question

According to rational choice theory, why might a criminal decide not to commit crime?

answer

The criminal perceives crime is too risky

question

When Urban Planners consider the characteristics of sites that are at risk for crime, the factors that attract people to these sites, and what equips potential criminals to take advantage of the illegal opportunities offered, they are engaging in a practice known as

answer

Situational Crime Prevention

question

Well-lit housing projects that maximize surveillance reflect Oscar Newsman's concept of ________ that suggests crime can be prevented via the use of residential architectural designs that reduce criminal opportunity

answer

Defensible Space

question

Rational Choice Theory is rooted in the classical school of criminology developed by _____

answer

Cesare Beccaria

question

Some law violators describe the adrenaline rush that comes from successfully executing illegal activities in dangerous situations. This integration of danger, risk, and skill, is for some a seduction of crime and is referred to as ______

answer

Edgework

question

When efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevent another and when crime control efforts in one locale reduce crime in other non-target areas, this is called ______-

answer

Diffusion of Benefits

question

If petty offenses were subject to the same punishment as more serious crimes, offenders would choose the worst crime. This is referred to as the concept of ________

answer

Marginal Deterrence

question

Most burglars prefer to commit crimes in neighborhoods that contain a greater than usual number of access streets. These neighborhoods are referred to as ________

answer

Permeable Neighborhoods

question

Beccaria believed hat criminals choose to commit crime and that criminal choices could be controlled by ______

answer

Fear of Punishment

question

Before choosing to commit a crime, ______ criminals evaluate the risk of apprehension, seriousness of punishment, the potential value, and the immediate need for criminal gain.

answer

Reasoning

question

A number of factors can neutralize the general deterrent value of apprehension and punishment. What factor is at work when offenders use pure judgement and rely on peer information regarding local police effectiveness and arrest rates and listen to friends brag about big scores and profitable drug deals?

answer

Diffusion of Benefits

question

________ argues that punishing an offender will prevent that offender from committing the same crime again

answer

Specific Deterrence

question

According to _______, punishment has the potential to discourage all individuals in the population from committing crime

answer

General Deterrence

question

Brightly displaying "no littering" signs is an example of eliminating _____

answer

Excuses

question

Which statement best reflects the effect of informal sanctions aimed at shame and humiliation?

answer

Their effectiveness depends on the cohesiveness of the community structure

question

According to deterrence theory, if the probability of arrest, conviction, and sanctioning could be increased, crime rates should _________

answer

Decline

question

What do immediate impact studies indicate about capital punishment's deterrent effect on murder

answer

Decline

question

"Crackdowns" are sudden changes in police activity designed to lower crime rates through an increase in the communicated threat or actual certainty of punishment. What does research indicate about the effectiveness of crackdowns?

answer

Crackdowns initially deter crime but the effect soon wears off after the high intensity police activity ends

question

When an effort to prevent crime has the unintended consequence of preventing other crimes, this is referred to as _________

answer

Diffusion of Benefits

question

The three components of deterrence theory are severity, certainty, and speed of legal sanctions (punishment). Of these components, deterrence theorists tend to believe that the _____ of punishment seems to have strongest impact.

answer

Certainty

question

Some researches feel that what appears to be a genetic effect, evidenced in twin research, is actually the effect of sibling influence on criminality referred to as the

answer

Contagion Effect

question

Which criminologist believed that criminals could be identified by observing physical traits of offenders

answer

Lombroso

question

Biosocial theorists have evaluated the association between violent behavior episodes and hormone levels. Their findings suggest that abnormal levels of these male sex hormones influence the neocortex and have been linked to aggressive behavior.

answer

Androgens

question

According to Freud, which part of the brain controls impulses and desire for immediate gratification? Answer id

answer

Id

question

___ cause an excessive reaction in the brain, whereas ____ affect the nervous system. Both are linked to mental, emotional, and behavioral problems.

answer

Cerebral Allergies; Neuroallergies

question

According to Freud, the superego is the _____ aspect of one's personality.

answer

Moral

question

Explosive rage disorder is considered an important cause of spouse and child abuse, suicide, aggressiveness, and motiveless homicide. This disorder is a type of:

answer

Minimal Brain Dysfunction

question

According to William Sheldon, who believed that criminals manifest distinct physiques, which somatotype was most likely to become criminal?

answer

Mesomorph

question

A number of environmental contaminants have been associated with emotional and behavioral disorders. Which of the following has been linked to aggressive behaviors on both a macro- or national level and on a micro- or individual level?

answer

Lead

question

Neurological deficits may interact with another trait or social condition to produce antisocial behaviors. Research conducted by Raine found that children who had experienced birth complications and who then experienced ______ were more likely to engage in criminal offending than children who did not experience these factors.

answer

Maternal Rejection

question

Individuals who have been cut off from society and whose members lack the education and skills needed to be effectively in demand in modern society are considered members of the ______

answer

Underclass

question

A renewal stage in which obsolete housing is replaced and upgraded is known as ________

answer

Gentrification

question

According to Shaw and McKay's statistical analysis, in which concentric zones were the highest rates of crime found in ______

answer

Zone I and II

question

Poverty during early childhood may have a more severe impact on behavior than poverty during adolescence or adulthood. What percent of American children live in poverty?

answer

19%

question

According to Durkheim, ______ occurs in a society in which rules of behavior have broken down or become inoperative during periods of rapid social change or social crisis, such as war or famine.

answer

Anomic

question

What are the three branches of social structure theory?

answer

Social Disorganization Theory, Strain Theory, Cultural Deviance Theory

question

A socially disorganized area is one in which the _______ have broken down and can no longer carry out their expected stated functions

answer

Institutions of Social Control

question

Poverty-ridden neighborhoods which suffer high rates of population turnover and are incapable of inducing residents to remain are known as

answer

Transitional Neighborhoods

question

As communities undergo cycles of change, neighborhood deterioration precedes increasing crime rates. Neighborhoods most at risk for crime rate increases contain

answer

large numbers of single parent families and unrelated people living together

question

Social Disorganization Theory focuses on which of the following conditions in the urban environment?

answer

Inadequate social control and deteriorated housing?

question

One consequence of labeling is the concept of ________, which brings about a reassessment of one's self-image that reflects actual or perceived judgments made by others, such as parents.

answer

Reflected Appraisals

question

When behavior is punished, this is referred to as _______

answer

negative reinforcement

question

In every level of the social structure, youths who fall in with a "bad crowd" become more susceptible to ______

answer

Criminal Behavior Patterns

question

A criticism of learning theories is that they fail to adequately explain ______

answer

Spontaneous Acts of Violence

question

According to Matza, _______ refers to the process of moving from one extreme of behavior to another. Further, this helps to explain why a youth's behavior may be law abiding sometimes and deviant at other times.

answer

Drift

question

When friends or parents demonstrate their disapproval of crime ______

answer

Definitions unfavorable toward criminality occur

question

Social Learning theory suggests that crime is a _______ behavior

answer

Learned

question

Which type of deviance is the result of the criminal label?

answer

The Ruling Class

question

Referring to differential association theory, how does learning criminal behavior differ from learning other behavior?

answer

There is no difference between learning criminal behavior and non-criminal behavior.

question

The process of human development and enculturation is known as

answer

Socialization

question

Productive forces include things such as ______

answer

Technology, Energy Sources, Material Resources

question

Within Marxist thought, the owners of the means of production are called ______

answer

Capitalist Bourgeoisie

question

Conflict theorists believe ____ occurs when people are thrust outside of the economic mainstream, forcing a larger portion of the population to live in areas conducive to crime

answer

Marginalization

question

According to instrumental theorists, unmasking the true purpose of law and justice is termed to ____

answer

Demystify

question

Critical theorists believe that the motives of multinational corporations for providing jobs in third world countries is to _____

answer

Exploit natural resources and desperate workers while avoiding regulations

question

The attachments that exist among the people producing goods and services are known as _____

answer

Productive Relations

question

Richard Quinney's theory that criminal definitions represent the interests of those who hold power in society is known as _____

answer

Social Reality of Crime

question

According to Willem Bonger, crimes are considered antisocial acts because the are harmful to ____

answer

The Ruling Class

question

According to the instrumental view of critical criminology, the poor may or may not commit more crimes than the rich but _____

answer

They are arrested and punished more often

question

High Schools located in poverty stricken inner cities with completion rates of 40% or less are referred to as ____

answer

Drop Out Factories

question

Which key element of power-control theory has been supported by research?

answer

Females in paternalistic households have learned to fear legal sanctions more than have their brothers.

question

Examinations of racial disparities, find that as the number of racial minorities in a population increases ______

answer

The rate of imprisonment increases

question

According to Messerschmidt, men commit more crime than females because of _____, which argues that men control women both economically and biologically.

answer

Double Marginality

question

Which of the following is the best example of a role exit behavior

answer

Running away from home

question

Mainstream criminologists have criticized critical criminology claiming ____

answer

Critical Criminology simply rehashes the old tradition of helping the underdog.

question

Consider the relationship between patriarchy, powerlessness, and crime. When lower-class males are shut out of the economic opportunity structure, they try to guid their self-image through acts of machismo; such acts may involve _____

answer

Violent abuse of women

question

Left-Realists do not view police as inherently evil tools of capitalism but they do wish, however, that police would _____

answer

Reduce their use of force, increase their sensitivity to the public, be more responsive to community needs

question

The system of ______ in which men dominate public, social, economic, and political affairs sustains female oppression at home and in the work place.

answer

Patriarchy

question

When conducting a meta-analysis of literature on police arrests practices, Koche, Wilson & Mastrofski (2011) found that after being stopped by the police _____

answer

Minority suspects were significantly more likely to be arrested than white suspects

question

The branch of conflict theory that focuses upon the emergence of a strict "law and order" philosophy and that believes street criminals prey on the poor and disenfranchised, thus making the poor doubly abused, first by the capitalist system and then by members of their own class is known as _______

answer

Left Realism

question

Most life course theories believe that the seeds of a criminal career are planted _____ and that early onset of deviance strongly predicts later and more serious criminality during young adulthood.

answer

Early in life

question

The pathway of crime that begins at an early age with stubborn behavior leading to deviance and then to authority avoidance is known as ______

answer

The authority conflict pathway

question

According to ________, crime is a type of social problem rather than the produce of other problems

answer

Problem Behavior Syndrome

question

The earlier the onset of criminal behavior, the _____ the criminal career

answer

More frequent, more varied and more sustained

question

Most offenders' antisocial behavior peaks during adolescence and then diminishes as they mature to around the age of 18. These offenders are known as

answer

Adolescent-Limiteds

question

The view that criminality as a dynamic process, is influenced by a multitude of individual characteristics, traits, and social experiences is known as _____

answer

Life Course Theory

question

The foundation of developmental theory can be traced to _____, who researched the life cycle of delinquent careers in the 1930's

answer

Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

question

Who have early experiences with antisocial behavior and are the ones most likely to persist throughout their life course.

answer

Boys and Girls

question

The pathway of crime that begins with bullying and annoying others and then escalates to physical fighting and violence is known as ____

answer

The Overt pathway

question

What does research show to be a key factor in terms of early onset of criminality?

answer

Poor Parental Discipline

question

What is known about the marriage factor and crime?

answer

...

question

In his general theory of crime and delinquency, Agnew states that crime and social relations are ________

answer

Reciprocal

question

When referring to age-graded theory, research supports Sampson and Laub's suspicion that criminal career trajectories can be reversed if _____

answer

Life conditions improve

question

According to latent trait theories, why are people who are antisocial during adolescence the most likely to persist in crime?

answer

Because latent traits are stable

question

The general theory of crime identifies five life domains that shape how an individual reacts to constraints and motivations. Which of these is not a life domain?

answer

Religion

question

Positive relations with individuals and institutions that are life sustaining are known as ____

answer

Social Capital

question

According to theories of the life course, _____ factors are examples of factors such as information processing and attention/perception.

answer

Cognitive

question

A stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition present at birth or established early in life that makes some people crime-prone over the life course is known as a _____

answer

Latent Trait

question

The life events most likely to enable adult offenders to desist from crime are _______

answer

Marriage and Career

question

Life events that enable adult offenders to desist from crime are known as ______

answer

Turning Points

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