first conditioning trials are typically _____ (more/less) effective than later trials.

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more

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The CS and US in the Little Albert experiment were a __________, respectively.

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rat and loud sound

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The CS in the Little Albert experiment was a __________.

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rat

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The first person to use counterconditioning to treat a phobia was probably__________.

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Mary Cover Jones

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In treating Peter's fear of rabbits, Jones used a procedure called__________.

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counterconditioning

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The most recent variation of counterconditioning involves__________.

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virtual reality

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Barbara Rothbaum and colleagues used virtual reality exposure therapy to treat a fear of __________.

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flying

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One VRET program for treating spider phobias is called ______.

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SpiderWorld

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The studies of Carolyn and Arthur Staats demonstrating that neutral words paired with pleasant words become pleasant are examples of__________.

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higher-order conditioning

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The research that is most helpful in understanding racial prejudice is probably that of __________.

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Staats and Staats

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The term used to refer to sexual behavior disapproved of by society is ___________.

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paraphilias

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The use of classical conditioning to change feelings (such as likes and dislikes) is sometimes called ___________.

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evaluative conditioning

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Pavlov found that when he paired painful stimuli with food, the dog came to show no distress at the painful stimuli. This experiment may help explain __________ behavior in humans.

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masochistic

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People are most likely to tolerate painful and humiliating events if these events consistently __________.

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precede positive events

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In ______ therapy, a stimulus that elicits an inappropriate response is paired with a negative stimulus such as shock or an emetic drug.

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aversion

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Barry Maletzky treated exhibitionists by having them imagine that they were about to perform the inappropriate behavior, and then _______.

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exposing them to an unpleasant odor

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A follow-up of exhibitionists treated by Barry Maletzky with a variation of aversion therapy showed that those who had undergone treatment involuntarily ____________.

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improved as much as voluntary patients

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The CS and US in the Garcia et al. experiment were__________.

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flavored water and radiation

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Garcia's first experiment on taste aversion was unusual in that the ________.

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interval between CS and US was several minutes

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Garcia's interest in the role of learning in taste aversions may have begun when he became sick after eating ____________.

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licorice

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Blue jays usually do not eat Monarch butterflies. This is an example of a(n) __________.

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conditioned taste aversion

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Senatorial candidate Smith's popularity increased dramatically after he was seen on television shaking hands with a very popular public figure. This is probably an example of__________.

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emotional conditioning

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Morgan Doran and his colleagues found that after taste aversion training, ___________ would remove weeds from a vineyard without damaging the grape plants.

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sheep

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Elnora Stuart and colleagues paired slides of pleasant scenes with__________.

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toothpaste

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Researchers tried to change the preferences for two brands of ____________ but were unsuccessful when the subjects were strongly attached to a brand.

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soft drinks

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Shepard Siegel's work suggests that some deaths attributed to _____________ are actually the result of conditioning.

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drug overdose

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Diana Woodruff-Pak found that people who condition slowly are more likely to develop ___________.

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dementia

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If a person sneezes after coming close to a realistic-looking artificial flower, you can be pretty sure that he or she is__________.

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allergic to pollen

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Research shows that when women receiving chemotherapy return to the hospital, they show __________.

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decreased immune functioning

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Conditioned Reflexes and Psychiatry was written by __________.

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Ivan Pavlov

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The phenomenon of __________ suggests that we should be more likely to develop aversions to novel foods than to familiar ones.

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latent inhibition

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E. L. Thorndike's studies of learning started as an attempt to understand _______.

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animal intelligence

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Thorndike complained that _______ evidence provided a "supernormal psychology of animals."

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anecdotal

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In one of Thorndike's puzzle boxes, a door would fall open when a cat stepped on a treadle, thus allowing the cat to reach food outside the box. Eventually the cat would step on the treadle as soon as it was put into the box. Thorndike concluded that ________.

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treadle stepping increased because it had a "satisfying effect"

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Thorndike plotted the results of his puzzle box experiments as graphs. The resulting curves show a _____ with succeeding trials.

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decrease in time

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The law of effect says that _______.

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behavior is a function of its consequences

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Thorndike made important contributions to all of the following fields except _____.

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social psychology

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Thorndike emphasized that we learn mainly from _______.

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success

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Operant learning is sometimes called ________ learning.

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instrumental

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________ gave Skinner's experimental chamber the name, "Skinner box."

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Clark Hull

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Operant learning may also be referred to as _______.

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instrumental learning

question

Mary's grandmother, Pearl, is from the Old Country. Although she knows some English, she continues to speak her native tongue. Pearl can't go anywhere without a member of the family because she can't communicate with people about prices, directions, bus routes, etc. Pearl's resistance to learning English is most likely the result of ______.

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the benefits she receives for not speaking English

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Mary decides to try to modify Pearl's behavior (see above item). She and the rest of the family refuse to respond to any comment or request by Pearl that they know she is capable of expressing in English. For example, if during dinner she says, "Pass the potatoes" in English, she gets potatoes; if she says it in her native language she gets ignored. The procedure being used to change Pearl's behavior is ______.

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positive reinforcement

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Charles Catania identified three characteristics that define reinforcement. These include all of the following except _______.

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the consequence of the behavior must be positive

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The one thing that all reinforcers have in common is that they _______.

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strengthen behavior

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The number of operant procedures indicated in the contingency square is ______.

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four

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Positive reinforcement is sometimes called _______.

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reward learning

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Negative reinforcement is also called _______.

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escape-avoidance training

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Alan Neuringer demonstrated that with reinforcement, _____ could learn to behave randomly.

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pigeons

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Skinner describes some of his most important research in _______.

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The Behavior of Organisms

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The author of your text calls Skinner the ______.

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Darwin of behavior science

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The opposite of a conditioned reinforcer is a ______.

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primary reinforcer

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All of the following are recognized kinds of reinforcers except ______.

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classical

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Donald Zimmerman found that a buzzer became a positive reinforcer after it was repeatedly paired with ______.

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water

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The level of deprivation is less important when the reinforcer used is a(n) _______ reinforcer.

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secondary

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Secondary reinforcers are also called _______ reinforcers.

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conditioned

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Money is a good example of a _______ reinforcer.

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generalized

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The Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert may have involved operant as well as Pavlovian learning because the loud noise ______.

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occurred as Albert reached for the rat

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Studies of delayed reinforcement document the importance of ______.

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contiguity

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Schlinger and Blakely found that the reinforcing power of a delayed reinforcer could be increased by ________.

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preceding the reinforcer with a stimulus

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An action that improves the effectiveness of a reinforcer is called a ______.

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motivating operation

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________ demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the brain could be reinforcing.

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Olds and Milner

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_____is a neurotransmitter that seems to be important in reinforcement.

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Dopamine

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Clark Hull's explanation of reinforcement assumes that reinforcers _____.

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reduce a drive

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The best title for the figure below is ______.

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The Effect of Practice without Reinforcement

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Sylvia believes that the reinforcement properties of an event depend on the extent to which it provides access to high probability behavior. Sylvia is most likely an advocate of _______ theory.

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relative value

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Premack's name is most logically associated with _______.

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relative value theory

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The Premack principle says that reinforcement involves _______.

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a relation between behaviors

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According to ___________ theory, schoolchildren are eager to go to recess because they have been deprived of the opportunity to exercise.

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response deprivation

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The distinctive characteristic of the Sidman avoidance procedure is that _______.

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the aversive event is not signaled

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Douglas Anger proposed that there is a signal in the Sidman avoidance procedure. The signal is ________.

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time

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According to the one-process theory of avoidance, the avoidance response is reinforced by _______.

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a reduction in the number of aversive events

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Shaping is the reinforcement of successive _______.

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approximations of a desired behavior

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The figure below from your text illustrates _______.

answer

shaping

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Skinner and two students discovered shaping in the course of teaching a pigeon to ________.

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bowl

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All of the following are useful tips for shaping behavior except ________.

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never back up

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The first step in building a behavior chain is to do a ______.

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task analysis

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Skinner trained Plyny to perform a behavior chain. Plyny was a ______.

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rat

question

The classic experiments on insightful problem solving were done with chimpanzees by _________.

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Wolfgang Kohler

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Insightful problem solving is best viewed as an example of _______.

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operant learning

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The banana experiment by Robert Epstein and colleagues, which paralleled Kohler's experiments with chimps, demonstrated that insight ______.

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depends on an organism's learning history

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In her work with porpoises, Karen Pryor gradually realized that what she had to do to get novel behavior from the animals was to _______.

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reinforce novel behavior

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Some studies show that offering rewards reduces creativity. Research by Robert Eisenberger and others suggests that this is because in these studies _______.

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the rewards were not contingent on creative behavior

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Probably the best way of increasing the creativity of stories in an English class is to _______.

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praise particularly original stories

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Superstitous behavior is behavior that occurs repeatedly despite the fact that it __________.

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does not produce the reinforcers that maintain it

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Koichi Ono got superstitious behavior in university students by providing points noncontingently at regular intervals. One student ended up repeatedly ______.

answer

jumping to touch the ceiling

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Studies of learned helplessness use the ______ procedure.

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escape training

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One idea for preventing learned helplessness is _______ training.

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immunization

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Robert Eisenberger and his colleagues demonstrated that reinforcement can establish learned ______.

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industriousness

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Stuart Vyse's book on superstition is called _______.

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Believing in Magic: The Psychology of Superstition

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Aversion Therapy

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A form of counter conditioning where a CS is paired with an aversive US

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Backward Training

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A chaining procedure where training begins with the last link in the chain and adds preceding links in reverse order

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The brown-headed cowbird deposits its eggs in the nests of other birds. This is most likely a

answer

fixed action pattern

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Natural selection is often

answer

behind the times

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Balster and colleagues suggest that inhumane treatment of research animals is

answer

bad science

question

Any variable an experimenter manipulates is a/an ________ variable.

answer

independent

question

In her study of baboons, Shirley Strum found that the most successful males were

answer

less aggressive than other males.

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Natural selection is illustrated by changes in the colouration of the Peppered Moth resulting from

answer

industrial pollution

question

The kind of study that is most likely to involve a large number of subjects is one with a/an

answer

between-subjects design

question

In group-design experiments, researchers often use _________ to reduce differences among participants.

answer

matched sampling

question

In a cumulative record, learning is indicated by change in response

answer

rate

question

A teacher who looks for an increase in the number of correct performances per minute is using _______ as a measure of learning.

answer

fluency

question

E. O. Wilson suggests that there are two FAPs in humans: the incest taboo and

answer

biophilia

question

Tropical army ants appear to be marching together toward an objective, but they are actually following

answer

a chemical trail

question

Darwin founded his theory of evolution on the work of Gregor Mendel.

answer

False

question

In the fox-breeding experiment, researchers selectively mated foxes that displayed ________ behavior

answer

dog-like

question

Probably the reason the world seems relatively stable is that we don't live long enough to see many drastic changes

answer

True

question

Darwin believed that there were no human instincts

answer

False

question

Speed and rate are different terms for the same measure of learning

answer

False

question

It is sometimes difficult to say whether an event represents behavior or physiology

answer

True

question

All reflexes contribute to survival

answer

False

question

Response _________ refers to the time that passes before a response occurs.

answer

latency

question

Repeated exposure to a stimulus that evokes a reflex response results in

answer

habituation

question

One thing researchers can control better with animal subjects than with human subjects is

answer

genetic history

question

is a biological mechanism for adapting to change

answer

Learning

question

Learning is a ______ in _________ due to ______

answer

change, behavior, experience

question

A stimulus is an environmental event that is capable of affecting

answer

behavior

question

Natural Selection

answer

The tendency for favorable characteristics to survive and unfavorable characteristics to die out

question

Who originally said that change is the only constant

answer

Lucretius

question

What type of observations did Darwin use to support his theory

answer

Animal observation

question

Describe Dawkins's pebbly beach analogy for natural selection

answer

Smaller pebbles run along the beach and larger ones in different areas due to the waves.

question

Mutation

answer

Any changes to a gene

question

Describe a mutation's relationship to survival and natural selection

answer

Mutations can make changes detrimental to survival, or have no consequence, or can put an individual at risk.

question

Reflex

answer

a relationship between a specific event and a simple response to the event

question

Rooting reflex

answer

infant turns head towards mother's nipple

question

salivary reflex

answer

begins the process of digestion

question

Sensitization

answer

Eliciting a reflex response increases the intensity or probability of the response to stimuli

question

Fixed Action Pattern

answer

a largely inherited series of interrelated acts

question

How do FAP's resemble reflexes?

answer

They have a strong genetic basis; display relatively little variability and are often reliably elicited by an event.

question

How do FAP's differ from reflexes?

answer

They involve the entire organism, are more complex, consist of series' of reflex-like acts, are more variable but still stereotypic

question

What are common benefits of FAP

answer

Protect from predators and the elements, useful in getting food, helpful in mating, help with rearing the young.

question

Releasing Stimuli / Releasers

answer

Any stimulus that reliably elicits a fixed action pattern

question

What is biophilia?

answer

The innately emotional affiliation of human's to other living beings.

question

General behavior traits

answer

Any general behavioral tendency that is influenced by genes.

question

What are examples of behavior traits?

answer

Hoarding, anxiety, aggression, sex

question

Aversives

answer

things an organism strives to avoid

question

What problem is there with aggression as a fixed action pattern with aversives as releasers?

answer

It increases aggressive behavior

question

Does heredity play a role in the appearance of general behavior traits?

answer

Yes

question

What is the chief limitation of natural selection

answer

It is slow

question

Learning gives a species

answer

the tendency to modify behavior to suit a situation

question

The trouble with the nature-nurture debate is

answer

it creates divisions between heredity and experience

question

Deviant behaviors are

answer

products of heredity and learning

question

The ability to learn is the product of

answer

heredity and experience

question

Explaining a phenomenon means

answer

identifying the physical events producing it

question

The word change is preferred over acquisition because

answer

learning does not always involve acquiring something

question

Behavior is

answer

anything an organism does that can be measured

question

Operational definition

answer

a definition that specifies the procedure by which a term will be measured

question

If something can be operationally defined

answer

it can be studied

question

Stimulus

answer

an event that elicits behavior

question

Ways to measure learning

answer

reduction of errors, topography, intensity, change in latency, rate or frequency

question

cumulative recorder

answer

An apparatus that records each occurrence of behavior

question

cumulative record

answer

a record of behavior, each point reflecting the total number of times a behavior was performed

question

circular explanation

answer

the explanation is the very thing being explained

question

constructivism

answer

the debate that science is a debate about an unknowable reality

question

Experience

answer

an event capable of affecting behavior

question

Fluency

answer

is a combination of errors and rate; the number correct per minute

question

anecdotal evidence

answer

first or secondhand reports of personal experiences

question

Case Study

answer

studying a particular individual in considerable detail

question

Descriptive study

answer

describing a group by obtaining data from it's members through interviews or questionnaires

question

What are limitations to a case study?

answer

they take time and don't answer a lot of questions

question

What are limitations to a descriptive study?

answer

they cannot test hypotheses

question

Experiment

answer

A study in which a researcher manipulates one or more variables and measures the effects

question

independent variables

answer

the variable the researcher controls

question

dependent variables

answer

variables that vary freely

question

between-subject experiment

answer

the researcher identifies two or more groups of participants and the independent variable differs across these groups

question

experimental group

answer

participants in the exposed group

question

control group

answer

participants not in the exposed group

question

matched sampling

answer

participants with identical features are identified

question

within-subject experiment

answer

a participant's behavior is observed before the experimental treatment, then again during or after

question

baseline period

answer

the inital time the participants behavior is observed

question

ABA reversal design

answer

a type of within-subject experiment in which behavior is observed before and after an experimental manipulation.

question

What is a major problem with experimental research?

answer

It may not reflect natural environments

question

What are the benefits to animal research?

answer

It is possible to control heredity and prior learning history.

question

What are the objections to animal research?

answer

It is inhumane and cannot be applied to humans.

question

The history of memory is a story of metaphors. Give examples:

answer

In ancient times, experiences were marks on a wax tablet; in the renaissance it was a blank slate; in the industrial age it was snapshots and memos; today it is the internet

question

Explain Skinner's contribution to the understanding of memory.

answer

He said experiences change the organism's tendency to behave in certain ways

question

Define forgetting

answer

deterioration in learned behavior following a period without practice

question

Give an example of forgetting.

answer

a rat pressing a lever for food may be trained to not press it when a light is on. After a month without practice the rat might press the level when the light is on.

question

conditioned suppression

answer

a stimulus associated with an aversive event suppressing ongoing behavior

question

Does forgetting require a decline in the probability of a behavior?

answer

No, forgetting can be the reappearance of a behavior

question

retention interval

answer

the time between training and testing for forgetting

question

a method of measuring forgetting that consists of providing the opportunity to perform the learned behavior

answer

free recall

question

a method of measuring forgetting in which hints about the behavior to be performed are given

answer

prompted recall/cued recall

question

a method of measuring forgetting in which the original training procedure is reinstated

answer

re-learning method/savings method

question

Who conducted the first experiment on forgetting?

answer

Ebbinghaus

question

recognition

answer

the participant identifies the material previously learned

question

Delayed matching to sample

answer

the opportunity to match a sample follows a retention interval

question

extinction method

answer

comparing the rate of extinction after a retention interval with the rate of extinction immediately after training

question

Which two individuals contributed to the popular notion that memories are permanently stored in the brain?

answer

Freud (repression) and Penfield (past experiences)

question

gradient degradation

answer

behavior is tested for generalization before and after a retention interval

question

What is the general relationship between the length of the retention interval and forgetting?

answer

the longer the retention interval the longer the re-learning

question

How did Ebbinghaus demonstrate the relationship between how well something is learned and the likelihood of forgetting?

answer

he found a systematic correlation between the number of learning trials and amount of forgetting.

question

Overlearning

answer

continuing to learn beyond the point required to produce error less performance

question

How can fluency be used to measure overlearning?

answer

it can be used to measure the degree of learning in terms of number of trials required for accurate performance or the number of correct responses per minute

question

Describe the relationship between the degree of overlearning and long-term retention.

answer

the higher the degree of over-learning the less likely to forget

question

Describe the elationship between meaningfulness and forgetting.

answer

The more meaningful material is the easier to remember

question

Chase and Simon's study of chess players and forgetting found

answer

prior learning plays an important role in recall.

question

proactive interference (proactive inhibition)

answer

forgetting caused by prior learning

question

paired associate learning

answer

a person learns a list of words or stimuli pairs so that when given the first word, the participant produces the second

question

Describe the relationship between activity during the retention interval and forgetting?

answer

periods of inactivity produce less forgetting than periods of greater activity.

question

retroactive interference (retroactive inhibition)

answer

when learning interferes with the ability to recall earlier learning

question

imagination inflation

answer

imagining an event which never happened can convince a person the event took place

question

forgetting that results from the absence of cues that were present during training

answer

cue-dependent forgetting

question

Give an example of cue-dependent forgetting

answer

a person who learns to study in their bedroom may forget what they studied when they're in a classroom

question

reminiscence

answer

when performance improves with the passage of time

question

The first study of reminiscence was probably done by

answer

Leon Kamin

question

state-dependent learning

answer

learning occurs during a particular psychological state and is lost when that state passes

question

Learning has tremendous _______ value

answer

survival

question

Loftus' study on eyewitness testimony showed

answer

how accurately a person describes a witnessed event depends on how we ask about the event

question

Describe Ericsson and Chase's research showing how ordinary people can improve their recall

answer

SF trained with a series of digits that he learned to produce. Eventually his memory stretched and could recall up to 82 digits.

question

A technique using flash cards in which you go through the cards as fast as you can, in one minute, each day and then shuffle and repeat.

answer

SAFMEDS

question

Mnemonic

answer

any device for aiding recall

question

Give an example of a mnemonic.

answer

A rhyme or an acronym

question

mnemonic systems

answer

any of several systems for aiding recall

question

method of loci

answer

fixes each fact to be recalled into a particular location (ie a walk in the park)

question

peg word system

answer

one memorizes a list of pegs on which items can later be hung. the pegs are numbered and made easy to remember by making them rhyme with their numbers

question

How can one make use context cues to facilitate remembering

answer

improve performance by identifying cues that will be present during recall, and then learning in the presence of those cues

question

How can one use prompts to aid recall

answer

use a memorandum (ie: a list)

question

How can physical characteristics limit learning?

answer

The structure of an organism's body determines what behavior is possible or impossible (ie: a cow breathing under water)

question

How can non-heritability of learned behavior limits learning

answer

the behavior acquired through learning dies with the individual so later generations don't benefit.

question

Lamarck's theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics

answer

evolution was the result of a given species' adaptions to its environment; when experience modifies behavior, it modifies genes

question

What would be a disadvantage to inherited characteristics

answer

it would be a hindrance if the behavior wasn't adaptive

question

Describe inherited learning abilities as a limitation on learning

answer

The intelligence of an ancestor may hinder future generations' intelligence.

question

Describe how neurological damage can limit learning ability

answer

Prenatal exposure to toxins and head injuries can diminish learning ability.

question

organisms are especially likely to learn a particular kind of behavior at one point in their lives; these stages for optimum learning are referred to as

answer

critical periods

question

imprinting

answer

the tendency of some animals to follow the first moving object they see after birth

question

John Scott showed that _____ _____ in dogs depends on experiences during certain critical periods

answer

social behavior

question

Scott showed that ____ _____ in lambs may have to be learned during critical periods

answer

maternal behavior

question

Harlow showed that ____ ____ in monkeys is influenced by critical learning periods

answer

social skills

question

Breland demonstrated that the ease with which learning occurs varies not only across time but also

answer

across situations

question

Why did the animals in Breland's study misbehave?

answer

Innate tendencies interfered with learning

question

Instinctive drift

answer

the tendency of an animal to revert to a fixed action pattern

question

Koelling's classical conditioning study with rats in which they paired water with aversive stimuli showed

answer

the rats had an innate bias toward learning one thing rather than another

question

a procedure in which a stimulus is followed by a reinforcer regardless of what the organism does

answer

sign tracking (autoshaping)

question

the idea that organisms are genetically disposed to learn some things and not others

answer

continuum of preparedness

question

Describe the three tiers in Selgiman's continuum

answer

prepared (learning is quick) unprepared (learning is slow) contraprepared (learning is slow and irregular)

question

What did K.S. Kendler find regarding the incidence of social phobias among identical twins?

answer

they have a genetic basis and some people are genetically prepared to acquire them

question

Lenneberg's views regarding the acquisition of language

answer

language development follows a regular, predictable pattern around the world; we all learn the same way but some cannot learn tot he same level of complexity

question

Provide examples of large-scale human problems that can be understood in terms of behavioral problems.

answer

war, crime, diseases, pollution, drug and child abuse, etc

question

What is the underlying meaning of the textbook?

answer

once people recognize societies problems are behavioral and not natural, they can prevent, solve or fight them by changing behavior.

question

To measure forgetting, Ebbinghaus used

answer

the relearning method

question

The first person to demonstrate the relationship between forgetting and degree of learning was probably

answer

Ebbinghaus

question

Ericsson and Chase found that after training, SF could recall series of up to _______ digits.

answer

82

question

Skinner's effort to teach pigeons to play Ping-Pong demonstrates that the inability to learn a skill may sometimes be overcome by

answer

making allowances for physical limitations

question

When forgetting occurs because the environment during recall is different from the environment during training, it is said to be

answer

cue-dependent.

question

The first person to argue that the passage of time does not cause forgetting was probably

answer

McGeoch.

question

Armadillos curl up into a ball when attacked. Reginald teaches an armadillo to curl up into a ball when a buzzer sounds. Reginald is making use of the phenomenon known as

answer

preparedness.

question

Degree of learning can be measured as the number of correct responses per minute. This is called

answer

fluency

question

Forgetting can be studied by requiring the subject to match a stimulus presented earlier, a procedure called

answer

delayed matching to sample

question

Kendler found evidence that phobias

answer

have a genetic component.

question

Frances puts a hungry rat into an experimental chamber. Whenever the rat presses a lever, food falls into a tray. In about 30 minutes, the rat is pressing the lever steadily. Frances returns the rat to the training cage for one hour a day every day until the rat produces young. Frances then trains one of this rat's offspring in the same manner as its mother and repeats this procedure for generation after generation. You predict that when the twelfth generation rat is put into the training cage, it will press the lever steadily in about _________ minutes.

answer

30

question

Jack and Jill go up a hill to fetch a pail of water. Jack falls down and breaks his crown; Jill thinks he may have suffered a concussion. Jack can't remember anything that happened from the time he and Jill started up the hill. Jill takes Jack up the hill again and finds that he remembers seeing the well earlier. Jill is measuring forgetting by using

answer

prompted recall.

question

According to the author of the text, the history of memory has been a story of

answer

metaphors

question

Forgetting is the deterioration of

answer

performance

question

What is an example of learning in which no new behavior is acquired

answer

An increase or reduction in the rate of behavior

question

schedule of reinforcement

answer

A rule describing the delivery of reinforcers for behavior

question

schedule effects

answer

the rate and pattern of responding in a reinforcement schedule

question

continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF)

answer

behavior is reinforced every time it occurs

question

Fixed-Ratio (FR) schedule

answer

a behavior is reinforced when it has occurred a fixed number of times

question

intermittent schedule

answer

reinforcement occurs on some occasions but not others

question

the response pattern of a fixed-ratio schedule is

answer

A high rate of performance followed by short pauses after reinforcement

question

post-reinforcement pauses (PRP)

answer

the pauses that follow reinforcement

question

the more work required for reinforcement usually means

answer

the longer the post-reinforcement pause

question

run rate

answer

the rate at which an organism performs once it resumed work after reinforcement

question

variable-ratio schedule (VR)

answer

a behavior is reinforced after it has occurred a variable amount of times

question

the response pattern of a variable-ratio schedule is

answer

steady performance at run rates similar to FR schedules with shorter PRPs

question

A VR schedule usually produces more behavior than

answer

a FR schedule

question

Fixed-interval schedule (FI)

answer

behavior is reinforced the first time it occurs after a constant interval

question

the response pattern of a FI schedule is

answer

gradual responses at first increases closer to the time of reinforcement.

question

Variable Interval schedule (VI)

answer

Rewards the first correct response after an unpredictable amount of time.

question

the response pattern of a VI schedule is

answer

slow and steady response rate

question

fixed-duration schedule (FD)

answer

reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance for a period of time

question

fixed-duration schedule (VD)

answer

the required period of performance varies around an average time

question

differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate schedule of reinforcement

answer

a behavior is reinforced only if a specified period of time has elapsed since the last performance of behavior

question

the response pattern of a DRL schedule is

answer

produces extremely low rates of behavior

question

differential-reinforcement-of-high-rate schedule

answer

a behavior is reinforced only after it occurs a minimum number of times in a given period

question

the response pattern of a DRH schedule is

answer

produces extremely high rates of behavior

question

A procedure that gradually increases the number of responses required for reinforcement

answer

stretching the ratio

question

Thinning a reinforcement schedule is a common phrase for

answer

stretching the ratio

question

stretching the ratio of reinforcement too abruptly or too far results in

answer

ratio strain

question

What extremes are on either end of reinforcement schedules?

answer

continuous reinforcement and extinction.

question

Partial reinforcement effect (PRE)

answer

the tendency of behavior that has been maintained on an intermittent schedule to be more resistant to extinction than behavior on a continuous schedule.

question

How did Mowrer and Jones demonstrate the PRE?

answer

The thinner the reinforcement schedule before extinction, the greater the behavior during extinction.

question

Why is the PRE considered paradoxical?

answer

The law of effect implies unreinfoced behavior during an intermittent schedule should weaken behavior

question

According to what hypothesis does extinction take longer after intermittent reinforcement because it is harder to discriminate between extinction and an intermittent schedule than between extinction and continuous reinforcement.

answer

the discrimination hypothesis

question

According to what hypothesis does non-reinforcement of previously reinforced behavior become frustrating.

answer

Abram Amsel's frustration hypothesis.

question

The frustration hypothesis states that frustration is an aversive emotional state, so

answer

anything that reduces frustration will be reinforcing. (CRF = no frustration. Extinction = Frustration).

question

What hypothesis attributes the PRE to differences int he sequences of cues during training?

answer

Sequential hypothesis (Capaldi)

question

What do the frustration and sequential hypotheses have in common?

answer

they assume extinction is active and involves discrimination learning.

question

What hypothesis attributes the PRE to differences in the definition of a behavior during intermittent and continuous reinforcement?

answer

Response unit hypothesis.

question

multiple schedule of reinforcement (MULTI)

answer

a behavior under the influence of two or more simple schedules, each associated with a particular stimulus

question

mixed schedule (MIX)

answer

a behavior under the influence of two or more simple schedules, neither associated with a particular stimulus

question

chain schedule (CHAIN)

answer

reinforcement is delivered only on completion of the last in a series of schedules

question

tandem schedule

answer

reinforcement is delivered only on completion of the last schedule in a series, not associated with different stimuli

question

cooperative schedule

answer

schedules arranged so reinforcement is dependent on the behavior of two or more individuals

question

concurrent schedule

answer

two or more schedules are available at once

question

The principle that given the opportunity to respond on two or more schedules,t he rate of responding on each schedule will match the reinforcement available on each schedule

answer

matching law

question

Why is it a poor strategy to switch back and forth between two different ratio schedules of reinforcement?

answer

because it is pointless; nothing is gained

question

Why is it a good strategy to switch between two different interval schedules of reinforcement?

answer

because the pay off is higher

question

Herrnstein's formula that predicts choice in a two-choice situation?

answer

B(A) / B(A) + B(B) = r(A)/r(A)+r(B)

question

What is Herrnstein's formula that predicts choice in a multiple-choice situation?

answer

B(A)/B(A)+B(O) = r(A)/r(A)+r(O)

question

B(A) represents

answer

the particular behavior of study

question

B(O) represents

answer

all other behaviors

question

r(A) represents

answer

reinforcers available for B(A)

question

r(O) represents

answer

reinforcers available for all other behavior

question

What is an example of the matching law describing human behavior.?

answer

A profitable farm that does well in good weather and a less profitable farm that does well in all weather

question

What type of reinforcement schedule maintains gambling behavior?

answer

Variable ratio schedule

question

How can "early wins" and "near misses" lead to compulsive gambling?

answer

Early variations in the schedule produce differences in the tendency to continue gambling.

question

Experimental (or behavioral) economics

answer

the use of reinforcement schedules to study economic principles

question

Give an example of how reinforcement schedules can be studied in experimental (or behavioral) economic

answer

When the price of a luxury item rises, the consumption of that item declines. But when price of an essential item rises there is little change in consumption

question

feigning illness or pain in order to avoid unpleasant duties is called

answer

malingering

question

Goldberg and Cheney tested the idea that operant behavior associated with chronic pain may be maintained by reinforcement after the pain has ceased. They used ___ as their subjects

answer

rats

question

Goldberg and Cheney's experimental analogue for malingering found that

answer

malingering may continue even though everyone, including the malingerer, loses by it.

question

What criticisms have been made of research in reinforcement schedules?

answer

experiments are artificial, the findings are trivial, inapplicable to people

question

What are the advantages of research into schedules of reinforcement?

answer

answer questions that might otherwise be difficult to answer' gives scientific way to explain behavior

question

How can reinforcement schedules be used as a baseline to study the effects of different independent variables on behavior?

answer

reinforcement schedules generate consistent and stable patterns of performance and can evaluate differences in behavior (due to sleep, diet, etc)

question

stable patterns of responding are called

answer

steady states

question

Studies of choice involve

answer

concurrent schedules

question

In one form of the matching law, BA stands for the behavior under consideration and BO represents

answer

all behaviors other than BA

question

the following, the schedule that is most likely to produce a superstitious behavior is the _________ schedule.

answer

VT

question

A chain schedule is most like a _________ schedule.

answer

tandem schedule

question

A pigeon is confronted with two disks: one green, the other red. The bird receives food on a VI 20″ schedule when it pecks the green disk and on a VI 10″ schedule when it pecks the red one. You predict that the bird will peck

answer

the red disk about twice as often as the green disk

question

The Goldberg and Cheney study found that malingering occurred even though

answer

malingering reduced the amount of reinforcement received by the malingerer

question

________ is an excellent schedule for increasing the rate at which a behavior occurs.

answer

DRH

question

Harry spent his summer in the city, panhandling. Every day he would sit on the sidewalk, put a cardboard sign in front of him that said, "Please help," and place his hat on the sidewalk upside down. Then he would wait. Now and then someone would put money into his hat. Harry's reinforcement schedule is best described as a

answer

variable time schedule.

question

The schedule to use if you want to produce the most rapid learning of new behavior is

answer

CRF

question

In schedules research, VD stands for

answer

variable duration.

question

Stretching the ratio is also sometimes called

answer

thinning the schedule.

question

A schedule that does not require the performance of a particular behavior is the _________ schedule.

answer

FT

question

A reduction in response rate following reinforcement on a fixed-ratio schedule is called a

answer

postreinforcement pause

question

Stanley wants to determine which of two reinforcement schedules is more attractive to rats. He trains a rat to press a lever for food, and then puts the rat into an experimental chamber containing two levers. Pressing one lever produces reinforcement on an FR 10 schedule; pressing the other lever produces reinforcement on an FI 10″ schedule. Lever pressing is on a

answer

concurrent schedule.

question

T/F. When food is the reinforcer, it is possible to stretch the ratio to the point at which an animal expends more energy than it receives.

answer

True

question

T/F. Although important, the matching law is restricted to a narrow range of species, responses, reinforcers, and reinforcement schedules.

answer

False

question

T/F. In VI schedules, the reinforcer occurs periodically regardless of what the organism does.

answer

False

question

One everyday example of a VR schedule is the

answer

lottery

question

T/F. One difference between FT and FI schedules is that in FT schedules, reinforcement is not contingent on a behavior.

answer

True

question

The morale of the Eager Beavers baseball team has remained high even though it has won fewer games each year for the last three seasons. This is most likely the result of the phenomenon known as _________

answer

stretching the ratio

question

he rule describing the delivery of reinforcement is called a ________ of reinforcement.

answer

schedule

question

In CRF, the ratio of reinforcers to responses is 1 to 1; in FR 1, the ratio is

answer

1 to 1

question

Jimmie was a food gobbler. He would gobble his food without chewing it adequately. Not only was this an unattractive table behavior, it was hard on Jimmie's digestive system. Jimmie's mom decided to give Jimmie a spoonful of food only if he chewed his previous bite 10 times before swallowing. The spoonful of food is the reinforcer and adequate chewing is the target behavior. This is a

answer

fixed ratio (FR)

question

A token system was used at a nursing home for geriatric patients. As one part of the token economy, the patients received a special token if they told a joke to another patient. If they accumulated 10 joke-telling tokens, they could exchange the tokens for several free videos. The target behavior is telling one joke and the reinforcer is the token. This is a

answer

fixed ratio (FR)

question

How might you use what you know about reinforcement schedules to study the effects of air temperature on behavior?

answer

In all schedules it is easy to monitor the effects of air temperature of behaviour. Most reinforcement schedules can be adapted to higher or lower reinfocement requirements (FR10 vs FI100/VI 10 vs VR 100). In VI, VR, FR, FI scheudles however, behaviour is easier to be noticed due to significantly high run rates than others mentioned, so these schedules might be the best to use while trying to study these effects.

question

A teacher has a student who gives up at the first sign of difficulty. How can the teacher increase the child's persistence?

answer

The teacher can put him on a CRF schedule. Once the behavior is established the teacher stretches the ratio. Instead of a CRF the teacher moves to a FR 3 or 3. Once this is achieved, the teacher could once again switch schedules onto a variable ratio or fixed interval schedule. In these cases, the child is still being reinforced to ensure excintion does not occur, but his behaviour has been shaped so that less reinforcement is necessary.

question

What is generalization?

answer

The tendency for learned behavior to spread to other situations

question

What is discrimination?

answer

The tendency to behave differently in different situations.

question

Stimulus generalization

answer

a response reinforced in the presence of a stimulus causes that response to also occur with stimuli that are similar

question

response generalization

answer

a response class causes an increase in responses similar to that response

question

How did Watson and Rayner demonstrate generalization of Pavlovian conditioning in their work with Little Albert?

answer

They generalized his fear to other objects

question

The first report of generalization came from

answer

Thorndike

question

How can generalization be increased?

answer

Provide training in a wide variety of settings

question

Learned industriousness

answer

rewarding a high level of effort on one task increases the level of effort on other tasks.

question

When is generalization not helpful?

answer

when behavior that's useful in one situation generalizes to situations where it is not.

question

What is a generalization gradient?

answer

any graphic representation of generalization data.

question

The form of a gradient depends on

answer

amount of training, method of testing, and stimulus.

question

semantic generalization

answer

learned behavior generalizing on the basis of an abstract feature

question

The first study of semantic generalization was probably by

answer

Gregory Razran

question

Provide an example of racial or nationality-based prejudice that is due to semantic generalization

answer

In the US during WW2, Japanese was paired with unpleasant words (dirty, cruel, enemy) and these pairing result in negative emotional reactions that generalize to Asian/Oriental

question

Changes in behavior produced by _____ and ______ spread beyond training

answer

extinction, punishment

question

Excitatory stimulus generalization occurs when

answer

strengthening a response to a stimulus during training also strengthens responding to similar stimuli

question

Inhibitory stimulus generalization occurs when

answer

weakening a response to a stimulus during training also weakens responding to similar stimuli.

question

Discrimination training

answer

any procedure that establishes a discrimination

question

In Pavlovian discrimination training

answer

one stimulus (CS+) is paired with a US and another stimulus (CS-) appears without a US

question

In operant discrimination training

answer

S+ indicates reinforcement and S- indicates non-reinforcement.

question

discriminative stimuli

answer

stimuli that are associated with different consequences for behavior

question

simultaneous forms of stimulus discrimination training

answer

the discriminative stimuli are presented at the same time

question

successive forms of stimulus discrimination training

answer

the S+ and S- alternate, usually randomly. S+ is reinforced, S- is extinction

question

matching to sample (MTS)

answer

the task is to select from two or more alternatives, the stimulus that matches a standard.

question

oddity matching/mismatching

answer

selecting the stimulus that is different from the sample

question

errorless discrimination training

answer

the S- is introduced in weak form and gradually strengthened, resulting in few or no errors.

question

differential outcomes effect (DOE)

answer

improved performance in discrimination training as a result of different consequences for different behaviors

question

stimulus control

answer

the tendency for a behavior to occur in S+ but not S-

question

Pavlov's theory of generalization

answer

the view that discrimination training establishes excitation associated with CS+ and inhibition associated with CS-

question

Spence's theory of generalization

answer

the tendency to respond to a stimulus is the result of the interaction of increased and decreased tendencies to respond.

question

excitatory gradient

answer

a generalization gradient showing increased tendency to respond to a S+ and likeness (Spence)

question

inhibitory gradient

answer

a gradient showing decreased tendency to respond to a S- and likeness (Spence)

question

peak shift

answer

the tendency for the peak of responding in a generalization gradient to shift away from S-

question

Lashley-Wade theory of generalization

answer

the view that generalization occurs because the organism has little experience with the stimuli involved to be able to discriminate.

question

any class the members of which share one or more defining features

answer

concept

question

defining features

answer

discriminate members of one class from another class

question

What does it mean to understand a concept

answer

to discriminate between those that fall within the concept and those that fall outside the concept

question

transposition

answer

reacting to the relationship between stimuli rather than to each stimulus on an individual basis

question

mental rotation

answer

people mentally rotate internal representations until it is normal and decide whether it is backward

question

How can you use stimulus control principles to quit smoking successfully?

answer

avoid situations of past smoking, and undergo training to reduce the control of these situations

question

experimental neurosis

answer

neurotic behavior induced through an experimental procedure.

question

Why did Pavlov call bizarre behavior an experimental neurosis?

answer

the behavior resembled that of a nervous breakdown.

question

Define conceptual behavior

answer

when a class of stimuli that share stimulus features act as discriminative stimuli for responding

question

Define concept instances

answer

members of a stimulus class

question

critical features

answer

must be present in order for an item to be an example

question

variable feature

answer

is not critical to the discrimination and may or may not be present

question

Explain why learning to respond to stimulus features, rather than individual stimuli, is valuable.

answer

Once you acquire responses to classes of stimuli defined by its features, you can respond correctly to new stimulus-class members

question

under generalization

answer

failure to identify members of a conceptual stimulus class as concept instances

question

overgeneralization

answer

failure to correctly identify concept non-instances outside a conceptual stimulus class as concept instances

question

under generalization is sometimes called

answer

under extension

question

over generalization is sometimes called

answer

over extension

question

In order to demonstrate conceptual behavior, it is necessary to show that

answer

critical features of the concept are discriminative stimuli

question

Many concepts have labels or words that refer to

answer

the critical feature of the stimulus class.

question

Differences in the meaning that different people attach to the same words are often due to

answer

differences in the conceptual stimulus features that have been established as discriminative stimuli

question

principles that make stimulus discrimination effective generally apply to

answer

conceptual discrimination

question

A specific means of defining the goal of conceptual discrimination

answer

concept analysis

question

concept definition

answer

specifies the features of a concept that make it a member of the conceptual stimulus class

question

Complete concept learning often also requires

answer

examples and non-examples

question

A method of teaching that promotes retention of conceptual discrimination by giving abstract material a concrete representation.

answer

focal example method

question

sameness principle

answer

using a broad range of very different examples to illustrate the same concept

question

minimum difference principle

answer

providing non-examples of the concept that are minimally different from concept examples

question

errors of misconception

answer

variable features of the concept are responded to as critical features

question

generalized response class

answer

the act or process of making a different but similar response to the same stimulus

question

Generalized response classes are also called

answer

operations

question

the training that produces a generalized response class is sometimes called

answer

operations training

question

generalized imitation training

answer

learner's imitations of specific modeled behaviors are prompted and reinforced

question

Goetz and Baer training with pre-school children is an example of imitation training because

answer

(a) the trained response had a specified feature (b) the training resulted in the children being able to perform new responses that had the specified property

question

Conceptual behavior and generalized response classes are similar in what ways

answer

both are defined in terms of features, the stimulus and response class members differ from each other in certain respects and the tests are similar because they both require that the learner do something new

question

Give an example of conceptual behavior and generalized responses classes being learned in the same task

answer

solving a mathematics story problem

question

general-case instruction is also called

answer

called general-case training and general-case programming

question

general-case instruction

answer

A teaching method that is designed to teach both conceptual and generalized response classes at the same time

question

Give an example of general-case instruction

answer

teaching someone to use a vending machine

question

In teaching any behavior using behavior analysis methods, the first step is to

answer

define the skills one is to acquire

question

The following conditions influence the learning of conceptual behavior and generalized response classes

answer

defining the goal, analyzing the critical stimulus and response features, rules that identify the critical stimulus and response features, a variety of tasks, testing formation by requiring performance on novel task

question

Sameness analysis

answer

identifying common stimulus and response features that are present in tasks, and making this the basis for instruction

question

In the Dweck and Repucci study, teachers asked students to work on unsolvable problems and then on problems that could be solved. They failed to solve the second set of problems, but were able to solve similar problems when the problems were presented

answer

by a different teacher

question

Frederica believes that generalization occurs because of a lack of experience with stimuli that differ from the S+. Frederica is probably most comfortable with the theory of generalization and discrimination proposed by

answer

Lashley and Wade.

question

Bill conducts an experiment in which he pairs the word psychologist with words such as nasty, evil, and corrupt. Later, Bill asks his subjects to give their opinion of various professions by rating them on a scale from very positive to very negative. The hypothetical finding is called

answer

semantic generalization

question

The kind of generalization discussed in your text is

answer

stimulus generalization

question

When generalization is based on abstract rather than physical features, it is called __________ generalization.

answer

semantic

question

In a classic study, Guttman and Kalish trained pigeons to peck a disk of a particular colour, and then gave them the opportunity to peck

answer

disks of various colours

question

An S+ is analogous to a _____

answer

CS+.

question

A dog learns to salivate at the sound of a soft buzzer, but not at the sound of a loud buzzer. After training, the dog is presented with buzzers of various volumes. You predict that the dog will salivate most in response to a buzzer that is

answer

slightly softer than the CS+

question

An ________ is a stimulus that indicates that a particular behavior will be reinforced.

answer

S+

question

A relatively flat gradient indicates

answer

little discrimination

question

A steep gradient indicates

answer

considerable discrimination

question

When a behavior reliably occurs in the presence of an S+ but not in the presence of an S-, we can say the behavior is

answer

under stimulus control.

question

Providing different consequences for different responses can enhance discrimination training. This finding is called the

answer

differential outcomes effect.

question

When Little Joey, now six months old, cries, Martha can tell what he needs even before she goes to him. Martha's skill is an example of

answer

discrimination.

question

In their study, Dweck and Repucci had teachers give students unsolvable problems and then problems that could be solved. The result was that the students

answer

failed to solve the problems in the second set

question

You test Mary's drawing ability by having her draw fruit, animals, landscapes, and houses. Mary then takes a drawing class in which she learns to draw human figures. You decide to test Mary again to see if her drawing ability has improved. You predict that if she shows any improvement at all it will be at drawing

answer

animals.

question

T/F. During World War II, thousands of American citizens of Japanese descent were imprisoned though their only "crime" was that they resembled the enemy.

answer

True

question

T/F. Generalization implies that those who must speak to a large crowd in a hot auditorium should practice before a few friends in a small, air-conditioned room.

answer

False

question

T/F. When we speak of concepts we are speaking of discriminations.

answer

True

question

T/F. Pigeons that have learned to peck a disk when two lights of the same colour come on, but not when the lights differ, can be said to have learned a concept.

answer

True

question

T/F. With discrimination training, pigeons have learned to discriminate between paintings by Monet and Picasso, even when the pictures were ones they had never seen before.

answer

True

question

Sometimes a response generalizes on the basis of the meaning of a stimulus. This is called

answer

semantic generalization

question

In ____________ discrimination training an S- is introduced in a form so weak that the organism does not respond to it.

answer

errorless

question

Frances and Michael were working on a social psychology project in which they wanted to increase the frequency of smiling of the workers in a large government office building. They made a lot of paper flowers and walked the halls of the building, giving them to people only when they were smiling. They found that this method increased the number of people who smiled.

answer

This is not an example of stimulus discrimination training.

question

Sara was teaching young Daniel how to shake hands with people when initially introduced to them. She used praise as a reinforcer. However, Dan would shake hands with everyone he encountered, not just people to whom he was introduced.

answer

This is not an example of stimulus discrimination training.

question

Sylvia saw a woman who looked a great deal like her girlfriend Jenny on a downtown street. She tapped the woman on the shoulder and said, "Jenny! I haven't seen you for years." The woman turned to her and Sylvia, realizing the woman wasn't Jenny, said, "Excuse me. I thought you were someone else. You look so much like my friend."

answer

This is an example of excitatory stimulus generalization.

question

Barbara was teaching young Tony to identify shirts as shirts and blouses as blouses by giving him praise every time he correctly identified a piece of clothing. However, in spite of the training sessions, Tony continued to identify both shirts and blouses as shirts.

answer

This is an example of excitatory stimulus generalization.

question

Donna was on a shopping trip with her friend Edna. At the power tools counter, Donna spoke to a woman who looked like Edna about how her (Donna's) husband, Karl, could use a new chain saw. The stranger was confused because she wasn't married and didn't know anyone named Karl.

answer

This is not an example of response induction.

question

Rose worked on a piece-work basis, making quilts. For each quilt she made she got $100, a reinforcer which maintained her quilt-making rate at one every two months (one-half quilt per month or six quilts per year).

answer

This is not an example of response induction.

question

Students in a film appreciation course were learning to identify examples of unresolved subplots. An unresolved subplot is a defect in a story in which a conflict or problem is introduced, but not resolved. The students studied several examples as well as examples of films that did not have unresolved subplots. On the take-home final exam in the course, the students were given several videotapes of films to watch, ones they had not seen before or discussed in class. One of the things the students were required to do was to identify unresolved subplots. The students correctly identified all the unresolved subplots in horror films, but failed to do so in other types of films. What best describes the above illustration?

answer

Undergeneralization

question

Luis was studying behavior analysis. He studied a programmed exercise in which he read and responded to a set of examples and non-examples of the concept of positive-practice overcorrection. On a test, he was required to identify novel examples and non-examples of positive practice overcorrection, which he could do, and to write novel examples of positive-practice overcorrection, which he failed to do. What best describes the above illustration?

answer

conceptual behavior

question

Sam had taken a drawing class in which he had received extensive practice in drawing many different types of objects, including various kinds of still life and human figures. After the course, Sam could perceive the characteristics of and draw any new object he encountered. What best describes the above illustration?

answer

Conceptual behavior & generalized response class

question

What did Machiavelli say regarding punishment?

answer

Fear preserves you by a dread of punishment that never fails

question

What did Benjamin Franklin say regarding punishment?

answer

those who are feared, are hated.

question

What percentage of Americans approve of the use of physical (corporal) punishment in schools?

answer

50%

question

Define punishment

answer

the procedure of providing consequences that reduce the strength of behavior

question

What are the three characteristics of punishment?

answer

A behavior must have a consequence, behavior must decrease in strength, the reduction must be a result of the consequence.

question

What is a punisher?

answer

The consequences involved in punishment

question

Positive punishment

answer

A behavior results in something (usually an aversive) is added to the situation, reducing behavior.

question

Negative punishment

answer

A behavior results in something being removed from the situation, reducing behavior.

question

Negative punishment is also called

answer

penalty training

question

Describe how punishment differs from negative reinforcement

answer

Reinforcement makes behavior more likely to occur while punishment makes behavior less likely to occur.

question

Describe how the contingency variable influences the effectiveness of punishment

answer

The greater degree of contingency between a behavior and a punishment, the faster behavior changes

question

Describe how the contiguity variable influences the effectiveness of punishment

answer

The shorter the interval between a behavior and a punishment, the more effective the procedure is

question

Describe Abramowitz and O'Leary's demonstration of the effectiveness of immediate punishment.

answer

Teachers reprimanded students either immediately or two minutes after bad behavior and found only immediate reprimands were effective.

question

Describe how the intensity of punishment influences its effectiveness.

answer

The more intense a punisher, the more it reduces behavior

question

What was wrong with both Thorndike and Skinner's punishment experiments?

answer

The punishers were very weak.

question

Why is initial punishment intensity important in making punishment effective?

answer

Punished behavior tends to persist if the initial punisher is weak.

question

How is punishment influenced by available reinforcers?

answer

The success of punishment depends not just on the punishing consequences but also on its reinforcing consequences.

question

How do alternative sources of reinforcement influence the effectiveness of punishment?

answer

Punishment completely suppresses the original behavior when there is alternative means of obtaining reinforcement.

question

How does deprivation influence punishment?

answer

Punishment may not work if deprivation level is too high.

question

Disruption theory of punishment

answer

The early belief that response suppression was due to the disruptive effects of aversive stimuli.

question

Two process theory of punishment

answer

both Pavlovian and and operant learning are involved

question

One process theory of punishment

answer

only operant learning involved

question

Who originally advocated the one process theory

answer

Thorndike

question

What are the pro's of punishment?

answer

It is powerful, fast, and has beneficial side effects

question

What are the con's of punishment?

answer

risk of escape, aggression, apathy, abuse and imitation of the punisher.

question

Response prevention

answer

altering the environment to prevent behavior from occurring

question

How can extinction be an alternative to punishment?

answer

If the reinforcer maintaining unwanted behavior is identified and removed, the rate of behavior will decline.

question

What is a potential problem with using extinction as an alternative?

answer

The extinction burst (increase in behavior)

question

Differential reinforcement

answer

A procedure that uses extinction in combination with reinforcement.

question

differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL)

answer

reinforcers are provided for a behavior only when it occurs infrequently

question

differential reinforcement of zero responding (DRO)

answer

reinforcement is contingent on not performing the behavior for a specified period of time.

question

differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI)

answer

behavior that is compatible with an unwanted behavior is systematically reinforced

question

differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA)

answer

the reinforcers that were available for the problem behavior are made contingent on some more desirable behavior.

question

non-contingent reinforcement (NCR)

answer

reinforcement delivered without regard to behavior

question

Noncontingent reinforcement is also called

answer

response independent reinforcement

question

How does the environment select behavior?

answer

an organism behaves in a certain way, and the environment reinforces, punishes, or ignores that behavior

question

How did Wilkes use operant procedures to train an elephant

answer

He used shaping.

question

In behavioral terms, what does self-awareness consist of?

answer

observing one's own behavior

question

Gallup and Epstien showed self-awareness is available to

answer

chimps and pigeons

question

How are children taught self-awareness?

answer

By observing and commenting on behavior that suggests certain experience, they learn to observe those private events.

question

Define self-control

answer

the tendency to act in our own best interests

question

To have self control means

answer

to choose wisely and do things in our best long-term interests

question

What problem is there with explaining self-control as willpower, discipline, or strength of character?

answer

They're circular explanations

question

physical restraint, distancing, distraction, deprivation/satisfaction, informing others, monitoring are examples of

answer

techniques of self control

question

The traditional view of language holds that words are _____ for communicating ______, that are said to be encoded to another person in _______

answer

symbols, ideas, speech.

question

Skinner believed if we want to understand verbal behavior

answer

we must examine the effects of verbal behavior on the environment

question

The work of Greenspoon clearly shows that verbal behavior

answer

is a function of its consequences

question

Verplanck's study of punishment and reinforcement showed what

answer

reinforcement encourages opinions while punishment silences opinions

question

Studies of Greenspoon, Verplank and Quay offer no evidence that the subjects knew there was

answer

a reinforcement contingency in force

question

A problem is a situation in which reinforcement is available but

answer

the behavior to produce it is not.

question

The best-known experiments on insightful problem solving are those described in The Mentality of Apes by

answer

Wolfgang Kohler

question

"sudden insight" depends on

answer

previous reinforcement of the behaviors required for the solution.

question

In behavioral terms, what is creativity?

answer

to behave in original ways

question

The ancient view of creativity is

answer

the muse visited a person.

question

The modern view of creativity is

answer

moves the muse into the person, usually lodged in the unconscious mind.

question

All an animal trainer has to do to get novel behavior is to

answer

reinforce the novel behavior.

question

What criticism is sometimes made of using reinforcement regarding creativity?

answer

rewards for creative performance result in less effort.

question

If you want people to be creative you should make reinforcing consequences contingent on _________ behavior.

answer

creative.

question

How does failure encourage creativity?

answer

when a behavior that has been repeatedly reinforced is put on extinction, there is an increase in that behavior.

question

Describe Skinner's superstition experiment.

answer

When an animal was reinforced it had to be doing something, and that was accidentally reinforced.

question

Wagner and Morris' study on superstitious behavior showed

answer

superstitious behavior in children.

question

Bruner and Revusky used adventitious reinforcement to

answer

establish superstition in high school students.

question

Herrnstien argued that if the essential feature produces reinforcement

answer

the other features are adventitiously reinforced.

question

How can one protect themselves from superstitious inclinations?

answer

the scientific method (observations under controlled situations)

question

Learned helplessness

answer

failure to escape an aversive following exposure to an inescapable aversive

question

Who discovered learned helplessness

answer

Thorndike

question

How has learned helplessness been applied to the study of human depression?

answer

research demonstrates that immunization training procedures resilience in the face of adversity

question

How does reinforcement impact delusions and hallucinations?

answer

Bizarre behavior may be modified by its consequences.

question

Goldiamond suggests that reinforcement for behavior is often contingent not only on the occurrence of behavior but also at times

answer

when reinforcement is unavailable.

question

What is self-injurious behavior?

answer

Any attempt by a person to harm themselves

question

How are self-injurious behaviors maintained by negative reinforcement?

answer

people find they can escape aversive situations with self-injurious behavior

question

What is a functional assessment?

answer

observing the behavior under study to identify naturally occurring events that might influence behavior.

question

Define substitution

answer

behavior eliminated with learning procedures will be replaced with a new behavior

question

______ was probably the first to experiment with vicarious learning.

answer

Thorndike

question

Vicarious learning:

answer

a change in behavior due to observing a model

question

What is vicarious Pavlovian conditioning?

answer

An observer develops a CR to a CS even though it was never trained.

question

It is entirely possible that conditioned responses in observers are due to ________

answer

higher-order conditioning

question

____ was the first to demonstrate experimentally that animals benefit from model behavior

answer

Carl Warden

question

What is vicarious operant leaning?

answer

an observer benefiting from the consequences of a model's behavior

question

Vicarious avoidance learning

answer

an organism learns to avoid an aversive through observing a model

question

vicarious reinforcement

answer

observing a model's behavior be rewarded increases the likelihood that the observer will engage in the modeled behavior

question

Vicarious punishment

answer

observing a model's behavior be punished decreases the likelihood that the observer will engage in the modeled behavior

question

Generalized imitation

answer

The tendency to imitate modeled behavior even though the imitative behavior is not reinforced

question

Describe Baer and Sherman's study of generalized imitation

answer

They used a puppet to provide social reinforcers for imitative behavior.

question

How do the consequences of the model's behavior influence vicarious learning?

answer

Consistent reinforcement of punishment of a model's behavior gets better results

question

How do the consequences of the observer's behavior influence vicarious learning?

answer

If there are two different consequences for model and observer, the observer behavior wins.

question

How do characteristics of the model influence vicarious learning?

answer

Observers tend to learn more from models who are competent, attractive, likable, and prestigious.

question

Hows does age influence vicarious learning?

answer

adults learn better than children from observation

question

How does the observer's learning history influence vicarious learning?

answer

A person's learning history may influence the type of model they imitate.

question

What are two other variables influencing vicarious learning?

answer

emotional state and complexity of task.

question

Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory

answer

Vicarious learning is accounted for by four processes that occur during or shortly after observation of a model (attentional/retentional/motor reproductive/motivational)

question

Attentional processes

answer

an organism observing relevant aspects of model behavior and its consequences

question

Motor reproductive processes

answer

the skills required to perform model behavior

question

Retentional processes

answer

acts by the observer to aid recall of modeled behavior

question

Motivational processes

answer

the expectation that a modeled behavior will be reinforced

question

Millar-Dollard Reinforcement Theory

answer

The changes of the observer's behavior are due to the consequences of the observer's behavior not the model.

question

Bandura's theory looks for an explanation _______ the individual

answer

inside

question

The Millar-Dollard theory looks to the observer's ________ for an explanation

answer

learning history

question

Evidence suggests that ______ _______ plays an important role in foraging

answer

Vicarious learning

question

Bandura's experiment on violence and vicarious learning showed

answer

Children were more likely to commit aggressive acts if they watched a model be reinforced for doing so.

question

How can vicarious learning be used to treat phobias?

answer

Observing models interact with feared object without negative effects

question

Participant modeling

answer

a therapeutic technique combining modeling and counterconditioning.

question

Harriet hears a noise in the kitchen and investigates. She finds the cookie jar in pieces on the floor and 5-year-old Willy standing nearby. Harriet knows what happened, but asks Willy anyway. Willy admits that he broke the jar while trying to get cookies. Harriet gives Willy a spanking. Willy is most likely to learn from this experience that

answer

it doesn't pay to tell the truth

question

John, a very successful professional boxer, fights regularly with formidable opponents. He has often been injured in these fights and knows that he risks sustaining serious brain damage or other permanent injuries, yet he continues to fight. This example illustrates that bizarre behavior

answer

is less puzzling when the reinforcers maintaining it are known

question

Presley and Riopelle studied vicarious avoidance learning in monkeys. They found that

answer

the slowest learning observer did as well as the fastest learning model

question

In the treatment of long-standing self-injurious behavior, punishment is often

answer

effective.

question

According to B. F. Skinner, we develop self-awareness largely through

answer

the comments of other people

question

Of the following procedures, the one that reinforces behavior that cannot be performed at the same time as the unwanted behavior is

answer

DRI

question

Jack is a homeless man who lives on the streets of Calgary. One cold, January night, he takes up a position outside a fancy restaurant and starts shouting, "God has ordered an equestrian invasion of Banff." The restaurant owner calls the police and they take Jack to a hospital, where he spends a quiet night. The next morning, a doctor examines Jack and tells him he is well enough to be discharged. Jack immediately begins shouting about the equestrian invasion of Banff. You tentatively conclude that

answer

Jack's hallucinations are products of reinforcement

question

Karen Pryor demonstrated that she could reinforce novel behavior. Her subjects were

answer

porpoises

question

Coincidental reinforcement plays an important role in

answer

behavior

question

Five-year-old Rex had the bad habit of stealing candy at the grocery store. One day when he had not stolen any candy, his mother told him that stealing was wrong and that he was not to do it ever again. As a result, Rex stopped stealing candy.

answer

not punishment.

question

Alstair was a 4-year-old who pounced on the other children at his day care center. This center used tokens as reinforcers for appropriate behavior, and the children could accumulate and trade the tokens for special privileges. Whenever Alstair pounced on another child, three of his tokens were taken away from him. This procedure reduced the rate of Alstair's pouncing behavior.

answer

response cost.

question

Response cost

answer

previously earned reinforcers are removed dependent on instances of misbehavior.

question

exclusionary or isolation timeout

answer

temporarily removed from the environment in which the undesirable behavior occurred

question

nonexclusionary timeout

answer

remains in the environment, but is removed from ongoing activities

question

the person who most approved of the use of punishment was probably

answer

Machiavelli.

question

Herbert Quay found evidence that the topics discussed by ______ may be influenced by reinforcement.

answer

psychotherapy clients

question

A key problem in using extinction to weaken a harmful or dangerous behavior is that

answer

it is slow.

question

You hear on the radio that Smash, the most popular rock video performer in Germany, has killed himself. He left a note ("Goodbye, cruel world"). You predict that

answer

there will be a rash of suicides or suicidal gestures among German rock video fans

question

Fisher and Harris found that observers learned more than usual when a model

answer

expressed emotion

question

Verbal behavior is governed by the

answer

law of effect.

question

Some behavior analysts suggest that certain ineffective medical practices, such as bloodletting, were superstitious behaviors maintained by coincidental reinforcement.

answer

True

question

When David hit his brother or knocked him over he was barred from playing his video game for half an hour, though he could remain in the area where the video games were played. After this, David rarely hit his brother or knocked him over.

answer

punishment - nonexclusionary timeout

question

Lee hated using public transportation, but found herself having to do so to get to school. Her mother, who was a behavior analyst, told Lee to imagine a young girl like herself getting on the bus, paying her token, sitting down, getting off, and so on. Lee did this several times each day, and when the school term started she was able to ride the bus without difficulty.

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covert modeling

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Edward Thorndike studied

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animal intelligence

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Describe Thorndike's puzzle box apparatus

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He placed a hungry cat in a puzzle box with food out of reach and the cat had to maneuver out of the box and monitored the time it took to exit

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Throndike's puzzle box found

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with each trial the cats made fewer mistakes

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The first learning curve was probably used by

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Thorndike

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Thorndike said there are two kinds of consequences

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satisfying and annoying state of affairs

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Law of Effect

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the strength of a behavior depends on the consequences the behavior has had in the past

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Connectionism

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Thorndike's speculation that reinforcement strengthened bonds between neurons

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Describe the Skinner box

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A box designed so that a food magazine could automatically drop a few pellets into a tray; he then added a lever so every time a rat pressed the lever it received food.

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operant conditioning/instrumental learning

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any procedure that strengthens or weakens behavior depending on its consequences

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In operant conditioning, the organism is

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active

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reinforcement

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the procedure of providing consequences for behavior that increase or maintain the strength of that behavior

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What are three criteria that must be met for reinforcement

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behavior must have a consequence, behavior must increase in strength, the strength must be due to consequence

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positive reinforcement

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behavior is followed by the appearance of, or increase in the intensity of a stimulus

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positive reinforcer

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any stimulus that increases or maintains the strength of a behavior

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negative reinforcement

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a behavior is strengthened by the removal of, or a decrease in the intensity of, a stimulus

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negative reinforcer

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any stimulus that when removed, increases or maintains the strength of that behavior

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escape training

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another term for negative reinforcement

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Positive reinforcement ____ something, and negative reinforcement _____ something.

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adds, subtracts

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What is the difference between escape and avoidance

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In escape, an organism's response terminates an aversive stimulus. In avoidance, the response produces no immediate consequence.

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discrete trial procedure

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performance of a behavior ends the trial

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free operant procedure

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the behavior may be repeated numerous times

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The difference between Pavlovian and Operant learing

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Pavlovian: a US is contingent on a CS operant: a stimulus is contingent on behavior

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operant conditioning involves _____ behavior

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voluntary

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T/F. Can Pavlovian and Operant conditioning occur together?

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True

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primary reinforcers

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any reinforcer that is not dependent on another reinforcer for its reinforcing properties

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secondary reinforcers/conditioned reinforcer

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any reinforcer that has acquired its reinforcing properties though its association with another reinforer

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T/F primary reinforcers lose their value quickly

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True

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Generalized reinforcers

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any secondary reinforcer that has been paired with several other reinforcers

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shaping

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the procedure of reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior

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five factors for effective shaping

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small steps, immediate reinforcement, small reinforcers, reinforce best approximation, back up when needed

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behavior chain

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a series of related behaviors, the last produces reinforcement

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chaining

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establishing a behavior train

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task analysis

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identifying the component elements of a behavior chain

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forward chaining

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training begins with the first link in the chain and adds links in order

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backward chaining

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training begins with the last link and adds preceding links in reverse order

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contingency

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the degree of correlation between the behavior and its consequence

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factors related to effective reinforcement

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size, type, task characteristics, deprivation level,

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extinction (operant)

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withholding the consequences that reinforce behavior

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extinction burst

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a sudden increase in the rate of behavior during extinction

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resurgence

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the reappearance of previously reinforced behavior

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extinction depends on these factors

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rate of reinforcement, effort required, size of reinforcer used

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extinction and reinforcement are different how

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one non-reinforcement does not cancel out one reinforcement

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drives (hull)

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a motivational state caused by deprivation

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Drive-reduction theory

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attributes a reinforcer's effectiveness to the reduction of a drive

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relative value theory

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different kinds of behavior have different values and are relative to each other, and these relative values determine reinforcing properties of behavior

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Premack Principle

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the observation that high-probability behavior reinforces low probability behavior

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response deprivation theory

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behavior becomes reinforcing when the organism is prevented from engaging in it at its normal frequency

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response deprivation theory is also called

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equilibrium theory

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escape-avoidance learning

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a form of negative reinforcement in which the subject learns to escape and then avoid an aversive

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negative reinforcement often starts out as escape responding and ends up as avoidance responding, how?

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after escaping an aversive it learns to avoid it

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two process theory

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the view that both Pavlovian and operant conditioning are present in learning

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Sidman avoidance procedure

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an escape-avoidance training procedure where no stimulus regularly precedes the aversive stimulus

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one process theory

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the view that only operant conditioning is involved in avoidance and punishment

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________ gave Skinner's experimental chamber the name, "Skinner box.

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Clark Hull

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The first step in building a behavior chain is to do a

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task analysis.

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According to the one-process theory of avoidance, the avoidance response is reinforced by

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a reduction in the number of aversive events

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Alan Neuringer demonstrated that with reinforcement, _____ could learn to behave randomly.

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pigeons

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Money is a good example of a _______ reinforcer.

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generalized

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Operant learning is sometimes called ________ learning.

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instrumental

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The training procedure Thorndike used in his famous experiments with cats is best described as

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a discrete trial

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Thorndike speculated that reinforcement strengthened bonds between neurons, a view that many cognitive scientists have now embraced and called

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connectionism

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The free operant procedure is associated most often with

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Skinner

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The level of deprivation is less important when the reinforcer used is a/an _________ reinforcer.

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secondary

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The one thing that all reinforcers have in common is that they

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strengthen behavior

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Studies of delayed reinforcement document the importance of

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behavior-reinforcement contiguity

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The Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert may have involved operant as well as Pavlovian learning because the loud noise

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occurred as Albert reached for the rat

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T/F. Studies demonstrate that operant learning is as effective with involuntary behavior, such as the salivary reflex, as it is with voluntary behavior.

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False

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T/F. With reinforcement, it is easy for a person to lower his or her blood pressure.

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False

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T/F. Reprimands, restraint, captivity, and electrical shocks can be reinforcers.

answer

True

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T/F. Chaining is a useful procedure for shaping behavior in laboratory animals, but it does not appear to be important in shaping the behavior of wildlife.

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False

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T/F. According to Skinner, people are rewarded, but behavior is reinforced.

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True

question

Allison's boyfriend teased her a lot about her curly hair. Allison hated this and decided that every time her boyfriend made remarks about her hair she would respond with a mean comment about his school grades. As a result, Allison's boyfriend teased her more often about her hair than he did before.

answer

Yes, this is an example of positive reinforcement.

question

Jerry was a mentally handicapped boy who was learning sign language. His teacher would show Jerry a picture of a person doing something, such as running or swimming. When Jerry made the correct sign for the action shown in the picture, his teacher would give him a small drink of soft drink or some raisins. As a result, Jerry made the correct signs for the pictures more often than he did before.

answer

Yes, this is an example of positive reinforcement.

question

Marvin had learned his multiplication tables very well by the time the school year ended. However, during the summer he spent his time playing baseball with his buddies and had no opportunities to practise multiplication. When school started again in the fall, Marvin could only do 50% of the problems correctly, while before he had been able to do solve the problems correctly 100% of the time.

answer

No, this is not an example of extinction

question

Doris had moved to a small town where the people often gossiped about the affairs of others. She enjoyed talking to the townsfolk, but whenever they started to gossip, Doris would pay no attention and she would go about her business. As a result, the townspeople seldom gossiped to Doris.

answer

Yes, this is an example of extinction.

question

Thelma was learning to get ready for school by herself. This involved getting dressed, washing her hands and face, brushing her teeth, and coming to the kitchen for breakfast. When Thelma arrived in the kitchen dressed, washed, and brushed, her mother gave her 10 points on a large chart stuck to the refrigerator. These points could be exchanged for special treats and privileges.

answer

Not Shaping

question

Tilly's mom was teaching her the names of body parts. Tilly's mom would point to her nose and say "Where is your nose?" If Tilly pointed to her nose, Tilly's mom would give her a big hug. After Tilly accomplished this, Tilly's mom would just ask Tilly the question and wouldn't point any more. If Tilly pointed to her nose when asked "Where is your nose?" Tilly got a big hug. On each trial, Tilly was required to engage in the same behavior, although sometimes to different cues provided by her mother.

answer

Not Shaping

question

Garth hated commercials on television. He was delighted when he acquired his new remote control device that allowed him to change the channel whenever a commercial began. It wasn't long before Garth was able to use his remote control so effectively that he could change the channel within a half-second of the beginning of the commercial.

answer

An example of escape

question

Dr. Arnold decided to tackle this problem through a pre-surgery contract that prospective patients had to sign. This contract specified that any time a patient failed to complete his or her daily physiotherapy, he or she had to undergo one-half hour of electroshock therapy on that day. Once the patients were receiving the electroshock therapy, they had to complete the entire electroshock session. Dr. Arnold was delighted when, as a result of this procedure, most of his patients were conscientious and did their own physiotherapy after an average of only one or two electroshock sessions.

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An example of avoidance

question

Pavlov began his research on the

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digestive system and salivary reflex of dogs

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What were the psychic secretions that became a focus of Pavlov's work?

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The dog salivating before entering the lab

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unconditional reflexes

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largely inborn and usually permanent reflex found in all members of a species

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conditioned reflexes

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a reflex acquired through Pavlovian conditioning and consists of a conditional stimulus and a conditional response

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a neutral stimulus

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does not elicit a particular conditioned or unconditioned response

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conditioned response

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the response elicited by a conditional stimulus

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unconditioned response

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the response elicited by a unconditioned stimulus

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unconditional stimulus

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the stimulus that elicits an unconditional response

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conditional stimulus

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the stimulus that elicits a conditional response

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The CS and the US are presented

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regardless of what the organism does

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higher-order conditioning

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the procedure of pairing a neutral stimulus with a well-established CS

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Why is higher-order conditioning important to Pavlovian conditioning?

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it means many stimuli can elicit conditional responses

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Many of our emotional reactions appear to be acquired through

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higher-order conditioning

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second-order conditioning

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CS (CS-0) predicts another previously established CS (CS-1).

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third-order conditioning

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CS-0 is paired with a CS-1 that gained its ability to elicit a response by being paired with a previously established CS (CS-2)

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test/probe trials

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presenting the CS without the US randomly to see if conditioning has occurred

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pseudoconditioning

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the tendency of a neutral stimulus to elicit a CR when presented after a US has elicited a reflex response

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response latency

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the interval between the onset of the CS and the first appearance of behavior

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trace conditioning

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the CS begins and ends before the US is presented

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delayed conditioning

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the US appears before the CS has disappeared

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simultaneous conditioning

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the CS and US coincide

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backward conditioning

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the CS follows the US

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contingency

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a dependency between events; an event may be stimulus contingent or response contingent.

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contiguity

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the closeness in time or space between two events

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compound stimulus

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the CS consists of two or more stimuli presented simultaneously

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overshadowing

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failure of a stimulus that is part of a compound stimulus to become a CS

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the chief distinguishing characteristic of an effective CS is its

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intensity

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latent inhibition

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the failure of a CR to appear as a result of prior presentation of the CS in the absence of the US

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blocking

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failure of a stimulus to become a CS when it is part of a compound stimulus that includes an effective CS

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sensory preconditioning

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a stimulus that often elicits a CR even though it was never paired with the US

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intertrial interval

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the gap between successive trials

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How do age, temperament, and stress affect Pavlovian conditioning?

answer

Higher age and stress levels decrease conditioning, so does a lazy temperament

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extinction (Pavlovian)

answer

repeatedly presenting the CS without the US

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How does Pavlovian extinction differ from forgetting?

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forgetting refers to a deterioration in performance after a period without practice; extinction does not undo the effects of conditioning

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spontaneous recovery

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the sudden reappearance of a CR after extinction

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Edwin Twitmyer

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discovered conditioning while researching the patellar reflex

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stimulus substitution theory

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the theory that the CS substitutes for the US

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What are the limitations to stimulus substitution theory?

answer

the CR and UR are not always the same; the CR is sometimes opposite of UR

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preparatory response theory

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the CR prepares the organism for the occurrence of the US

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What prediction does preparatory response theory make regarding the conditional stimuli involved in the development of tolerance to drugs?

answer

an organism prepares for drugs by suppressing the body's response to it (some aspects of the setting become CSs for reduced responses)

question

The first person to study human emotions systematically was

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John B Watson

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conditioned emotional responses

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an emotional response to a stimulus that is acquired through Pavlovian conditioning.

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Phobias are among the most common

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behavior problems

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Little Albert B.

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Pavlov and Rayner established his fear to a white rat

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counterconditioning

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the use of Pavlovian procedures to reverse unwanted effects of conditioning

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First to study counterconditioning

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Mary Cover Jones

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Peter

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Mary Cover Jones established counterconditioning to his fear of rabbits

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Systematic desensitization

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the person is engaged in some type of relaxation exercise and gradually exposed to an anxiety producing stimulus

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In vivo desensitization

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similar to systematic desensitization except that real feared stimuli, rather than imagined stimuli, are presented

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conditioned suppression

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the reduction in the rate of ongoing behavior due to exposure to an aversive CS

question

Describe how Staats and Staats (1958) examined the development of ethnic prejudices due to Pavlovian conditioning

answer

statements that pair emotionally charged words with a particular group of people likely affect our feelings towards members of those groups.

question

how does advertising use Pavlovian conditioning?

answer

they make objects arouse positive feelings to increase their sales or use negativity to decrease competitor sales

question

Identify the US, the UR, the CS, and the CR in Stuart's study of toothpaste advertising

answer

scenes (US), positive feelings (UR), toothpaste (CS), buying the toothpaste (CR)

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Paraphilia

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incorrect love (voyeurism, rape, sadism)

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If aversive stimuli are paired with pleasurable sexual stimulation, the aversive stimuli might

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become sexually arousing

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aversion therapy

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a form of counterconditioning in which a CS is paired with an aversive US

question

explain how Maletzky (1980) treated exhibitionism

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he had the patient imagine an inappropriate behavior and paired it with an extremely unpleasant odor

question

conditioned taste aversion

answer

an aversion to foods with a particular flavor

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In what two ways did Garcia's taste aversion study with rats differ from standard demonstrations of Pavlovian conditioning

answer

the CS and US were paired once, and the CS and US were several minutes apart.

question

How do most people acquire conditioned taste aversions?

answer

illness following eating

question

How might it be possible to boost immune system function through Pavlovian conditioning procedures?

answer

If a neutral stimulus can be paired with a drug or procedure that facilitates immune functioning, that stimulus might become a CS for conditioned immunofaciliation.

question

Of the following conditioning procedures, the one that is least like the others is _______ conditioning.

answer

backward.

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The Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert involved the procedure known as

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delayed conditioning

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Two students, Edward and Nelly, serve as subjects in a conditioning experiment. The CS is a buzzer; the US is a mild electric shock; the UR is a change in electrical conductivity called the Galvanic Skin Response. Both subjects undergo 50 trials, but the experimenter feels sorry for Nelly, so periodically he lets her off without a shock. The results will indicate that

answer

the CR is stronger in Edward..

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Pavlov found that when he paired painful stimuli with food, the dog came to show no distress at the painful stimuli. This experiment may help explain __________ behavior in humans.

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masochistic.

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In general, the more intense a US, the

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faster conditioning proceeds

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Each time a buzzer sounds, a puff of air makes a rabbit blink. Soon the rabbit blinks when it hears the buzzer. George believes that this means the buzzer takes the place of the air puff. Doris disagrees with George. She believes that the rabbit's response to the buzzer prepares it for the puff of air. Doris is an advocate of

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preparatory response theory

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If a person sneezes after coming close to a realistic-looking artificial flower, you can be pretty sure that he or she is

answer

allergic to pollen

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The studies of Carolyn and Arthur Staats demonstrating that words paired with pleasant words become pleasant are examples of

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higher-order conditioning

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In studying "psychic secretions," Pavlov focused his attention on the

answer

events in the dog's environment

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Senatorial candidate Smith's popularity increased dramatically after he was seen on television shaking hands with a very popular public figure. This is probably an example of

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emotional conditioning

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Elnora Stuart and colleagues paired slides of pleasant scenes with

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toothpaste.

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Pavlov said that the salivary glands behaved as though they had

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intelligence.

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One recent variation of counterconditioning involves

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virtual reality

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Peter, whose case was described in connection with Mary Cover Jones' work, had fear that was the result of conditioning by a researcher.

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False

question

Pavlovian conditioning is an adaptive mechanism but can nevertheless result in the acquisition of maladaptive behavior.

answer

True

question

In contrast to Thomas Edison, Pavlov worked independently.

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False

question

Studies of taste aversion demonstrate that conditioning can occur despite a long inter-stimulus interval.

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True

question

Pavlov's work set the stage for Darwin's theory of evolution.

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False

question

If a CS is presented several times alone and is then repeatedly paired with a US, conditioning proceeds more rapidly than if the CS had never been presented alone.

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False

question

Mary Cover Jones cured Peter's fear of

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Rabbits

question

If two stimuli are paired and then one becomes a CS, the other will become a CS more rapidly than it otherwise would have. This phenomenon is called sensory

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preconditioning

question

Blue jays acquire a taste aversion for

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monarch butterflies

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The CS in the Little Albert study was a

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white rat

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Conditional reflexes are so named because they

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depend on many conditions

question

Ed was working on an electrical project in which he was assembling some circuits. Ed did not follow safety guidelines, and he received several electrical shocks while working on the project. This put Ed in such a grumpy mood that he didn't have the good feelings he normally did when he watched his favorite television program later that evening. Is this an example of Pavlovian conditioning? If so, what is the UR?

answer

No, not an example of Pavlovian conditioning

question

Lisa was in a psychology experiment in which she was given a mild shock 25 times during the course of the experiment. At first, showing Lisa a picture of a tiger had no effect on her GSR response. However, after the experiment Lisa made the GSR response to the tiger slide and slides of several other animals. Is this an example of Pavlovian conditioning? If so, what is the US?

answer

No, not an example of Pavlovian conditioning.

question

Francine had a huge fear of spiders. This posed problems because she wanted to go on a backpacking trip to an area where many spiders lived. Francine's roommate, Kelly, was a behavior therapist. First, Kelly taught Francine to relax and to remain relaxed while a small spider was on the other side of the room in a secure glass cage. Then Kelly brought the spider increasingly closer to Francine, while Francine continued to remain relaxed. This continued until Francine could remain relaxed even when a large spider crawled near her out of its glass cage. Which of the following is best illustrated in the above example?

answer

in vivo desensitization.

question

Classical conditioning was originally researched most extensively by ___________.

answer

Pavlov

question

A dog's salivation in response to a musical tone is a(n) __________ response.

answer

conditioned

question

The weakening of a conditioned response that occurs when a conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus is called ______.

answer

extinction

question

For higher-order conditioning to occur, a neutral stimulus is typically paired repeatedly with an _____.

answer

existing conditioned stimulus

question

Five-year-oid Jesse was bitten by his neighbor's collie. He won't go near that dog but seems to have no fear of other dogs, even other collies. Which learning process accounts for his behavior?

answer

discrimination

question

In Watson's experiment with Little Albert, the white rat was the (conditioned, unconditioned) stimulus, and Albert's crying when the hammer struck the steel bar was the (conditioned, unconditioned) response.

answer

conditioned, unconditioned

question

Albert's fear of the white rat transferred to a rabbit, a dog, a fur coat, and a mask. What learning process did this demonstrate?

answer

generalization

question

Who researched trial-and-error learning using cats in puzzle boxes and formulated the law of effect?

answer

Thorndike

question

Operant conditioning was researched most extensively by_____________.

answer

Skinner.

question

Which of the following processes occurs in operant conditioning when reinforcers are withheld?

answer

extinction

question

Many people take aspirin to relieve painful headaches. Taking aspirin is a behavior that is likely to continue because of the effect of (positive, negative) reinforcement.

answer

negative

question

(Partial, Continuous) reinforcement is most effective in conditioning a new response.

answer

Continuous

question

Jennifer and Ashley are both employed raking leaves. Jennifer is paid $1 for each bag of leaves she rakes; Ashley is paid $4 per hour. Jennifer is paid according to the___________schedule; Ashley is paid according to the__________schedule.

answer

fixed-ratio; fixed-interval

question

Which schedule of reinforcement yields the highest response rate and the greatest resistance to extinction?

answer

variable-ratio schedule

question

Danielle's parents have noticed that she has been making her bed every day, and they would like this to continue. Because they understand the partial-reinforcement effect, they will want to reward her every time she makes the bed. (true/false)

answer

false

question

Punishment is roughly the same as negative reinforcement, (true/false)

answer

false

question

The sudden realization of the relationship between the elements in a problem situation that results in the solution to the problem is called (latent learning, insight).

answer

insight

question

Learning that is not demonstrated until one is motivated to perform the behavior is called

answer

latent learning

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Hayley has been afraid of snakes for as long as she can remember, and her mother has the same paralyzing fear. Hayley most likely acquired her fear through

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observational learning.

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Learning a new behavior from a model

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modeling

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Exhibiting a behavior similar to that of a model

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facilitation

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Suppressing a previously learned unacceptable behavior after seeing a model be punished for it

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inhibitory

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Exhibiting a previously learned unacceptable behavior after seeing a model do so

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disinhibitory

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Latent learning

answer

Edward Tolman

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Observational learning

answer

Albert Bandura

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learning by insight

answer

Wolfgang Kohler

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______________was a pioneer in the study of the ways in which observing aggressive behavior on television and in films influences children's behavior.

answer

Bandura

question

Ben continues to play a slot machine even though he never knows when it will pay off.___________

answer

Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

question

Tamake watched a movie about tornadoes and is now afraid of bad storms._______________

answer

Classical conditioning of emotions.

question

Joey is crying and asking for a candy bar. His mother gives in because doing so will make him stop crying for now--but Joey will most likely behave this way again._____________________

answer

Positive reinforcement for Joey; negative reinforcement for his mother.

question

Hans got sick eating lasagna and now never eats food containing tomato sauce.____________

answer

generalization

question

Helen washed the dinner dishes, and her mother allowed her to watch television for 30 extra minutes that evening. From then on, Helen dutifully washed the dishes after every family meal.___________

answer

Positive reinforcement

question

Natasha's parents are advised to stop paying attention to her crying when it is time for bed and instead ignore it.___________

answer

extinction

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Jorge is paid for his factory job once every two weeks.________________________

answer

Fixed interval reinforcement schedule

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Maria is scolded for running into the road and never does it again. ____________________

answer

Positive punishment

question

Ellen watches her lab partner mix the chemicals and set up the experiment. She then repeats the same procedure and completes her assignment. ______________________

answer

Observational learning, modeling effect

question

Through associations with such things as food and shelter, pieces of green paper with pictures of past U.S. presidents on them become very powerful reinforcers.__________________

answer

Secondary reinforcer

question

Although he studied the problem, Jack did not seem to be able to figure out the correct way to reconnect the pipes under the sink. He took a break before he became too frustrated. Later he returned and immediately saw how to do it. _____________

answer

insight

question

Classical conditioning is based on the association between___________, and operant conditioning is based on the association between a __________ and its_____________ .

answer

Stimuli, behavior, consequences

question

___________is a relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude that is acquired through experience and cannot be attributed to illness, injury, or maturation.

answer

Learning

question

Ed feeds the horses on his ranch every day at the same time. He notices that the horses now run to their feed troughs and whinny as if they know dinner is on its way as soon as they hear his truck coming up the drive. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is___________________ . the unconditioned stimulus is ____________.

answer

the sound of the truck, The food

question

The unconditioned response of Pavlov's dogs was .____________

answer

salivation

question

In Pavlov's classic experiment, the bell was originally a(n)_________________stimulus.

answer

neutral

question

7/ To get coyotes to stop eating sheep, ranchers poison sheep carcasses in the hope that coyotes that eat the carcasses will get sick enough to avoid eating sheep from that point on. The ranchers hope that the coyotes will avoid all types and sizes of sheep—which is an example of___________in classical conditioning.

answer

generalization

question

The ranchers in question 7 also hope that the coyotes will be able to distinguish between sheep and other more appropriate sources of food. This is an example of _________________in classical conditioning.

answer

discrimination

question

If Watson had wanted to extinguish Little Albert's conditioned fear of white furry things, he would have presented the__________ stimulus without presenting the____________stimulus.

answer

Conditioned , unconditioned

question

The law of___________, developed by _______________, states that a response that is followed by a satisfying consequence will tend to be repeated, while a response followed by discomfort will tend to be weakened.

answer

Effect, Thorndike

question

Reinforcement is any event that follows a response and increases the probability of the response. ____________reinforcement involves the removal of a stimulus and __________ reinforcement involves the presentation of a stimulus.

answer

Negative, positive

question

You're driving on an interstate highway and suddenly notice that you've been going 80 miles per hour without realizing it. Immediately after you slow down, you see the flashing light of a state police car, and you know you're about to be pulled over. In this case the flashing light is a ____________stimulus.

answer

discriminative

question

Food is considered a ____________reinforcer; money is considered a ______________ reinforcer.

answer

Primary, secondary

question

If you were going to train a rat to press a bar for food, you would probably use ____________ reinforcement for the initial training period and a __________-reinforcement schedule to strengthen the learned bar-pressing behavior.

answer

Continuous, partial

question

Bandura's research demonstrated that children may learn__________behaviors from watching models perform them on television.

answer

aggressive

question

Research shows that children learn to identify advertising on____________several years before they can do the same for ads on____________.

answer

television, the internet

question

Pavlov is associated with___________conditioning.

answer

classical

question

This theorist believed that the causes of behavior are in the environment and that inner mental events are themselves shaped by environmental forces.

answer

Skinner

question

Which of the following theorists developed the concepts of latent learning and cognitive mapping?

answer

Tolman

question

This theorist researched observational learning and the effects of modeling on behavior.

answer

Bandura

question

Which of the following theorists is associated with research on reinforcement theory?

answer

Skinner

question

The concept that is associated with cognitive learning is

answer

latent learning.

question

The seductive nature of a slot machine in a gambling casino is based on its __________ schedule of reinforcement.

answer

variable-ratio

question

Little Albert, the conditioned stimulus was ________.

answer

a loud noise

question

Positive reinforcement increases behavior; negative reinforcement____________behavior.

answer

also increases

question

A good example of a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is _____________.

answer

a child's weekly allowance.

question

The nice thing about continuous reinforcement is that it creates a behavior that is very resistant to extinction, (true/false)

answer

false

question

Taste aversion is a real-world example of

answer

classical conditioning

question

In______________ learning, a person or animal learns a response that _________ a negative reinforcer.

answer

escape; terminates

question

Ms. Doe, a new teacher, is having a difficult time with her misbehaving second graders. When the principal enters the room, the children behave like perfect angels. In this case, the principal may be thought of as a(n)________________.

answer

discriminative stimulus.

question

According to Tolman,________is defined as learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement but is not demonstrated until the organism is sufficiently reinforced to do so.

answer

latent learning

question

Which statement best sums up research on learning from video games?

answer

Video games can have both positive and negative effects.

question

Twenty-two year old Sofia drank too much vodka and cranberry juice one evening and became very ill. Now, anytime Sofia tastes cranberry juice, she feels very ill. Based on classical conditioning, ________________ is the unconditioned stimulus whereas ________________ is the conditioned stimulus.

answer

too much vodka; cranberry juice

question

The weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response that is caused by repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the presence of the unconditioned stimulus is called

answer

extinction.

question

Jerry bought a dog specifically to serve as a watch dog. He teaches his dog to bark whenever the doorbell rings. However, the dog also barks at the telephone or a doorbell rung on television. Which process explains these additional responses?

answer

generalization

question

John B. Watson's work with Little Albert was significant because it demonstrated

answer

a conditioned fear response.

question

Thorndike's experiments using the cat that had to learn to escape the puzzle box for food illustrated which behavioral law?

answer

law of effect

question

________________ are the major concepts of operant conditioning, a type of learning devised by ________________.

answer

Reinforcement and punishment; Skinner

question

What causes extinction in operant conditioning?

answer

withholding reinforcement

question

Cindy cries for candy when in the store with her mother. Her mother, wanting Cindy to be quiet, gives in and gets her some candy, at which point Cindy becomes silent. The next time they go to the store, the process repeats itself. Which of the following best describes what has happened?

answer

Cindy's behavior is positively reinforced, and her mother's behavior is negatively reinforced.

question

Positive reinforcement ________________ the likelihood of a behavior happening again; negative reinforcement ________________ the likelihood of a behavior happening again.

answer

increases; increases

question

A professor gives his class a quiz each Monday. Consequently, students do not study much during the week, but "cram" throughout the weekend to earn a good grade. Their behavior best corresponds to which schedule of reinforcement?

answer

fixed interval

question

Carrie is trying to complete a jigsaw puzzle. She struggles with it for some time until she suddenly sees how the pieces fit together. Which type of learning is Carrie exhibiting?

answer

insight learning

question

Carl learned how to change a flat tire by watching his mother do so. She would change a tire and then have him show her each step as well. Which type of learning does this demonstrate?

answer

observational learning

question

John B. Watson was one of the researchers who demonstrated that fear could be conditioned in humans.

answer

True

question

The "operant" in operant conditioning refers to a voluntary behavior.

answer

True

question

According to Skinner, punishment can suppress behavior but not extinguish it.

answer

True

question

Biofeedback can be used to train individuals to control internal responses such as heart rate and anxiety-tension states.

answer

True

question

Classical conditioning

answer

Learning through association of stimuli (học tập thông qua các kết hợp của sự kích thích)

question

Operant conditioning

answer

Learning through consequences (học tập thông qua những hậu quả)

question

Cognitive learning (Nhận thức học tập)

answer

Learning through mental processes (học tập thông qua các quá trình tâm thần)

question

Learning (học tập)

answer

A relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude; acquired through experience cannot be attributed to illness, injury, or maturation (sự thay đổi tương đối thường trực trong hành vi, kiến thức, năng lực, thái độ, thu được thông qua kinh nghiệm; không thể được do bệnh tật, thương tích hoặc trưởng thành)

question

Stimulus (Kích thích kinh tế)

answer

is any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds (là bất kỳ sự kiện hay vật thể trong môi trường mà một sinh vật phản ứng)

question

Classical Conditioning (Cổ điển)

answer

Is all about ASSOCIATION; A type of learning through which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another (là tất cả về Hội; Một loại hình học tập thông qua đó một sinh vật học kết hợp một kích thích với một)

question

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

answer

Nobel Prize winning Russian Physiologist - discovered / published work on classical conditioning; Conducted experiments on the secretion of stomach acids and salivation in dogs.(giải Nobel chiến thắng sinh lý học Nga phát hiện ra / xuất bản tác phẩm trên điều hòa cổ điển; Tiến hành thí nghiệm về sự tiết axit dạ dày và tiết nước bọt ở chó.)

question

Unconditioned Stimulus (US) (Vô điều kiện kích thích)

answer

elicits unconditioned response (UR) unlearned and untrained; e.g., food, loud noise, light in eye, puff of air in eye (read pg.139 for Exam.) gợi ra phản ứng không điều kiện (UR)( không thể học được, chưa qua đào tạo; (. Pg.139 thi) ví dụ như thức ăn, tiếng ồn lớn, ánh sáng trong mắt, làn không khí trong mắt)

question

Unconditioned Response (UR) (Đáp ứng vô điều kiện)

answer

Unlearned response to stimulus; response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without learning; e.g., salivation, startle, contraction of pupil, eyeblink (pg.139)

question

Neutral stimulus (NS):(Trung tính kích thích)

answer

a stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about a response; (pg.139)(kích thích, trước khi điều hòa không tự nhiên mang lại một phản ứng; (pg.139))

question

Conditioned Response (đáp ứng điều kiện)

answer

An acquired or learned response to a conditioned stimuli (đáp ứng thu được hay được biết đến một sự kích thích có điều kiện)

question

Conditioned Stimulus (điều kiện kích thích)

answer

Previously a neutral stimulus - now elicits a conditioned response after numerous pairings with an unconditioned stimulus (Trước đó một kích thích trung tính - gợi ra một phản ứng có điều kiện rất nhiều sau khi cặp với một kích thích vô điều kiện)

question

Extinction (Tuyệt chủng)

answer

weakening and disappearance of CR as a result of repeated presentation of CS without US

question

Spontaneous Recovery

answer

reappearance of extinguished CR when organism is exposed to CS following rest period

question

Generalization

answer

tendency to make a CR to a stimulus that is similar to the original CS

question

Discrimination

answer

learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli CR occurs only in response to the original CS, not to similar stimuli.

question

John Watson

answer

1919: American behaviorist, believed he could condition all aspects of behavior

question

Watson and Rayner (1920)

answer

Presented Little Albert with a white rat for laboratory; little Albert's fear of a white rat was a conditioned response; Fear generalized Conditioned fears "persist and modify personality throughout life" (pg.141)

question

Mary Cover Jones (1924)

answer

later used classical conditioning to remove fears in another boy (pg.141)

question

Operant conditioning

answer

The process of learning in which the manipulation of the consequences of a response influences the likelihood of the response occurring

question

Law of Effect (Edward Thorndike and B.F Skinner)

answer

Consequence of a response determines the tendency to respond in the same way in the future; strengthened or weakened organisms tend to repeat behaviors that bring about pleasant consequences.

question

B.F. Skinner

answer

American Behaviorist - developed many of the concepts of operant conditioning, such as reinforcement

question

Reinforcer

answer

follows a response strengthens it or increases the probability that it will occur

question

Punisher

answer

Decreases the probability that it will occur

question

Extinction

answer

weakening and eventual disappearance of a response as a result of withholding reinforcement

question

Reinforcement

answer

Anything that follows a response and strengthens it or increases the probability that it will be repeated. Reward when they do something good.

question

Positive reinforcement

answer

(add something positive) A pleasant or desirable consequence that increases the probability that a response will be repeated; Do chores, get allowance

question

Negative reinforcement

answer

(subtract something negative) Termination of an unpleasant condition after a response, which increases the probability that the response will be repeated; Get out of jail if you pay taxes

question

Primary Reinforcement

answer

Reinforcement does not need to be received continually in order for behavior to be learned and maintained.

question

Secondary Reinforcement

answer

Schedules of reinforcement are the frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior

question

Fixed-interval (FI)

answer

Reinforcer is given after first correct response after a specific period of time has elapsed; Example: one exam at end of semester (don't study until very end), washing machine cycle Overall rates of response relatively low. INTERVAL = TIME ex. But in more time to received a reward.

question

Variable-interval (VI)

answer

Reinforcer is given after first correct response following a varying period of time; Example: surprise quizzes - students will study more, going fishing (how much time will you have to wait for a bite?) More likely to produce relatively steady rates of responding. INTERVAL = TIME. Ex Don't know when the quiz coming so study ahead to get the reward

question

Reinforce Fixed-ratio (FR)

answer

Reinforcer given after a fixed number of correct, nonreinforced responses ; Example: getting paid after sewing 10 shirts. People are apt to work as quickly as possible. RATIO = NUMBER ex.10 coffee get 1 free

question

Variable-ratio (VR)

answer

Reinforcer is given after a varying number of nonreinforced responses; Example: Telephone salesperson, slot machines Takes longer to learn; but once learned, response rates are high. Most resistant to extinction. RATIO = NUMBER ex. slot machines how many you play before the reward.

question

Schedule of Continuous Reinforcement

answer

A system of dispensing a reinforcement EVERY time a response is produced. Ratio= number more high response.

question

Schedule of Partial Reinforcement

answer

A system of dispensing a reinforcement for only a PORTION of responses

question

Punishment

answer

A stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again. The removal of a pleasant stimulus or the application of an unpleasant stimulus, thereby lowering the probability of a response. (Opposite the reinforcement)

question

Positive punishment

answer

weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus. (if kid scream he know the parent don't want him in the church. But to avoid his scream use jacky spray in his mouth to stop his screaming)

question

Negative punishment

answer

weakens a response through the removal of something pleasant. The punished often become fearful and feel angry toward the punisher. Frequently leads to aggression ( take away something good) ex. Pg. 149

question

Cognitive Learning

answer

Learning that occurs without the opportunity of first performing the learned response OR being reinforced for it

question

Insight Learning

answer

The process of mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of a solution occurs

question

Latent Learning

answer

learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and is not demonstrated until the organism is motivated to do so. (ex. Observe and learn from that person. Learn something without training)

question

Cognitive Maps

answer

A mental representation of an area that helps an organism navigate its way from one point to another

question

Implicit Learning

answer

Learning without conscious awareness of what is learned

question

Observational Learning

answer

Learning by observing the behavior of others and the consequences of that behavior; learning by imitation; Model is the individual who demonstrates a behavior or whose behavior is imitated (watching somebody mistake not to follow they mistake)

question

Modeling Effect

answer

learning a new behavior from a model through the acquisition of new responses ( learn from watching somebody do it)

question

Facilitation Effect

answer

exhibiting a behavior similar to that shown by a model in an unfamiliar situation ( something u observed. Ex. Copy something on tv and learn from it)

question

Inhibitory Effect

answer

suppressing a behavior because a model is punished for displaying the behavior (

question

Disinhibitory Effect

answer

displaying a previously suppressed behavior because a model does so without receiving punishment (ex . Somebody doing something they get away with it and you do it cause u think u will get away too.)

question

"Bobo Doll" Studies (Bandura, 1961) (on the test)

answer

Children imitate aggressive behavior of an adult model Humans on film portraying aggression were the most influential in eliciting aggression; Children do not process information about consequences in the same ways as adults do

question

Recent Research (Television and Other Entertainment Media)

answer

Individuals who watch the most violence as children are more likely to engage in acts of violence as adults. Violent video games increase feelings of hostility and decreases sensitivity to violent images. (watch too much violent children intimate engage to the samething)

question

Behavior modification

answer

Changing behavior based on the learning principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or observational learning. Used to change self-injuries pg.154

question

Slot machines use which schedule of reinforcement?

answer

Variable ratio

question

If a teacher gives a pop quiz each week, but students do not know which day it will fall on, she is using which schedule of reinforcement?

answer

variable interval

question

rewarding a child each time he does his chores is an example of which schedule of reinforcement?

answer

fixed ratio

question

Paying employees every five days is an example of which schedule of reinforcement?

answer

Fixed interval

question

Which of the following is the simplest form of elicited behavior?

answer

reflexive behavior

question

Which two closely related events constitute a reflex?

answer

eliciting stimulus; corresponding response

question

What is the correct pathway of the neural signal in a reflex arc?

answer

afferent neuron, interneuron, efferent neuron

question

Of the following, which is not a reflexive behavior?

answer

maintaining attention when driving

question

Which of the following is the incorrect statement about reflexive behaviors?

answer

Simple reflexes are not influenced by higher nervous system functions.

question

Which of the following is true regarding any given modal action pattern?

answer

involves species-specific responses

question

Which of the following is not a modal action pattern?

answer

the startle response of rats

question

Which of the following is one of the characteristics of a modal action pattern?

answer

*b. They are species-specific response patterns.

question

Which of the following most correctly describes a sign stimulus?

answer

sufficient for eliciting a modal action pattern

question

Your professor is conducting an investigation of visual attention in infants. A relatively complex pattern will be presented to the infants, hopefully eliciting visual attention. What do you predict will happen with repeated presentations of the complex visual stimulus?

answer

The infants will increase, then decrease, responding.

question

Which of the following is true of visual attention in human infants?

answer

Infants initially increase responding to repeated presentations of complex stimuli and decrease responding to repeated presentations of simple stimuli.

question

The stabilimeter measures which of the following?

answer

startle responses in rats

question

Which of the following is a true statement about habituation?

answer

decreases responsiveness to a stimulus with repeated presentations

question

Repeated presentation of a stimulus will cause which of the following?

answer

only habituation effects or only sensitization effects, regardless of background conditions

question

Habituation and sensitization effects perform which of the following functions?

answer

Focus attention on relevant stimuli.

question

A loud tone is repeatedly presented to a group of rats. Initially, there is a large startle response that decreases across trials. The response decrease across trials may be due to

answer

a. habituation. b. fatigue. c. sensory adaptation. *d. All of the above

question

Repeated presentations of a tactile stimulus make the skin receptors less sensitive, and responding decreases across trials. This is an example of

answer

sensory adaptation.

question

Response fatigue occurs during which of the following conditions?

answer

Repeated actions cause muscles to temporarily weaken.

question

Sensory adaptation occurs in which of the following physiological areas?

answer

the sense organ

question

Fatigue occurs in which of the following physiological areas?

answer

the muscle tissue

question

To rule out response fatigue as the cause for the decreased responding that occurs over repeated presentations of a stimulus, the researcher should

answer

present a new stimulus that elicits a similar response.

question

A bright light causes a startle response. The second presentation of the light elicits less of a response because the subject was temporarily blinded by the first light flash. This is an example of

answer

sensory adaptation.

question

Sensory adaptation refers to changes in responses that occur due to which of the following?

answer

changes in the sensory receptors

question

The dual-process theory assumes which of the following?

answer

Different types of neural mechanisms are responsible for increases and decreases in responsiveness to stimulation.

question

***Which of the following is not true of the dual-process theory?

answer

The habituation and sensitization processes are mutually exclusive.

question

***According to Groves and Thompson (1970), which of the following is true?

answer

Habituation and sensitization processes occur in different parts of the nervous system.

question

***Habituation processes occur in the _____ system. Sensitization processes occur in the _____ system.

answer

S-R; state

question

***According to the dual-process theory, when rats were tested with a relatively quiet background noise, their response to a startling tone

answer

habituated because only the S-R system was activated.

question

***Why would the same tone result in habituation for rats exposed to a low level background noise and sensitization for rats exposed to high level background noise?

answer

The high level background noise and tone combination activated the state and S-R system.

question

***According to the dual-process theory, each presentation of a given stimulus activates

answer

the S-R system.

question

****The time course of sensitization is determined by

answer

the intensity of the stimulus.

question

***After you habituate to the sound of one clock's chime, you may not respond to the chime of another clock. This is due to

answer

stimulus generalization.

question

***Spontaneous recovery from habituation occurs

answer

after time passes.

question

***In Aplysia, the role of the facilitory interneuron is to

answer

increase the release of neurotransmitter from the sensory neuron.

question

***Habituation in the Aplysia occurs due to

answer

changes in the amount of neurotransmitter released by the sensory neuron.

question

Sensitization in the Aplysia occurs due to

answer

engagement of the facilitory interneuron.

question

Learning

answer

Refers to acquisition, maintenance, and change of an organism's behavior as a result of lifetime events.

question

Behavior

answer

Everything it does including private and covert actions like thinking and feeling.

question

Experimental analysis of behavior

answer

Natural-science approach to understanding behavior regulation.

question

Behavior Analysis

answer

Comprehensive, natural-science approach to the study of the behavior of organisms.

question

Differential reinforcement

answer

Reinforced in one setting but not in the other.

question

Applied behavior analysis

answer

The use of behavior principles to solve practical problems.

question

Reflex

answer

Involves respondent behavior that is elicited by biologically relevant stimulus

question

Respondent conditioning

answer

Occurs when a natural or otherwise meaningless stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

question

Operant conditioning

answer

Involves the regulation of behavior by its consequence

question

Operant

answer

Any behavior that operates on the environment to produce an effect.

question

Past history of reinforcement

answer

Changes persons likelihood for reinforcement

question

Selection by consequence

answer

Evolution through natural selection

question

Kinds of causation

answer

immediate and remote

question

Immediate causation

answer

Kind of mechanism studied by physics and chemistry. The "billard ball"

question

Remote causation

answer

Typical of science like evolutionary biology, geology, and astronomy.

question

Functional analysis

answer

The principle of selection by consequence is a form of explanation by remote causation

question

Contingency

answer

If/Then

question

Behavioral Flexibility

answer

The extent such modification depends on the amount and scope of behavioral flexibility.

question

Trial-and-error learning

answer

Law of effect. Thorndike was the first scientist to systematically study operant behavior. The changes that occurred.

question

Correlations

answer

Both respondent and operant conditioning required the study of observable correlations among objective events and behavior.

question

Culture

answer

Behaviorists define culture as all the conditions, events, and stimuli arranged by other people that regulate arranged by other people that regulate human action.

question

Conditioned Reflexes

answer

Other actions are based on conditioning that occurred during the animal's life.

question

A-B-A-B Reversal Design

answer

single-subject design. Baseline->treatment->baseline->treatment

question

Abolishing operation

answer

AO. Decreases the effectiveness of behavioral consequences, and momentarily reduces behavior that has resulted in those consequences in the past.

question

baseline

answer

The basic rate of behavior against which an experimental manipulation is measured.

question

Baseline sensitivity

answer

The phenomenon whereby a low dose of a drug can cause substantial changes in baseline behavior.

question

Change in level (baseline to treatment)

answer

Difference in the average (response rate or percentage) from baseline to treatment.

question

Conditioned-stimulus function

answer

An event or stimulus that has acquired its function to elicit a response on the basis of respondent conditioning.

question

Context of behavior

answer

This refers to the fact that environment-behavior relationships are always conditional--depending on other circumstances.

question

Contigency of reinforcement

answer

A definition of the relationship between the occasion, the operant class, and the consequences that follow the behavior (e.g. SD: R-->Sr)

question

Dependent variable

answer

The variable that is measured in an experiment, commonly called an effect.

question

Direct replication

answer

Repeating the procedures and measures of an experiment with several subjects of the same species.

question

Discriminative function

answer

When an organisms behavior is reinforced, those events that reliable precede responses come to have a discriminative function.

question

Discriminative stimuli

answer

S^D. An event or stimulus that precedes an operant and sets the occasion for operant behavior (antecedent stimulus).

question

Elicited (behavioral)

answer

Respondent (CR) and reflexive (UR) behavior is elicited in the sense that the behavior is made to occur by the presentation of a stimulus (CS or US)

question

Emitted (behavior)

answer

Operant behavior is emitted in the sense that it occurs at some probability in the presence of a discriminative stimulus, but the S^D does not force its occurrence.

question

Environment

answer

The functional environment is all of the events and stimuli that affect the behavior of an organism.

question

Establishing operation

answer

An establishing operation is defined as any change in the environment that alters the effectiveness of some stimulus or even as reinforcement and simultaneously alters that momentary frequency of the behavior that has been followed by that reinforcement.

question

Functional analysis

answer

An analysis of behavior in terms of its products of consequences.

question

Generality

answer

An experimental result has generality when it is observed in different environments, organisms, and so on.

question

History of reinforcement

answer

The reinforcement contingencies that an organism has been exposed to during its lifetime, including the changes in behavior due to such exposure.

question

Hypothetical construct

answer

An unobservable event or process that is postulated to occur and that is said to explain behavior.

question

Immediacy of change (baseline to treatment)

answer

When visually inspecting behavioral eta, we assume that the cause of a change in behavior must immediately precede that change.

question

Independent variable

answer

The variable that is manipulated, changed, or controlled in an experiment commonly called a cause.

question

Motivating Operation

answer

To capture both the establishing and abolishing effects of events that precede reinforced behavior (or punishment), it is useful to introduce a more inclusive concept.

question

Negative reinforcer

answer

A contingency that involves the removal of an event or stimulus following behavior that has the effect of decreasing the rate of response.

question

Operant

answer

An operant behavior is behavior that operates on the environment to produce a change, effect, or consequence.

question

Positive reinforcer

answer

A contingency that involves that presentation of an event or stimulus following an operant that increases the rate of response.

question

Range of variability (in assessment)

answer

Changes in level produced by the treatment must be assessed in relation to the visual inspection of the range of variability of the dependent variable. Difference between highest and lowest values. (%s)

question

Reinforcement function

answer

Any event (or stimulus) that follows a response and increases its frequency is said to have a reinforcement function.

question

Replication (of results)

answer

Replication of results is used to enhance both the internal and external validity of an experiment.

question

Respondent

answer

This refers to behavior that increases or decreases by the presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS) that precedes the conditioned response (CR)

question

Response class

answer

All forms of the performance that have a similar function.

question

Single-Subject research

answer

Experimental research that is concerned with discovering principles and conditions that govern the behavior of single or individual organisms.

question

Steady-state performance

answer

Schedule controlled behavior that is stable and does not change over time.

question

Stimulus class

answer

stimuli that vary across physical dimensions but have a common effect on behavior belong to the same stimulus class.

question

Stimulus function

answer

When the occurrence of an event changes the behavior of an organism, we may say that the event has a stimulus function.

question

Structural approach to classifying behavior

answer

In the structural approach, behavior is classified in terms of its form or topography.

question

Systematic replication

answer

Refers to increasing the generality of an experimental finding by conducting other experiments in which the procedures are different but are logically related to the original research.

question

Topography

answer

The physical form or characteristics of the response (e.g. the way the rat presses a lever with the left paw, and right paw)

question

Trend (as in baseline)

answer

A systematic decline or rise in the baseline values of the dependent variable.

question

Functional analysis

answer

Classifying behavior according to its response functions and analyzing the environment in terms of stimulus fuctions

question

Structural Approach

answer

Behavior is categorized by age to infer stages of development.

question

Respondent

answer

Behavior that increases or decreases by the presentation of a stimulus (or event) that precedes the response

question

Elicited

answer

It reliably occurs when the unconditioned stimulus is presented.

question

Operant

answer

When emitted behavior is strengthened or weakened by the events that follow the response.

question

Response Class

answer

All the topographic forms of the performance that have a similar function (e.g., putting on a coat to keep warm)

question

Environment

answer

Events and stimuli that change behavior.

question

Stimulus Function

answer

The occurrence of an event changes the behavior of an organism, the event may be known as _________.

question

Discriminative Function

answer

When an organism's behavior is reinforced, those events that reliably precede responses come to have a ________

question

Discriminative Stimuli

answer

Events, settings, and situations that precede operant behavior and increase its probability

question

Stimulus Class

answer

When stimuli vary across physical dimension but have a common effect on behavior.

question

Positive reinforcers

answer

Those that increase behavior when presented

question

Negative reinforcers

answer

Those that increase behavior when removed.

question

Establishing Operation (EO)

answer

Any environmental change that had two major effects: first, the change increased the momentary effectiveness of reinforcement supporting operant behavior, and second, the change increased momentarily the responses that had in the past produced such reinforcement

question

Abolishing Operation (AO)

answer

Decreases the effectiveness of behavioral consequences, and momentarily reduces behavior that has resulted in those consequences in the past.

question

Motivating operation (MO)

answer

Any event that alters the reinforcement effectiveness of the behavioral consequences and changes the frequency of behavior maintained by those consequences.

question

A-B-A-B reversal

answer

The reversal is ideally suited to show that specific features of the environment control the behavior of a single organism.

question

Baseline (A Phase)

answer

Measures behavior before the researcher introduces an environmental change.

question

Systematic Replication

answer

It uses procedures that are different but are logically related to the original research question.

question

Change in level

answer

Average for the baseline and the treatment phases with 10 instruction sessions per phase.

question

Range of Variability

answer

Percentage of intervals with out-of-seat responses.

question

Trend

answer

A systematic rise or decline in the values of the scores

question

Hypothetical Constructs

answer

There is no objective way of obtaining information about hypothetical events except by observing the behavior of the organism.

question

Applied behavior analysis

answer

A branch of behavior analysis that uses behavior principles to solve practical problems such as the treatment of autism or improvement of teaching methods - also reffered to as behavioral engineering

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Behavior

answer

Everything that an organism does, including covert actions such as thinking

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Behavior analysis

answer

A comprehensive experimental approach to the study of the behavior of organisms. Primary objectives are the discovery of principles and laws that govern behavior, the extension of these principles over species, and the development of an applied technology

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Behavior analyst

answer

Researchers and practitioners of behavior analysis

question

Behavioral neuroscience

answer

A scientific area that integrates the science of behavior (behavior analysis) with the science of the brain (neuroscience). Areas of interest include the effects of drugs on behavior (behavioral pharmacology), neural imaging and complex stimulus relations, choice and neural activity, and the brain circuitry of learning and addiction

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Behaviorism

answer

The scientific philosophy of behavior analysis. Assumes behavior is a function of current and past environments, as well as genetics; A muscular, glandular, or neuro-electrical activity

question

Conditioned reflexes

answer

It is a conditioned response or conditioned stimulus

question

Conditioned response

answer

An arbitrary stimulus, such as a tone, is associated with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits reflexive behavior (ex: food elicits salivation). After several pairings, the stimulus is presented alone. If the stimulus now elicits a response (tone now evokes salivation), the response to the tone is called this

question

Conditioned stimulus

answer

An arbitrary stimulus, such as a tone, is associated with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits reflexive behavior (ex: food elicits salivation). After several pairings, the stimulus is presented alone. If the stimulus now elicits a response (tone now elicits salivation), it is called this

question

Contingency

answer

In respondent to conditioning, this refers to a correlation between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.

question

Correlation

answer

As used in respondent conditioning, the percentage of conditioning trials in which the conditioned stimulus is followed buy the unconditioned stimulus, and the percentage of trails in which the conditioned stimulus is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus

question

Conditioning

answer

When an organism learns new ways of behaving in reaction to the changes that occur in its environment

question

Culture

answer

The ideas and values of a society. Behavior analysts define ti as all the conditions, events, and stimuli arranged by other people that regulate human action

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Determinism

answer

It is assumed that behavior is caused by some event(s); The universe is lawful and orderly (there is a reason for everything, even if we do not know it yet)

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Experimental analysis of behavior

answer

Is a natural-science approach to the understanding the regulation of behavior.

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Environment-behavior relationships

answer

Organisms change their behavior to accommodate for a changing environment

question

Immediate causation

answer

Refers to the kind of mechanism studies by physics and chemistry; the "billiard ball" sort of process where we try to isolate a chain of events that directly result interactions. In the study of behavior, this explanation might refer to the physiology and biochemistry of the organism

question

Law of effect

answer

As originally stated by Thorndike, this law refers to stamping in (or out) some response. For example, a cat opened a puzzle-box door more rapidly over repeated trials. Currently the law is stated as the principle of reinforcement - operants may be followed by consequences that increase (or decrease) that probability or rate of response

question

Learning

answer

The acquisition, maintenance, and change of an organism's behavior as a result of lifetime events (the ontogeny of behavior). In everyday language, the word "learning" is often used to refer to transitional changes in behavior in a steady state are also part of what we mean by learning (ex: continuing to recite the alphabet)

question

Operant

answer

This is behavior that operates on the environment to produce a change, effect, or consequence. These environmental changes select the operant appropriate to a given setting or circumstance. That is, particular responses increase or decrease in a situation as a function of the consequences that they produced in the past. It is said to be emitted (rather than elicited) in the sense that the behavior may occur at some frequency before any known conditioning

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Operant conditioning

answer

An increase or decrease in operant response as a function of the consequences that have followed the response

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Private behavior

answer

Behavior that is only accessible to there person who emits it

question

Reflex

answer

When an unconditioned stimulus elicits an unconditioned response (US->UR), the relationship is called this

question

Reinforcement

answer

An increase in the rate of operant behavior as a function of its consequences . It also refers to the procedure of presenting a reinforcing event when a response occurs

question

Remote causation

answer

Involves explaining a phenomenon by pointing to remote events that made it likely . Thus, the casual explanation of a species characteristic (ex: size, coloration, exceptional vision, etc.) involves the working of natural selection on the gene pool of the parent population. An evolutionary account of species coloration, for example, would involve showing how this characteristic improved the reproductive success of organisms in a given ecological environment. That is, natural selection for coloration explains the current frequency of the characteristic in the population

question

Respondent

answer

This refers to behavior that increases or decreases by the presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS) that precedes the conditioned response (CR). This is elicited, in the sense that it reliably occurs when the CS is presented. The notation system used with elicited behavior is CS->CR. The CS causes the CR.

question

Respondent conditioning

answer

This occurs when an organism responds to a new event based on a history of pairing with a biologically important stimulus. The Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov discovered this form of conditioning (dog salivating to sound of bell). Presenting stimuli together in time (typically conditioned stimulus and then unconditioned stimulus) is the procedure for this. If a conditioned stimulus comes to regulate the occurrence of a conditioned response, this has occurred

question

Science of behavior

answer

Another term for behavior analysis

question

Selection by consequences

answer

From a behavioral viewpoint, this is the principle of causation for biology, behavior, and culture (natural selection is a form of this)

question

Trial-and-error learning

answer

A term coined by Thorndike, which housed to describe the results of his puzzle-box and maze-learning experiments. Animals were said to make fewer and fewer errors over repeated trials

question

Basic research

answer

the tenant of EAB, and usually done with animals

question

Empiricism

answer

Information is collected by objective observations; all scientific knowledge is based on this

question

Philosophic doubt

answer

Conclusions of science are tentative and can be revised as new data and discoveries come to light; Scientists continue to question what is known as "facts"

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Law of parsimony

answer

When possible, the simplest explanation of behavior should be provided, all else being equal (or no other variables being involved)

question

Scientific manipulation

answer

To see if an event affects behavior, that event is systematically manipulated and the effects on behavior are noted (emphasized in experimental designs)

question

D

answer

Grace teaches her dog Will how to sit, stay, and heel A. Will has LEARNED how to sit, stay, and heel B. Will has been CONDITIONED to sit, stay, and heel C. Neither A or B D. Both A and B

question

Stimulus

answer

Any environmental event or energy change that affects an organism through any of its receptors; Anything capable of evoking (bringing out) a response in an organism (irritants, sights, sounds, heat, cold, smells, and other sensations; even people)

question

Environment

answer

The entire constellation of stimuli that can affect a person and change behavior. This includes both internal physiological events and external stimuli

question

Response

answer

One instance of a behavioral; a subset of behavior

question

Dead man's test

answer

A test for evaluating whether or not an event is a behavior; If a dead man CAN do it, it probably IS NOT behavior

question

Human behavior

answer

has been attributed to a variety of causes and an important aspect concerns the experiences arranged by other people; causes can either be internal (metaphysical entities (the soul), to hypothetical structures of the mind) or external (the influence of the moon and tides, the arrangement of the stars, and whims of the gods). These accounts of behavior are not scientific; they do not hold up to testing by scientific methods

question

PICA

answer

when what you crave is not fit for human consumption - when you eat things you shouldn't be eating

question

Nominal Fallacy

answer

Attempting to explain a behavior by merely naming or classifying it ("That person is PICA!" to explain eating inedible objects)

question

Teleology

answer

Explaining behavior by appealing to future, unexperienced events ("I am going to class to get my degree"). Suggesting that a future (and therefore nonexistent) event is the cause of behaviors occurring now

question

Circular Reasoning

answer

Explaining behavior by appealing to some entity, the evidence for which lies in the behavior itself ("Why does Suzy flirt with Jim?" Because she likes him. "How do you know she likes him?" Because she's flirting with him.)

question

Reification

answer

Calling a behavior or process a thing; Explaining behavior by appealing to a non-existent entity (ex: ID, Ego, Superego, the Self). Talking about an action as if it were a thing (ex: the mind, the memory). Giving physical status to an intangible concept

question

Mentalistic Explanations of Behavior

answer

Explanations that appeal to mental, unobservable processes. An erroneous view of human behavior that behavior is a mere symptom of an underlying psychological condition. For example: "He was aggressive because his thought process led him to an inevitable conclusion that aggression was required." Or, "The child became depressed due to his frustration with school."

question

A B

answer

Behavior Analysis focuses on... A. Present B. Past C. Future D. All of the above are taken into consideration

question

Mind

answer

a label for covert behaviors such as remembering, private speech (talking silently to ourselves), seeing objects in the absence of the actual object (hallucinating, imagining, etc.) among other such behaviors. The fact that environmental experience changes these and other behavior lead some to conclude there must be this

question

A

answer

What example would a behavior analyst most likely NOT use when explaining a problem behavior? A. The child wants to feel happier B. The child wants to gain tangible consequence C. The child wants to escape or avoid an undesirable situation D. The child wants to gain attention from someone in the environment

question

Reports of feelings

answer

highly unreliable because we learn to talk about our feelings as others have trained us to do

question

The quotation, "Change is the only constant," is attributed to ______.

answer

Lucretius

question

Work on selective breeding in ___________ over a period of 40 years shows that behavioral characteristics can be selectively bred so that the descendants behave more like a different species than like their own ancestors.

answer

foxes

question

Darwin was influenced by the book, An Essay on the Principle of Population, by

answer

Thomas Malthus

question

Variation and natural selection are the foundations of _______.

answer

evolution

question

Darwin suggested that natural selection is analogous to

answer

breeding

question

Evolution is widely accepted except in

answer

America

question

Natural selection is illustrated by changes in the coloration of the Peppered Moth resulting from _______.

answer

industrial pollution

question

The gollypod, a fictitious aquatic animal, breaks out in a cold sweat whenever exposed to the sun. This reaction is most likely ______.

answer

a reflex

question

A reflex is ________.

answer

a relationship between an event and a simple response

question

Modal action patterns are induced by events called ______.

answer

releasers

question

The person who demonstrated that the marching of tropical army ants is not intelligent behavior is ______.

answer

Schneirla

question

The cowbird deposits its eggs in the nests of other birds. This is most likely a ________.

answer

modal action pattern

question

The rooting of pigs (for worms, larvae, and truffles) is an example of a

answer

MAP

question

The list of alleged human instincts ______.

answer

has gotten shorter over the years

question

The best title for the figure below is _________.

answer

fearfulness and heredity

question

The chief advantage of learning over natural selection as a means of adapting to change is that learning _______.

answer

is faster

question

Lee Cronk wrote an article on how evolved behavior can prove nonadaptive when the environment changes. The article was called ________.

answer

Old Dogs, Old Tricks

question

Natural selection is often _______.

answer

behind the times

question

Most mutations _______.

answer

are not helpful to survival

question

Learning is evolved _________.

answer

modifiability

question

The author of your text evidently believes that _______.

answer

learning is a way of adapting to change

question

_____ changes when learning occurs.

answer

Behavior

question

Behavior refers to anything a person or animal does that can be

answer

measured

question

Steven says that he was very nervous when he first attended college classes, but now he feels quite relaxed. Steven's loss of anxiety is most likely an example of _______.

answer

learning

question

Teenagerus Americanus, a two-legged ape indigenous to North America, breaks out in a cold sweat whenever exposed to elevator music. This reaction is most likely ______.

answer

learned behavior

question

Experience refers to ________.

answer

changes in the environment

question

A thumbtack stuck in a bulletin board several feet away is less likely to affect your behavior than a thumbtack placed on the chair on which you are sitting. Even though both examples involve a thumbtack, the second is more likely to qualify as a ________.

answer

stimulus

question

The figure below most likely illustrates _______.

answer

habituation

question

Zing Yang Kuo found that 86% of kittens that saw their mothers kill rats later killed rats themselves. He found that _____ of kittens that never saw their mothers kill rats later killed rats themselves.

answer

45%

question

Hart and Risley did a longitudinal study of the influence of the home verbal environment on children from different socioeconomic backgrounds. They found that _______.

answer

children whose parents talked to them a lot later scored higher on IQ tests

question

Learning is a biological mechanism.

answer

True

question

Malthus' book, An Essay on the Principle of Population, had a strong influence on Darwin.

answer

True

question

In Darwin's day, the laws governing inheritance were not generally known.

answer

True

question

The evolution of most species is now complete.

answer

False

question

All reflexes contribute to survival.

answer

False

question

Reflexes are generally less variable than modal action patterns.

answer

True

question

Darwin believed that there were no human instincts.

answer

False

question

A major problem with natural selection as an adaptive mechanism is that it is slow.

answer

True

question

Natural selection helps the individual adapt to changes in its environment.

answer

False

question

Natural selection helps the species adapt to change, not the individual.

answer

True

question

The cross-breeding of closely related species is called hybridization.

answer

True

question

Some people have genes from Homo neanderthalensis.

answer

True

question

Your text views learning as a change in the brain that is represented in behavior.

answer

False

question

It is sometimes difficult to say whether an event is behavior or physiology.

answer

True

question

The author of your text excludes thoughts and feelings from the realm of behavior.

answer

False

question

The word stimulus always refers to events in an organism's surroundings

answer

False

question

Learning always involves the acquisition of new behaviors.

answer

False

question

The evidence from biology suggests that the first "eyes" were not eyes at all, but_______.

answer

light-sensitive cells

question

The brown-headed cowbird puts its eggs in other birds's nests. This is an example of a ______.

answer

modal action pattern/fixed action pattern/instinct

question

The chief limitation of natural selection as a means of adapting to change is that ___________.

answer

it is slow/takes place over generations/helps the species but not the individual

question

_______, like natural selection, is a biological mechanism for adapting to change.

answer

Learning

question

Learning is a change in behavior due to ________.

answer

Experience

question

A stimulus is an environmental event that is capable of affecting _______.

answer

Behavior

question

Repeated exposure to a stimulus that evokes a reflex response results in ________.

answer

Habituation

question

The dispute over the relative importance of genetics and learning is often called the ________ debate.

answer

nature-nurture

question

The person who suggested that to learn how nature works, we must "sit down before fact as a little child," and "be prepared to give up every preconceived notion" was ______.

answer

T. H. Huxley

question

Harry teaches an advanced painting class. His goal is to teach students to paint more creatively. Harry will probably measure learning as a change in response _________.

answer

topography

question

Marjorie drives a school bus. Sometimes the kids get rather noisy. She decides to play music the kids like through speakers on the bus, but whenever the kids get too noisy she turns the music off. When they quiet down, she turns the music back on. In this way, she hopes to get the kids to make less noise. Marjorie is probably going to measure learning as a change in response _________.

answer

intensity

question

The figure below shows learning as a change in ___________.

answer

topography

question

The figure below shows learning as a change in __________.

answer

intensity

question

In a cumulative record, learning is indicated by a change in response _______.

answer

rate

question

A teacher who looks for an increase in the number of correct performances per minute is using _______ as a measure of learning.

answer

fluency

question

In the cumulative record below, the rate of behavior is ________.

answer

decreasing

question

A person who says, "Everyone knows that...." is referring to _______.

answer

anecdotal evidence

question

The figure below shows the results of an experiment comparing the effects of two teaching methods. Phyllis was taught by method A; Gertrude was taught by method B. This study is an example of _______.

answer

a between-subjects design

question

Any variable an experimenter manipulates is a(n) ________ variable.

answer

independent

question

Any variable that is allowed to vary freely is a(n) __________ variable.

answer

dependent

question

The figure below shows the results of an experiment on the effects of heat on aggressive social behavior. Each rat experienced three temperatures. There was a sharp increase in the rate of aggressive behavior in all rats when the temperature went above 90. This study is best described as ________.

answer

a within-subject experiment

question

The kind of experiment that is most likely to require statistical analysis is a(n) _______.

answer

between-subjects experiment

question

In within-subject experiments, each subject's performance is compared with his or her performance during a ______.

answer

baseline period

question

In group-design experiments, researchers often use _________ to reduce differences among participants.

answer

matched sampling

question

The kind of study that is most likely to involve a large number of subjects is one with a ________.

answer

between-subjects design

question

Using an ABA reversal design is rather like using a ______.

answer

light switch

question

The first person to use a single-subject reversal design was probably ____________.

answer

Galen

question

Experiments done in natural settings are called _______.

answer

field experiments

question

Experimental research on behavior is often said to be artificial. To compensate for this problem, researchers do ________ .

answer

field experiments

question

An _____________ is something an organism tries to escape or avoid.

answer

aversive

question

One problem with computer simulations as a substitute for animal research is that ___________.

answer

no one knows what behavior to program until the research has been done

question

Balster suggests that inhumane treatment of research animals is __________.

answer

bad science

question

A computer simulation that is useful for teaching certain principles of learning is called _________.

answer

Sniffy the Virtual Rat

question

One highly readable little book on research methods mentioned in your text is called _________.

answer

Psychological Research: An Introduction

question

The natural science approach assumes that things are caused only by natural events.

answer

True

question

Speed and rate are different terms for the same measure of learning.

answer

False

question

A cumulative record shows the total number of responses that have occurred in a given period of time as well as the rate at which they occurred.

answer

True

question

B. F. Skinner was the first person to record data cumulatively.

answer

False

question

Research results with humans usually parallel those with animals.

answer

True

question

A change in the form that behavior takes is called a change in ________.

answer

topography

question

Response _______ refers to the time that passes before a response occurs.

answer

latency

question

Your text describes four basic sources of evidence: anecdotal, case study, descriptive study, experimental study. The least reliable of these is ______.

answer

anecdotal

question

A flat cumulative record indicates that the behavior is ________.

answer

not occurring

question

One thing researchers can control better with animal subjects than with human subjects is _________.

answer

genetic history/environmental history/learning experiences

question

Pavlov became interested in psychic reflexes around ________.

answer

1900

question

Pavlov's main interest initially was ______.

answer

physiology

question

Pavlov was a ________.

answer

Russian

question

________ said that Pavlov was one of the greatest geniuses of all time.

answer

H G Wells

question

George Bernard Shaw said that Pavlov was __________.

answer

the biggest fool he knew

question

Many people think of scientists as dull people without feelings, but Pavlov said that science requires ______________.

answer

supreme passion

question

Pavlov is best described as ________.

answer

an experimenter from head to foot

question

Ivan Pavlov is best known for his research on the ________.

answer

psychic reflex

question

The author of your text uses the terms unconditional reflex and conditional reflex, but he notes that most authors use the terms _______ and _______ reflexes.

answer

conditioned and unconditioned

question

Pavlov said that the salivary glands behaved as though they had ________.

answer

intelligence

question

What fascinated Pavlov most about his salivating dogs was that _________.

answer

the dogs began to salivate before receiving food

question

In studying "psychic secretions," Pavlov focused his attention on the ________.

answer

events in the dog's environment

question

Pavlov called reflexes present at birth ________.

answer

unconditional

question

The term ___________ response refers to an innate reflex response to a stimulus.

answer

unconditional

question

__________ stimuli are typically events that are important to survival.

answer

unconditional

question

The notation that best describes the Pavlovian procedure is _______

answer

CS-->US

question

John, "Mr. Anxiety," finally musters up the courage to ask the beautiful and popular Carole to go to the movies. She finds the idea so ridiculous that she laughs out loud the instant he has gotten the question out. John's face turns the color of a steamed lobster. In classical conditioning terms, John's experience is an example of ________.

answer

trace conditioning

question

A week later John (see above item) bumps into Carole on campus, feels his face turn red and recalls with embarrassment their earlier encounter. Carole has become a _______.

answer

CS for blushing

question

Pavlovian conditioning is also called ________ conditioning.

answer

Classical

question

J. M. Graham and Claude Desjardins established a(n) ______ as a CS for sexual arousal in rats.

answer

odor

question

The experiment in which a dog learned to salivate at the sight of a black square after it had been paired with a CS for salivating is an example of _________ conditioning.

answer

higher-order

question

The experiments of Staats and Staats with nonsense syllables are examples of ____________ conditioning.

answer

higher-order

question

Higher-order conditioning is probably most important to ___________.

answer

humans

question

One way to determine if conditioning has occurred is to present the CS alone. Each such presentation is called a(n) ______ trial.

answer

test

question

Of the following conditioning procedures, the one that is least like the others is ________.

answer

backward

question

Oafish Bill (John's twin brother; see items above) has heard nothing of John's unfortunate encounter with Carole, and he decides to ask her out. Just as he approaches her she bursts into laughter, apparently in response to a joke someone just told. Bill immediately pops the question and she politely declines, having decided to join a convent at the end of the semester. A week later Bill bumps into Carole on campus but feels no particular embarrassment. The pairing of Bill's request for a date and Carole's laughter is most likely an example of ________.

answer

backward conditioning

question

Two students, Edward and Edwina, serve as subjects in a conditioning experiment. The CS is a buzzer; the US is a mild electric shock; the UR is a change in the electrical conductivity of their skin called the Galvanic Skin Response. Both subjects undergo 50 trials, but the experimenter feels sorry for Edwina so periodically he lets her off without a shock. The results will indicate that _______.

answer

the CR is stronger in Edward

question

The rate of conditioning is affected by the degree to which the US is ___________ the occurrence of the CS.

answer

contingent on

question

In Pavlovian conditioning, ISI refers to ______.

answer

interstimulus interval

question

A _________ stimulus is one that consists of two or more stimuli presented simultaneously.

answer

compound

question

In general, the more intense a US, the __________.

answer

faster conditioning proceeds

question

An experimenter presents a flash of light and a bell simultaneously followed by food. Conditioning proceeds satisfactorily, but when the experimenter presents the light and bell separately, he finds that the bell is an effective CS, but the light is not. The experimenter has demonstrated _______

answer

overshadowing

question

When exposure to a stimulus prior to pairing with a US interferes with conditioning, the phenomenon is called ________.

answer

latent inhibition

question

Of the following, the one that does not belong with the others is ________.

answer

higher-order conditioning

question

In so far as the rate of learning is concerned, the most important pairings of the CS and US are those that come _________.

answer

at the beginning of training

question

The time between conditioning trials is called the _______.

answer

intertrial interval

question

Braun and Geiselhart found that eyelid conditioning generally proceeded slowly with _______.

answer

older adults

question

If, following conditioning, a CS is repeatedly presented without the US, the procedure is called ________.

answer

extinction

question

In the figure below, the data point at the extreme right illustrates _________.

answer

spontaneous recovery

question

Spontaneous recovery is associated with _______.

answer

extinction

question

Each time a buzzer sounds, a puff of air makes a rabbit blink. Soon the rabbit blinks when it hears the buzzer. George believes that this means the buzzer takes the place of the air puff. George is an advocate of ________.

answer

stimulus substitution theory

question

The equation, ΔVn = c (λ- Vn -1), is associated with the _______________ of Pavlovian conditioning.

answer

Rescorla-Wagner model

question

Pavlov won the Nobel Prize for his research on conditioning.

answer

False

question

Pavlov's work paved the way for Darwin's theory of evolution

answer

False

question

A key feature of Pavlovian conditioning is that the CS and US appear together regardless of what the animal or person does.

answer

True

question

The procedure of pairing a neutral stimulus with a well-established CS is called higher-order conditioning.

answer

True

question

One way to test for the effects of conditioning is to use test trials.

answer

True

question

If a CS is presented several times alone, and is then repeatedly paired with a US, conditioning proceeds more rapidly than if the CS had never been presented alone.

answer

False

question

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, blocking occurs because when the second (blocked) CS is presented, most of the learning that can occur has already been "used up" by the first CS.

answer

True

question

The Rescorla-Wagner model has been very influential, but it does not explain latent inhibition.

answer

True

question

Conditional reflexes are so named because they ____________.

answer

depend on many conditions

question

Each pairing of a CS and US is one _______.

answer

trial

question

In _______ conditioning the CS and US overlap

answer

delayed

question

. In ____________ conditioning, the CS and US occur at the same time.

answer

simultaneous

question

A CS that consists of two or more stimuli is called a _________ stimulus.

answer

compound

question

Generally, the _____ (more/less) intense a stimulus, the faster conditioning occurs.

answer

more

question

If two stimuli are paired and then one becomes a CS, the other will become a CS more rapidly than it otherwise would have, a phenomenon called sensory ________.

answer

preconditioning

question

The first conditioning trials are typically _____ (more/less) effective than later trials.

answer

more

question

the author of your text evidently believes that

answer

learning is a way of adapting to change

question

________ is an increase in the intensity of a reflex response after repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus

answer

sensitization

question

Behavior is anything an animal or persona does that can be

answer

measured

question

The rooting of pigs( for worms, larvae, and truffles) is an example of

answer

MAP

question

Natural selection helps the individual adapt to change in its environment during its lifetime

answer

False

question

Variations and natural selection are the foundations of ______

answer

evolution

question

learning is defined as

answer

a change in behavior

question

Experience refers to ________

answer

events that affect behavior

question

in the statement "survival of the fittest" in regards to natural selection being the fittest means ______

answer

best exploiting a niche

question

learning is an evolved ________

answer

modifiability

question

A ____ explanation is one in which the evidence for the explanation of an event is the event itself

answer

circular

question

experimental design in which one group of participants gets one treatment, and other gets a different treatment is a ____________ experiment

answer

between-subjects

question

in within-subject experiments, the subjects behavior during treatment is compared with their behavior during ________

answer

baseline period

question

response topography is measure moment by moment on a cumulative record

answer

FALSE

question

Your roommate no longer drinks orange juice every morning like the doctor ordered, he says he does not care for it any more. based on learning principles,, to increase his juice consumption, and benefit his health you suggest _______

answer

switching to drinking tangerine juice

question

which of the following is likely to be the most stereotyped response

answer

squirrel eating a walnut

question

a survey found a significant positive correlation between taxi drivers wearing coats and number of traffic accidents. from this we can conclude that wearing a coat disrupts driving and causes accidents

answer

false

question

a person who says "everyone knows that....." is referring to

answer

anecdotal evidence

question

experiments differ from other ways of acquiring knowledge in that they allow one to ______

answer

determine cause and effect

question

variable that an experimenter manipulates is a/an ________ variable

answer

independent

question

The sudden reappearance of a CR after the CS has been repeatedly presented by itself is called ________

answer

spontaneous recovery

question

When exposure to a stimulus prior to pairing it with a US interferes with conditioning, the phenomenon is called

answer

latent inhibition

question

A tone was paired with a meat powder until the tone elicited salivation. then a black square was paired with the tone. the black square soon elicited salivation... This is an example of ________.

answer

Higher-order conditioining

question

________ is the degree to which the US depends on the occurrence of the CS.

answer

Contingency

question

to determine if conditioning has occurred, the ______ is presented alone.

answer

CS

question

what fascinated pavlov most about his salivating dogs was that

answer

the dogs began to salivate before receiving foos

question

the least effective conditioning procedure is

answer

backwards

question

in pavlovian conditioning, continuity usually refers to ______

answer

time between CS and US

question

the notation that best describes the standard Pavlovian conditioning procedure is

answer

CS--US

question

in general the shorter the ISI, the faster conditioning proceeds.

answer

TRUE

question

Pavlov found that when he paired painful stimuli with food, the dog came to show no distress at the painful stimuli. this experiment may help explain _______ behavior in humans

answer

masochistic

question

people are most likely to come to enjoy painful and humiliating events if these events constantly ______.

answer

precede positive events

question

the CS and US in Garcia's taste aversion experiment were ________ and ______

answer

flavored water and radiation

question

your friend is afraid of dogs because he was bitten as a child. one day while he was playing catch in a park, a large pack of dogs wandered into his view. now he avoids parks. his change in behavior is likely due to ....

answer

Higher- order conditioning

question

Siegels work suggests tat some deaths attributed to drug overdose are actually the result of ______.

answer

a novel context

question

blue jays usually do not eat Monarch butterflies, this is an example of _____

answer

conditioned taste aversion

question

in treating peters fear of rabbits, jones used a procedure called _______

answer

counterconditioning

question

In _______ therapy, a stimulus that elicits an inappropriate response is paired with an aversive stimulus such as shock or an emetic drug

answer

aversion

question

The CS and US in the little Albert experiment were a

answer

rat and loud sound

"Learning Psychology" Test 1 EAB3002 – Flashcards

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