Drugs and Soc Ch8: The Psychology of Drug Use and Abuse – Flashcards

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Freud posited that the ___ consists of thoughts and memories that can easily be called forth. a. conscious b. subconscious c. preconscious d. unconscious
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c. preconscious
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Freud posited that the ___ consists of what we are currently thinking. a. conscious b. subconscious c. preconscious d. unconscious
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a. conscious
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Freud posited that the ___ consists of repressed feelings and experiences that nonetheless exert a dominant influence over our behavior. a. conscious b. subconscious c. preconscious d. unconscious
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d. unconscious
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The genital stage of psychological development occurs from about ages ___. a. 3-6yrs b. 2-5yrs c. 4-6yrs d. 3-5 yrs
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d. 3-5 yrs
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The anal stage of psychological development occurs from about ages ___. a. 1-2yrs b. 2-4yrs c. 18 moths-3yrs d. 1-3yrs
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c. 18 moths-3yrs
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The oral stage of psychological development occurs from about ages ___. a. birth-2yrs b. 6-18 months c. birth-18 months d. birth-1yr
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c. birth-18 months
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According to Freud, each person is born with powerful drives, wishes, urges, and psychic tension that are energized in the form of the ___. a. id b. ego c. superego d. libido
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d. libido
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According to Freud, one's total psychic apparatus from birth to about age 7 months is comprised of the ___. a. id b. ego c. superego d. libido
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a. id
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According to Freud, the ___ exercises a sense of morality that controls behavior. a. id b. ego c. superego d. libido
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c. superego
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According to Freud, the ___ is the organism's contact with the real world. a. id b. ego c. superego d. libido
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b. ego
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Sociopsychological growth and maturity require grappling with ___. a. stress b. reality c. conflict d. change
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a. stress
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Drug-dependent adolescents___. a. suffer severe ego inadequacies b. are narcissistic c. are apathetic d. all of the above
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a. suffer severe ego inadequacies
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Learning theory proceeds based on the basis that all forms of behavior are ___. a. conditioned b. involuntary c. voluntary d. instinctual
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a. conditioned
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A person ___ a negative reinforcer. a. works to receive b. works to escape c. involuntarily benefits from d. is involuntarily penalized by
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b. works to escape
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Part of the psychological explanation for drug abuse has been a presumed ___, a psychological vulnerability resulting from problematic family relationships, inappropriate reinforcement, the lack of healthy role models, contradictory parental expectations, and/or an absence of love and respect. a. defeatist personality b. ego deficiency c. rebellious personality d. addictive personality
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d. addictive personality
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Which of the following is cited in the text as a noted behaviorist? a. Sigmund Freud b. Howard Becker c. B.F. Skinner d. August Aichhorn
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c. B.F. Skinner
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A person ___ a positive reinforcer. a. works to receive b. works to escape c. involuntarily benefits from d. is involuntarily penalized by
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a. works to receive
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The pairing of 2 stimuli, 1 of which elicits a reflex and 1 of which is neutral is known as ___. a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement
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a. classical conditioning
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If the probability of a behavior has gone up after the removal of a stimulus, then ___ has occurred. a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement
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d. negative reinforcement
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When some aspect of animal or human behavior is followed by a certain type of consequence - a reward - the behavior is more likely to be repeated. The reward is called ___. a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement
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c. positive reinforcement
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___ decreases the probability or frequency of a behavior. a. Aversive control b. Punishment c. Positive reinforcement d. Negative reinforcement
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b. Punishment
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The repeated presentation or removal of a stimulus following a behavior to increase the probability of the behavior is known as ___. a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement
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b. operant conditioning
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According to psychoanalytic theory, a person's reality-testing ability is a function of the ___. a. id b. ego c. superego d. all of the above
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b. ego
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Psychoanalytic theories of drug abuse have been criticized for ___. a. their reliance on retrospective self-reports b. their reliance on individual case studies c. limited methods that lack rigorous empirical grounding d. all of the above
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d. all of the above
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Behaviorists contend that consequences serve to ___ behavior, and for that reason the consequences themselves are called reinforcers. a. strengthen b. validate c. condition d. all of the above
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a. strengthen
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