question

Dr. Henderson is curious to know more about how children develop over time. The BEST way to gain an understanding of this subject is to:

answer

use the scientific method to collect data and establish facts.

question

Social learning is also called:

answer

modeling.

question

High school classmates are part of the same:

answer

cohort.

question

Parents who spend a great deal of time and money trying to find the best school for their children believe in the importance of:

answer

nurture.

question

An individual's socioeconomic status includes his or her:

answer

neighborhood.

question

The human fetus develops fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days after conception but cannot develop fingers and toes before or after that time. This is an example of:

answer

a critical period.

question

Pavlov's experiments with dogs that salivated when they heard a specific noise provide an example of:

answer

classical conditioning.

question

Which of these is the sequential order of Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?

answer

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

question

An individual's socioeconomic status includes his or her:

answer

occupation.

question

The people in which group are DEFINITELY members of the same cohort?

answer

current middle school students

question

On average, fetuses gain about _____ pounds during the last trimester of pregnancy, which brings the average birth weight to about 7.5 pounds.

answer

4.5 pounds

question

Babies born slightly under 1,500 grams (3 pounds 5 ounces) are considered:

answer

very low birthweight.

question

Michelle and Greg are having a baby and are hoping for a boy. Who is responsible for the determining the sex of the baby?

answer

Greg

question

Rumasia places her baby on her chest so that they are skin to skin. This is called:

answer

kangaroo care.

question

A teratogen is any agent or condition that increases the risk for:

answer

prenatal abnormalities.

question

One reason male fetuses are more vulnerable than female fetuses may be that the:

answer

X chromosome seems to have a protective effect.

question

Each human body cell contains:

answer

46 chromosomes.

question

Compared to vaginal births, C-section births:

answer

increase the risk of complications.

question

Justin and Jacob are identical twins. They are the result of:

answer

One ovum fertilized by one sperm that split into two zygotes.

question

Early prenatal care can help decrease the risk of prenatal abnormalities. However, it CANNOT provide pregnant women with information about:

answer

exact thresholds for teratogens.

question

What three factors contribute to the ability to walk?

answer

muscle strength, brain maturation, practice

question

According to the sociocultural perspective, what is the focus of early communication for infants younger than 12 months?

answer

emotion

question

Renee is concerned because her son is 13 months old and is starting to walk before learning to crawl. What advice would a pediatrician give to Renee?

answer

She should not be worried since some babies do not crawl.

question

On average, which skill does an infant develop last?

answer

standing alone without holding on

question

In one research study, scientists scanned the brains of both a monkey reaching for a banana and another monkey watching that action. The same neurons in a particular region of the brain were activated in both monkeys. These neurons are called _____ neurons.

answer

mirror

question

Research indicates that infants reach the stages of Piaget's sensorimotor intelligence _____ Piaget originally predicted.

answer

earlier than

question

A child who is too short for his or her age due to severe malnutrition is suffering from a condition called:

answer

stunting.

question

Between _____ months of age, most infants can lift their midsections and crawl on "all fours."

answer

8 and 10

question

According to Chomsky's theory of language acquisition:

answer

children have an inborn ability to learn language.

question

Approximately how many hours per day does the average newborn spend asleep?

answer

15 to 17

question

A baby searches the faces of her parents to see how to respond in unfamiliar situations. This is called:

answer

social referencing.

question

Sigmund Freud was a(n):

answer

psychoanalytic theorist.

question

Developmentalists have found that social learning takes place:

answer

throughout life.

question

A type of care in which several paid, trained providers care for many children in a space designed especially for the purpose of day care is called:

answer

center day care.

question

"Proximity-seeking" and "contact-maintaining" behaviors are displays of:

answer

attachment.

question

What appears in an infant between 2 and 4 months of age?

answer

laughter

question

Rodney was raised on a farm in Utah and enjoys the taste of beef liver cooked with onions. Sarah was raised in New York City and would never think of eating beef liver, but she very much enjoys sushi. What explains their differences in food preference?

answer

social referencing

question

What are the four categories of temperament suggested by the New York Longitudinal Study?

answer

easy, difficult, slow to warm up, hard to classify

question

When Birgitta gave birth, her mother moved in with the young family to help care for the newborn. This sort of caregiving by someone other than the baby's parent is called:

answer

allocare.

question

Which characteristics must be present before an infant can experience pride, shame, or guilt?

answer

social awareness

question

What is epigenetics?

answer

the study of how the environment affects which genes are expressed

question

Which psychoanalytic theorist identified stages of development from birth through late adulthood?

answer

Erikson

question

According to Maslow, self-actualization is:

answer

fulfilling one's potential.

question

Which cognitive theorist emphasized the cultural context?

answer

Vygotsky

question

Which of these numbers shows the strongest correlational relationship?

answer

-0.98

question

Genie was raised in isolation and was never taught language. After being found at age 13, as discussed in class, after intensive teaching, Genie

answer

never attained fluency better than a 2 yr old

question

Baby ducks follow their mother instinctively soon after birth. However when Lorenz removed the mother for the first day of the chicks' life, the chicks' would not follow their mother. This study best represents

answer

Critical period

question

Skinner's theory of operant conditioning emphasizes how learning is guided by

answer

the consequences of behavior

question

According to Bandura's Social-Cognitive Theory, the emphasis on acquiring certain behaviors is placed on:

answer

observational learning

question

Which shows the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

answer

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

question

The more similar two people are genetically, the more similar they will be with respect to ___________.

answer

All of the above

question

The concept of reinforcement is most closely associated with which of the following theories?

answer

operant conditioning

question

A theory of human development is expected to provide explanations for which of the following?

answer

how people change and grow over the life span

question

Which of the following is considered the focus of Freud's psychosexual theory?

answer

the influence of sexual and aggressive drives to motivate behavior

question

Familial influences are part of the

answer

microsystem

question

Dr. Porter studies developmental changes in intelligence by testing one group of subjects when they are 4, 8, 12 and 16 years old. What kind of design is Dr. Porter using?

answer

longitudinal

question

In the content of human development, the term plasticity refers to

answer

the ability to change

question

Dr. Floyd has designed a study to compare the muscle coordination of 60-year olds, 70-year olds, and 80-year olds. He selected a group of 10 individual from each age group and tested them on a set of movement and strength tests. What research design did he use?

answer

cross-sectional

question

The central process in Erikson's psychosocial theory refers to

answer

how a person resolves a psychosocial crisis

question

Cohort effects are most likely to be a problem in __________ studies.

answer

cross-sectional

question

In the _____ after conception, sex organs develop and are soon visible via ultrasound.

answer

ninth week

question

Epidurals, often used in hospital births to manage pain during childbirth, have been shown to:

answer

inhibit the newborn's readiness to suck.

question

Fraternal twins are also called _____ twins.

answer

dizygotic

question

Michael is color-blind. His gene for color blindness is most likely a:

answer

recessive gene on his X chromosome.

question

The first days and weeks after conception (the germinal and embryonic periods) are _____ for body formation, but the entire fetal period is a _____ period for brain development.

answer

critical; sensitive

question

An evocative gene-environment relation refers to

answer

different genotypes eliciting different responses from the environment

question

Thalidomide, a prescription tranquilizer prescribed for morning sickness in the 1960's was associated with

answer

major deformities of babies' limbs

question

The period of the embryo begins

answer

after the zygote has implanted into the uterine wall

question

If Steven has underdeveloped testes and feminine features as a result of an extra X chromosome he suffers from

answer

Klinefelter syndrome

question

Older mothers are considerably more likely to give birth to children with

answer

Down syndrome

question

One of the highlights of the _______ stage is the development of the major organs and basic anatomy.

answer

embryonic

question

Which is the best example of niche-picking?

answer

Musically-talented Mosi who chooses to spend his free time listening to music and practicing his guitar

question

Dr. Dunedin uses a twin study to determine the influence of heredity on emotionality. If emotionality is influenced by heredity, he will find that the level of emotionality is more similar in

answer

identical twins than in fraternal twins

question

Dr. Lambic conducts an adoption study to estimate the heritability of intelligence. If intelligence is primarily influenced by the environment, he will find that

answer

adopted children's intelligence level is more similar to that of their adoptive parents than that of their biological parents

question

Exposure to teratogens during ___________ is most likely to produce major defects in bodily structure.

answer

the period of the embryo

question

Sometimes, early in the gestational process, a single fertilized egg divides and separates. Two individuals with exactly the same chromosomal composition begin to form. This results in

answer

monozygotic twins

question

Twins that come from a single fertilized egg that splits in two are called

answer

monozygotic twins

question

Olivia was told that her newborn had an Apgar score of 8. She should be

answer

happy because her daughter is in good physical condition

question

The ectoderm will become

answer

the nervous system

question

Major growth of all body organs occurs during

answer

Fetal stage

question

Aran's mother has been helping him to walk by holding his hands and supporting him. Aran's legs are strong enough to hold him up, and he's able to move his legs in a coordinated way as long as his mother supports him. What else does Aran need in order to walk on his own?

answer

practice

question

Baby Sam can grab objects, but sometimes he closes his hand too early or too late. Sam is probably around _____ months old.

answer

4

question

The usual order of the development of spoken language in an infant is:

answer

reflexes, cooing, babbling, and spoken words.

question

Dendrite growth is the main reason that brain weight _____ from birth to the age of two.

answer

triples

question

A life-threatening condition that occurs when infants are shaken back and forth sharply and quickly is called:

answer

shaken baby syndrome.

question

Piaget believed that __________ are schemes reflecting an infant's repetition of interesting or enjoyable actions that focus on the infant's own body. An example of this might be an infant putting its thumb in its mouth and sucking.

answer

primary circular reactions

question

Baillargeon's research on infants' understanding of object permanence revealed that

answer

such knowledge is learned at much earlier age than Piaget originally thought

question

Imagine you are interested in finding out whether infants can distinguish between bitter and salty tastes. How would you investigate this question?

answer

Observe infants' facial expressions or head movements to see whether they respond differently to bitter and salty tastes

question

Babies often pay attention when a novel stimulus is first presented, but they pay less attention after seeing it several times. This behavior is an example of

answer

habituation

question

Which of the following does an infant exhibit a preference for, based on facial expressions?

answer

sweet

question

One of the hallmarks of neural development in infancy is

answer

an increase in the total number of synapses

question

Which of the following is true of nutrition and physical growth?

answer

Nutrition is particularly important during infancy when growth is rapid

question

In newborns, the sense of smell is

answer

fairly well developed

question

Who is most likely to equilibrate?

answer

Becky, who is doing much more accommodating than assimilating

question

In newborns, achieving an upright posture is impossible due in part to their tendency to

answer

be top-heavy

question

Incorporating new information into existence schemata is called

answer

assimilation

question

The "Startle Reflex" or "Moro Reflex"

answer

may help a baby cling to its mother (in pre-human species)

question

Built-in reactions to stimuli that are out of an infant's control are known as

answer

reflexes

question

A nerve cell in the brain is also called a(n):

answer

neuron

question

There has been much controversy on the benefits of breast milk compared to formula. Recent research indicates that

answer

Breast milk is better for the baby's health

question

Nine-month-old Taran explores new environments when his mother is present but shows distress when his mother leaves the room. Taran's behavior illustrates a(n) _____ attachment.

answer

secure

question

Synchrony depends on:

answer

responsiveness and timing.

question

The Strange Situation measures how a child:

answer

responds to separations and reunions with a caregiver.

question

A baby searches the faces of her parents to see how to respond in unfamiliar situations. This is called:

answer

social referencing.

question

The coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant is called:

answer

synchrony.

question

The extreme distress reaction exhibited by an infant when left alone is called

answer

separation anxiety

question

The ability of a child to imitate the emotional expressions of others is called

answer

social referencing

question

In Erikson's autonomy crisis, children develop _______.

answer

will

question

Children who are afraid to explore new environments and are very clingy are categorized as __________ based on Ainsworth's Strange Situation research.

answer

Insecure-resistant

question

Children who explore new environments freely and do not engage in contact-maintaining behaviors are categorized as _________ based on Ainsworth's Strange Situation study.

answer

Insecure-avoidant

question

According to Thomas & Chess, infants who adapt well to new situations are characterized as having which kind of temperament?

answer

easy

question

Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation methodology as a means of studying what process in early childhood?

answer

Attachment

question

Infants can imitate intonation patterns in language before they learn any words.

answer

True

question

A general pattern of responding to new people and situations that may correspond to the early "seed" of personality is called

answer

temperament

question

Attachment refers to:

answer

a close bond between an infant and a caregiver.

question

The conclusion of Harlow & Harlow's study on attachment in monkeys was to show that what we think of as "love" is really just a biological imprinting process governed by dependence of a child on its mother to provide nutrients in infancy.

answer

False

question

According to Harlow's study, monkeys separated from their mothers preferred which surrogate mother?

answer

the cloth mother

question

Distress and crying in an 8 month old baby in response to a parent leaving the room is known as

answer

Separation anxiety

question

The __________ perspective treats attachment as necessary for survival and is genetically programmed.

answer

biological

question

Which type of smiling occurs as a response to an external stimulus?

answer

social smiling

question

A common allergy for young children is:

answer

soy.

question

According to theory-theory, what kind of information are young children seeking when they ask "Why?"

answer

They want to know how the situation or behavior affects them.

question

To focus on one aspect of a situation and simultaneously exclude all other aspects is called:

answer

centration.

question

When Jennie sees her third-grade teacher in the grocery store, she is shocked to see her outside of school. This is likely due to Jennie's:

answer

static reasoning.

question

Skills that the child can accomplish with assistance but can't yet perform independently are part of:

answer

the zone of proximal development.

question

Researchers have discovered that _____ helps a child to develop theory of mind months ahead of a child who does not.

answer

living with older siblings

question

Joachim lives in the United States. His mother speaks to him in Spanish. His father speaks to him in German. His parents hope that Joachim will:

answer

become a balanced trilingual.

question

Today's children could become the first generation in more than 100 years to have a shorter lifespan than their parents as a result of:

answer

their propensity to overeat and underexercise.

question

The Piagetian term for a particular type of centration in which a child thinks about the world only from his or her personal perspective is:

answer

egocentrism.

question

Parents of a typical 5-year-old girl in America are MOST likely to say:

answer

"She isn't eating enough."

question

When the immune system is primed to resist a particular disease, the process is called:

answer

immunization.

question

Parents are told that their newborn is in the 90th percentile for height. This means that their child is:

answer

above average in height

question

Breast milk:

answer

provides antibodies to fight diseases.

question

The language acquisition device (LAD) was proposed by Chomsky to explain:

answer

children's ability to derive the rules of grammar quickly and effectively.

question

The area in the brain that plans, anticipates, and controls impulses is the _____ cortex.

answer

prefrontal

question

The mental processing of sensory information is called:

answer

perception.

question

Between 1950 and 2010, more than _____ children died before age 5.

answer

2 billion

question

A child who is too short for his or her age due to severe malnutrition is suffering from a condition called:

answer

stunting.

question

Lyrissa lives in Africa. She is 9 months old and does not weigh enough due to malnutrition. Her life is in danger. Lyrissa suffers from:

answer

marasmus.

question

New research on infant long-term memory has shown that infants can remember if the researchers:

answer

use special measures to aid memory retrieval, such as reminders.

question

What are the four categories of temperament suggested by the New York Longitudinal Study?

answer

easy, difficult, slow to warm up, hard to classify

question

When a baby acts upset because a caregiver is leaving, the baby is exhibiting:

answer

separation anxiety.

question

According to the New York Longitudinal Study, by approximately 3 months of age infants exhibit enough behaviors that they can be classified as one of _____ temperamental categories.

answer

four

question

The emotion of anger usually appears at the age of:

answer

6 months.

question

Synchrony depends on:

answer

responsiveness and timing.

question

Based on the experience of the Romanian children who were institutionalized during the late twentieth century, what might be concluded about attachment?

answer

A person's attachment style starts to be set by about six months of age.

question

A child fixated in the oral stage may become an adult who:

answer

eats too much

question

Which four-month-old girl's temperament is the MOST likely to change over time?

answer

Michaela, who is inhibited and fearful

question

Attachment in infants is definitely evident by the age of:

answer

1 year.

question

Child care that occurs in the home of a nonrelative who usually cares for several children of various ages is called:

answer

family day care.

question

Freud would say that a typical 5-year-old child is in the _____ psychoanalytic stage of development.

answer

phallic

question

What is one of the functions peers provide in active play?

answer

competition

question

A parenting style characterized by high parent-to-child communication, low warmth, and high expectations of maturity is:

answer

authoritarian.

question

Developmentalists who believe that children are genetically programmed to defend and protect their parents subscribe to the belief that moral development predominantly comes from:

answer

nature.

question

In order to be substantiated child maltreatment, _____ must be verified by the authorities.

answer

abuse or neglect

question

Annelle's usual bedtime is 8:30 P.M., and her parents enforce this rule. One evening, Annelle is watching an educational program that ends at 9 P.M. She asks her parents if she can stay up to watch the end of the show. Her parents agree to let her stay up as long as she gets up in time for school in the morning. Which parenting style are Annelle's parents demonstrating?

answer

authoritative

question

Which theory focuses on how children learn acceptable behaviors for their gender?

answer

behavioral theory

question

In 1973, Lepper and colleagues conducted an experiment in which children did drawings. Some of the children were promised a reward while others received a surprise reward. The researchers found that the children who received the expected award for drawing:

answer

were unlikely to draw independently at a later time.

question

Jaspreet frequently plays the piano whenever her family has guests because she enjoys the praise and attention that she receives. When alone, however, Jaspreet rarely plays the piano. Jaspreet's motivation:

answer

is mostly extrinsic.

question

Of the different types of aggression, the most worrisome is:

answer

bullying.

question

Mariangela has dyslexia. Mariangela is taught in the regular classroom, where she has her own reading tutor for part of the day. This is an example of:

answer

inclusion.

question

When non-English-speaking children are taught exclusively in English to prepare them for regular classes is, the class is called:

answer

English as a second language.

question

Aptitude tests are designed to measure one's:

answer

potential for learning.

question

John has the ability to talk informally with his friends and more formally to his teachers during class. Clearly John understands the:

answer

pragmatics of his language.

question

Due to earlier diagnosis and treatment, chronic health conditions, such as hearing impairments and anemia, are now _____ less frequent in middle childhood compared to two decades ago.

answer

50 percent

question

Approximately what percentage of young children have ADD?

answer

10 percent

question

Metacognition refers to:

answer

thinking about one's thinking processes.

question

With concrete operational thought, children can:

answer

think logically about visible, tangible things.

question

Seven-year-old Hannah can arrange 10 buttons in order from smallest to largest. Her understanding of _____ allows her to accomplish this.

answer

seriation

question

According to Piaget, a child between the ages of 6 and 11 can apply logical principles to:

answer

concrete and visible examples.

question

When 9-year-old children were asked to choose between retribution and restitution for a punishment:

answer

about half chose restitution and half chose retribution.

question

What is the second level of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory?

answer

conventional

question

Family function refers to:

answer

how a family cares for its members.

question

Developing self-respect, nurturing friendships with peers, and encouraging learning are three of the:

answer

functions of a family.

question

A family that consists of one man, several wives, and the biological children of the man and women is a(n):

answer

polygamous family.

question

Which scenario is typical of the industry versus inferiority stage?

answer

Rudy is having difficulty in learning math, but he continues to practice.

question

According to Erikson's theory, children in middle childhood tend to judge themselves as either:

answer

industrious or inferior.

question

The happiest time in a marriage is:

answer

right after the wedding.

question

By the time children are the age of 10, which statement is true?

answer

Both boys and girls want to have best friends.

question

Which family function is especially crucial in middle childhood?

answer

stability

question

_____ is the sex hormone secreted in greater amounts by males than females.

answer

Testosterone

question

Fifteen-year-old Latrina has a 10 P.M. curfew. She asks her parents to extend her curfew to 11 P.M. on weekends. When her parents ask her why, Latrina replies, "I've never been late for my 10 P.M. curfew. You can trust me. Can we at least give it a try?" This is an example of what kind of thinking?

answer

analytical

question

One reason adolescents' nutritional habits may be poor is:

answer

anxiety about their body image.

question

Changes in primary sex characteristics include:

answer

growth of the uterus or the testes.

question

Elle, an adolescent, believes that government should pay for all citizens' health care. From this premise, she reasons about the particulars of how and why government-funded health care would work. This is an example of:

answer

deductive reasoning.

question

Josefina is obsessed with her weight. She sometimes eats a whole package of Oreos at once and then makes herself vomit. Josefina is of normal weight, but she constantly has heartburn. She MOST likely suffers from:

answer

bulimia nervosa.

question

Fifteen-year-old Richard wants to be allowed to drive the family car, even though he does not yet have a driver's license. When his parents ask him why he thinks he should have driving privileges, he answers, "I know other kids who do it, and it's just stupid that I have to wait another 3 months until I turn 16." This is an example of what kind of thinking?

answer

intuitive

question

When Piaget and Inhelder asked children of different ages to balance a scale using several different weights, they found that:

answer

by age 10, children used trial-and-error strategies.

question

Which hormone is high at the onset of puberty and affects appetite, especially in girls?

answer

leptin

question

Many adolescents feel that their own thoughts and experiences are far more extraordinary than those of other people. This is part of their:

answer

personal fable.

question

Gross motor skills such as riding a tricycle are acquired:

answer

through brain maturation and practice.

question

Nine-year-old Bobby has no problem understanding that the 20-year-old woman who sometimes stays with him is both a student and a babysitter. According to Piaget, this is because Bobby's thinking has moved beyond:

answer

centration.

question

The ability to generate several thoughts in rapid succession is most specifically related to:

answer

myelination.

question

The process of covering axons in the CNS with a myelin sheath is called

answer

myelination

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