Developmental Psychology Exam 1 – Flashcards
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According to evolutionary theory,
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survival and reproduction are biologically based drives for every species
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socialcultural theory,
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learning occurs after the mentor draws the learner into the zone of proximal development" theory?
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Electric perspective
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uses several theoretical perspectives
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The psychoanalytic theory,
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answers the question: do early experiences of neglect or attachment linger into adulthood?
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Developmental theory,
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is described in the text as "elaborate, insightful and comprehensive"
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The social learning theory,
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most emphasizes learning by modeling
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The behavioral theory,
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answers the question: does learning depend on specific instruction, punishment, and examples?
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an experiment
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research method that establishes what causes a behavior as well as establishes possible cause and effect relationship
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Dizygotic
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type of twin that is created when two ovaries are fertilized by two sperm
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Monozygotic
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type of twin that originates from one zygote that splits apart
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5-10
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percent of all zygotes that have more or fewer than 46 chromosomes
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3 to 8
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percent of Us women experience postpartum depression
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hohophrase
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a single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought
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affects sons more than daughters
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an X-linked recessive gene almost never has a counterpart of the Y chromosome. Therefore, recessive traits on the X crhromosome:
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Fragile X syndrome
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caused by more than 200 repetitions on one gene
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Which of the following is not one of the Canadian Psychological Associations four guiding principles?
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Respect for the dignity of persons
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Critical period
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an example would be when the fetus develops fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days after conception
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data and facts will enable people to live full lives
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why is science important in the study of human development?
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scientific observation
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involves observing and recording behavior in a natural setting
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participant's rights in a research study
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deciding that he/she wants to stop participating in the study
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empirical
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based in data
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unethical research behavior
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changing the data to support the hypothesis
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learning a second language
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should begin during childhood for fluent pronunciation
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Cultural
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researches designed a picture book without words. the pictures were half from US picture books and half from Chinese books. when parents were asked to look at them, the descriptions they gave included nouns by US moms and more verbs by Chinese moms. what is the most likely explanation for this difference?
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developmental science studies
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all kind of people
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self-actualization
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The belief that all people have the ability to fulfill their own unique potential
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Watson
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He argued that if psychology was to be a true science, only what can be seen and measured should be studied
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toliet training
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According to Freud, ____ is the most important activity during the anal stage
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when alleles are addictive that add up to influence the
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phenotype
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alcoholism
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a result of inherited biochemistry, influenced by culture and a result of the interaction of nature and nurture
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chromosome
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Molecules of DNA
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enviornemntal variables
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elderly have some basic genes they had as newborns but can be changed as time goes on by
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take preventative measures during child nurturing
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awareness of genetic risks help parents
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imprinting
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a common complication where some genes function differently depending on which parent they came from
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Sickle-cell anemia
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genetic disorder that affects about 11% of African Americans
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epifenetic
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no human trait is determined by genes alone because via ? programming, health and behavior are mediated through altered gene expression
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enviornment and social influences
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other than genes, what can make a difference in the expression and outcome with disorders?
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Amino acids
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are the building blocks of a protein
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nurture
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genes affect a person's appearence, health, cognitive abilities and behaviors; but _____ always matters as well
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the "one child" policy
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in 1979, what cut the birth rate in half?
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polygenic
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most human traits are affected by many genes
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the onset was rapid and unexpected
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about one half of all time births occur because
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babinski
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reflexes seen when an infants foot is stroked
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Reflex
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an involuntary response to a particular stimulus
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Embryonic
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stage of prenatal development that lasts from week 3 through week 8
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about 1 in 150
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current newborn mortality in the US
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the use of heroin during pregnancy
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may cause premature labor
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prenatal development
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where the most serious damage from teratogen is likely to occur
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the critical difference between survival of a preterm baby and a full-term newborn is in:
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the maturation of the neurological, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems
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3
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number of trimesters in a normal pregnancy
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false positive
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a misdiagnosis when doctors believe that a baby has a problem it may not actually have
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post-birth bleeding
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main cause of maternal death relating the the birthing process
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at birth
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all the senses are functional
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3 months
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at this age babies have enough muscle to sit with support
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binocular vision
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ability to coordinate two eyes to see one image
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overproduction
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five year old Marisol becomes furious after minor incidents with her peers. according to the research on neural activity in newborn mice, her inability to deal with normal stress may be related to the _____ of stress hormones in her brain during infancy.
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culture, family situations and brain maturation
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when and how much a child sleeps is shaped by
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have more allergies
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a formula-fed baby is more likely to ___ than a breast fed baby
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immunization
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process that stimulates the bodys immune system to defend against attack by a particular contagious disease
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synapses
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where the neurons in the brain are connected
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colostrum
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a thick, high calorie fluid secreted by the woman's breasts for about the first 3 days following the birth of her child
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provided a breif reminder session
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infants as young as 3 months old can remember after two weeks if
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all of these are correct
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most developmentalists agree that very young infants can remember if
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infant amnesia
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many adults believe they have this because they have forgotten experiences, people, and even languages they were exposed to in the first few years of life
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all of the above
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what is the explination for some babies initially learning more verbs than nouns?
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tertiary circular reaction stage
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an infant begins to explore the environment by actively taking independent action is entering this stage
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little scientist
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Piaget's term for the stage-five toddler who experiments without anticipating the results
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object permanence
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when infants change from sucking their mothers breast to sucking their pacifier
