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The beginnings of planning first appear during

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infancy

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Young elementary school children who have a production deficiency

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fail to produce strategies when they could be helpful

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By age 10, children can distinguish mental activity on the basis of

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certainty of knowledge

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In toddlerhood, attraction to novelty __________ and sustained attention __________.

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declines; improves

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School-age children and adolescents often have difficulty putting their expanded metacognitive knowledge into action because they have not yet mastered

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cognitive self-regulation

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Speech-gesture mismatches often result in the correct strategies appearing first in _______ and later on in ________.

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gesture; speech

question

Parents and teachers can foster children's self-regulation by

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explaining the effectiveness of strategies

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When asked to relate a story that was heard several days earlier, children often make inferences about actors and actions and add events and interpretations that help make sense of the story. This demonstrates that children

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increase the coherence of reconstructed information

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A child is most likely to use __________ before other memory strategies

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rehearsal

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A beginning grasp of the order relationships between quantities, such as 3 is more than 2 and 2 is more than 1, emerges

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by age 3

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Research on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) indicates that it is

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highly heritable

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Research on parent-child conversations about the past shows that

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Asian parents discourage their children from talking about themselves

question

Studies on infantile amnesia have shown that toddlers who possess __________ demonstrate better verbal memories while conversing about past events with their mothers

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a clear self-image

question

According to Siegler's model of strategy choice,

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children generate a variety of strategies before selecting those that provide the most adaptive solutions

question

Many studies show that beginning readers

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learn best with a mixture of phonics and whole language

question

Many researchers believe that sophisticated __________ is/are vital for scientific reasoning

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metacognitive understanding

question

Most information-processing theorists view the mind as a(n)

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complex symbol-manipulating system through which information from the environment flows

question

When asked to recall a list of soccer-related words, child soccer experts recalled more words than adult soccer novices. This finding demonstrates the impact of __________ on memory.

answer

knowledge

question

A major strength of the information-processing approach is

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its detailed account of how younger versus older individuals attend, reason, and solve problems

question

In the store model of the information-processing system,

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the more thoroughly we learn information, the more automatically we use it

question

When asked what happens at a restaurant, Myles says, "You go in, get the food, eat, and then pay." This is an example of

answer

a script

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As her father tries to teach 1-year-old Meg how to eat with a spoon, she is frequently distracted by the dog. Meg is having trouble with

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inhibition

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Although Zena cannot yet read, she uses what looks like a random collection of letters to "write" a story. Zena's efforts are an example of

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emergent literacy

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Jeff frequently watches television while working on his homework. Studies show that Jeff likely ________ when he is not multitasking

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has problems filtering out irrelevant stimuli

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Liz tells Erin that she has 9 dolls, 7 games, and 5 balls. Later, when asked if Liz has more dolls or more balls, Erin does not remember the exact number of dolls and balls, but accurately reports that Liz has more dolls than balls. This is because she relied on __________ memory

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gist

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Studies on the development of scientific reasoning indicate that

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children are especially likely to overlook evidence that does not match their prior beliefs.

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The greatest drawback of the information-processing perspective is that it

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analyzes cognition in terms of its components but has difficulty putting the components back together into a comprehensive theory

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Many researchers believe that sophisticated __________ is/are vital for scientific reasoning.

answer

metacognitive understanding

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Which of the following theories regarding infantile amnesia is true?

answer

Children and adults primarily use linguistic forms of memory storage, an ability infants do not possess

question

According to Case, what three factors are responsible for gains in working-memory capacity?

answer

brain development, practice with schemes and automatization, and formation of central conceptual structures

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Recent research indicates that deficits in __________ and __________ may underlie ADHD symptoms in children.

answer

executive processing; inhibition

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A child who combines isolated schemes into a __________ moves from concrete to formal operational thought

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central conceptual structure

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When reading a story for a book report, Natalie does not notice when a passage makes no sense. This demonstrates that Natalie is not yet good at

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cognitive self-regulation

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As 8-year-old Molly does her homework, she makes a gesture that indicates she knows an answer but is unable to verbalize it. This speech-gesture mismatch suggests that Molly

answer

is on the verge of learning the homework's content.

question

Serena recently learned a new attentional strategy, but she does not apply it consistently. Serena is demonstrating a(n) __________ deficiency

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control

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Eight-year-old Jacob is shown a set of 12 pictures. These pictures are then mixed with some unfamiliar pictures, and Jacob is asked to indicate which items were in the original set. Which skill will Jacob use?

answer

recognition

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Eighteen-month-old Jiao understands that 3 is more than 2 and that 2 is more than 1. She is beginning to grasp

answer

ordinality

question

After reading a passage in his science textbook, Nathan realizes that he did not understand the content and needs to reread the section to get a better grasp of the information. Nathan is showing evidence of

answer

cognitive self-regulation

question

Which of the following statements regarding children's eyewitness memory is true?

answer

Preschoolers tend to create verbatim representations, which are more easily forgotten than the gist memories created by older children

question

Six- to 7-year-olds understand that people can gain knowledge not just by observing events but also by

answer

making mental inferences.

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In the store model, the central executive is the

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conscious, reflective part of our mental system

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Math instruction is most effective when it focuses on

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both computational strategies and conceptual understanding

question

Which of the following statements regarding speech-gesture mismatches is true?

answer

Children on the verge of learning appear to have strategies that are accessible to gesture but not to speech.

question

Which of the following statements best explains why preschoolers have difficulty generating a plan?

answer

Planning places heavy demands on working-memory capacity

question

As Rhianna goes through her toddler years, her mother notices that Rhianna pays attention for longer, sustained periods of time, which can be traced, in part, to growth of her

answer

prefrontal cortex

question

Cognitive inhibition enhances information-processing capacity by

answer

clearing unnecessary information from working memory.

question

Gains in information-processing time

answer

increase with age, leveling off around age 12

question

Carter is a typical adult. He should be able to hold an average of ____ digits in his working memory

answer

7

question

Children with persistent learning difficulties in reading and math are often deficient in

answer

working-memory capacity

question

_________ percent of U.S. 8- to 18-year-olds report engaging in multiple media activities simultaneously

answer

More than 50

question

Information-processing researchers study cognition in order to uncover

answer

mechanisms of change

question

Which of the following statements regarding scientific reasoning skills is true?

answer

Even adults continue to display a self-serving bias in their scientific reasoning

question

As 8-year-old Molly does her homework, she makes a gesture that indicates she knows an answer but is unable to verbalize it. This speech-gesture mismatch suggests that Molly

answer

is on the verge of learning the homework's content

question

According to one theory, because infants' and toddlers' memory processing is largely ___________, it may prevent long-term retention of early experiences.

answer

nonverbal

question

According to the fuzzy-trace theory, ________ memories require less working-memory capacity than ________ memories.

answer

gist; verbatim

question

Research suggests that child chess experts outperform adult chess novices on tasks involving memory for chessboard arrangements because the children

answer

use their knowledge of chess to facilitate their performance.

question

Janice needs to pick up a few items from the grocery store after work. To help her remember the list, she repeats it aloud to herself several times throughout the day. What memory strategy is Janice using?

answer

rehearsal

question

When asked to recall a story that she heard in school, DeShay adds new information and reorders the sequence of events. These errors are examples of

answer

reconstruction

question

Research confirms that multitasking ________ learning

answer

decreases

question

Scripts are a type of _________ memory.

answer

reconstructive

question

Which of the following events is Darcy most likely to recall accurately after the passage of time?

answer

the first time she went with her family to Disney World

question

Thirteen-year-old Soo Jin wants to remember the words staircase and telephone, so she creates a mental picture of herself sitting on a staircase as she talks on the telephone. What memory technique is she using?

answer

elaboration

question

The ability to prevent internal and external distracting stimuli from capturing attention is improved through

answer

cognitive inhibition.

question

Parents can foster children's cognitive self-regulation by

answer

suggesting effective strategies and emphasizing the value of self-correction

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