CRJ 118 MIDTERM – Flashcards
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True or False. Both alcohol and tobacco function as introductory drugs that may lead to the use of other psychoactive drugs.
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True
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According to the Drug Enforcement Administration, drug addiction is:
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A chronic, relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use.
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The cost of alcohol abuse is ________________ the social cost of all illegal drugs
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Twice
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The word drug is derived from the fourteenth century French word drogue, meaning ____ _____________.
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Dry substance
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_________________ elevate mood- produce feelings of wellbeing- by stimulating the CNS.
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Stimulants
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Substances that can reduce pain are known as ___________.
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Depressants
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__________________ is defined as "a chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use. despite harmful consequences."
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Drug addiction
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Substances that alter perceptual functions are known as ______________.
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hallucinogens
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What is the most frequently legal drug in the stimulants category?
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caffeine
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The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) reports that _______________ dependence is the most common substance use disorder in the United States.
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Nicotine
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The ___________ controls such basic drives as sexual activity.
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Hypothalamus
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Neurotransmitter levels are controlled by chemicals in the presynaptic terminal which are known as __________________ .
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Monoamine Oxidases (MAO)
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Substances that stimulate receptor sites are known as ____________.
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Agonists
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Psychoactive drugs are absorbed into the bloodstream and quicly carried to the _____________ nervous system.
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Central
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When determining risk versus reward, the ______________ tends to emphasize benefits while discounting dangers.
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Adolescent Brain
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___________ where neurotransmitters attach cause chemical substances to interact and produce pharmacological actions.
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Receptor sites
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An important part of the cell body are ________, which appear as branches of a tree and receive messages from other neurons.
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Dendrites
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Consuming more than one type of psychoactive chemical is called
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polydrug use
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True or False: Neurons do not interlock but instead are separated by synapses.
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True
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In reaction to emotional memories burned into it by the intensity of the drug euphoria, the ____________ operates outside of conscious control to cause intense cravings.
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Amygdala
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_______________ is a synthetic version of Morphine prescribed for chronic or long-lasting pain.
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Oxycodone
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Physicians often use the less addictive drug ________________ to relieve heron withdrawal symptoms.
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clonidine
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Chronic ____________ use leads to cirrhosis of the liver, damage to the heart muscle and nerve damage.
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Alcohol
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Most long-term alcoholics suffer from Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, a deficiency in:
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Thiamine (vitamin b1)
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Heron depletes the neurotransmitter ____________________.
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dopamine
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Unlike other drugs of abuse, alcohol ___________________.
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All of these
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Benzodiazepines are referred to pharmacologically as __________________.
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sedative-hypnotics
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Oxycodone is the active ingredient of ___________________, and is also found in medications such as Percodan and Tylox.
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OxyContin's
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True or False. Both alcohol and tobacco function as introductory drugs that may lead to the use of other psychoactive drugs.
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True
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Analogs designed by underground chemists are known as _________________.
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Designer drugs
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Some intravenous abusers combine cocaine with heroin- a practice known as __________________.
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speedballing
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Cocaine achieves its main immediate psychological effect- the high- by causing a buildup of __________________.
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Dopamine
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Cocaine that has been "cut" for consumer sale in the U.S typically has a purity level of less than ______ percent.
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20
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"crazy medicine" is _____________________________________________.
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mixture of methamphetamine and caffeine.
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Crack is made by cooking cocaine in a mixture of ____________ and water.
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sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)
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Researchers have found that the human liver combines ______________ and manufactures a third substance, cocaethylene, which intensifies cocaine's euphoric effects while possibly increasing the risk of sudden death.
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cocaine and alcohol
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The effects of inhaled cocaine disappear in ____________________.
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sixty to ninety minutes
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Resembling a normal cigarette, electronic cigarettes use a battery-powered device to deliver a smokeless and odorless dose of __________________.
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Nicotine
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Because _________________ suppresses the appetite, chronic heavy users generally fail to eat properly and thus develop various illnesses related to vitamin deficiencies and malnutrition.
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methamphetamine
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Women are more susceptible than men to ____________-induced brain damage
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Nicotine
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Perceiving sounds, odors, tactile sensations, or visual images that arise from within the person, not the environment is an automatic hyperactivity-induced distortion of the perception of objective reality known as _____________.
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Hallucination
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Which three classes of prescription drugs are most commonly abused?
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Opioids, depressants, stimulants
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Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was synthesized in __________.
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1947
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____________________ was initially developed as a general anesthetic for surgery.
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Phencyclidine (PCP)
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Fewer than ______ percent of LSD users report recurring low-intensity trips so-called- flashbacks- without having ingested the substance recently.
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25
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Indians in Northern Mexico have used __________ as part of their religious rights since prehistoric times.
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LSD
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__________________ the common name for MDMA (3,4 methylenedioxy-n-methamephetamine), is a synthetic drug that has stimulant and hallucinogenic properties.
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Ecstacy
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The death of ______________ in 2009 cast a spotlight on propofol, a widely used short=acting intravenous sedative-hypnotic used in the induction and maintenance of anesthesia or sedation.
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Michael Jackson
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The immediate effects of inhalants are similar to those of ___________.
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Alcohol
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______________, such as Darvon, Demerol, methadone, morphine, OxyContin, Percocet, Percodan, and Vicodin, which are prescribed to treat pain.
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Opioids
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Freud posited that the ___________ consists of thoughts and memories that can easily be called forth.
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Preconscious
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The genital stage of psychological development occurs from about ages:
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three to five years
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When some aspect of animal or human behavior is followed by a certain type of consequence-a reward- the behavior is more likely to be repeated. the reward is called ____________________________.
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positive reinforcement
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According to Freud, the ______________ exercises a sense of morality that controls behavior.
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superego
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Learning theory proceeds on the basis that all forms of behavior are ____________.
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conditioned
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A person ______________ a negative reinforcer.
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works to escape
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Part of the psychological explanation for drug abuse has been a presumed _________, a psychological vulnerability resulting from problematic family relationships, inappropriate reinforcement, the lack of healthy role models, contradictory parental expectations, and/or an absence of love and respect.
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addictive personality
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Which of the following is cited in the text as a noted behaviorist?
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B.F. Skinner
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Social control theory argues that lower risk of drug use is closely related to
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Close-knit families.
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The pairing of two stimuli, one of which elicits a reflex and one of which is neutral is known as ____________________.
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Classical conditioning
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With the passage of the _____________________ "drug testing also became a standard feature in the workplace as a way to measure worker productivity and to ensure public safety."
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Drug Free Workplace Act
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Opiates were once presented as a cure for ___________________
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Alcohol dependence
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Heroin addicts typically enter treatment when ___________________.
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Their habit is too expensive to support
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Drug testing first appeared in the ____________ as a part of methadone maintenance programs.
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1960s
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Methadone is ____________
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a wholly synthetic narcotic
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Methadone's success in treating some heroin abusers can be explained in terms of _______________
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behaviorism
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The first medication approved by the FDA for dealing with alcohol dependence is _____________
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antabuse
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The alcoholics anonymous (AA) approach of using public confession and commitment and mutual aid concepts can be found in a number of _______ century temperance organizations.
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19th
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Behavior modification is a treatment approach based on ___________
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Learning theory
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______________ therapy strives to have drug abusers understand their cravings and develop coping skills.
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cognitive behavior
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a 700-gram unit of heroin bought in Thailand for $7,500 to $9,500 can be sold in the U.S for between _________________
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$60,000 and $70,000
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In 1972 French and U.S drug agents effectively dismantled the _____________, ending the American Mafia's monopoly on heroin distribution in the United States.
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French Connection
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The globalization of organized crime created a connection with ____________.
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terrorism
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Control of the world's cocaine industry rests in the hands of ____________ organizations.
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Colombian
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______________ organized crime syndicates control the wholesale distribution of cocaine in the western half and the Midwest of the United States and they dominate the drug trade in the Northwestern united.
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Mexican
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In Afghanistan Antidrug efforts to curtail pooy cultivation are hampered by a lack of alternative crops for impoverished farmers and _________ fighters have joined forces with drug smugglers.
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Iranian
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The popular culture of Mexico is infused with songs and ballads- known as _______________- glamorizing drug trafficking.
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Narcocorridos
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__________ dominate marijuana distribution in sections of Manhattan and the Bronx, most of Queens (particularly the Jamaican section of Southwestern Queens), northern brooklyn, and sections of norther new jersey.
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Jamaicans
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Since authorities began keeping records in 1990, dozens of _______ have been found along the Mexican boarder with the United states - 24 were discovered in 2008.
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dope tunnels
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The vast majority of _______ consumed int he United States is produced in Europe- primarily the Netherlands and Belgium.
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Ecstacy
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__________ Restrains government from arbitrarily depriving a person of life, liberty, or property.
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due process
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The _____________ is the court's way of enforcing the Fourth Amendment
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exclusionary rule
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Successful law enforcement efforts, at least in theory ___________________
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should reduce the available supply of drugs while driving up the price and reducing purity.
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U.S efforts against drug abuse are limited by
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national boundaries
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In United states verus Verdugo Urquidez, the supreme court has held that constitutional protections do not obtain in U.S government actions against foreign nationals on
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foreign soil
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_____________ encourages citizens to report crimes; the agency will then respond to the reports
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reactive law enforcement
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Their most important task of the _____________ relative to drug trafficking is responsibility for adminstering the Witness Security Program
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U.S marshals service
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____________ has also been criticized as a plea-bargaining device for drug kingpins
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forfeiture
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Before passage of the ______________, money laundering was not a federal crime.
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Money laundering control act of 1986
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The _________ have been particularly active in efforts against outlaw motorcycle clubs, which often traffic firearms and drugs.
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Bureau of Alcohol, tobacco, firearms and explosives
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Drugs became a major political issue during the 1988 presidential campaign in part because of a _____________ that asked the question "Should Drugs Be Made Legal?"
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Time Magazine article
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Nadelmann argues that most Americans would oppose making alcohol and tobacco illegal because
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all of the above
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Most of those who ingest psychoactive chemicals
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do not become dysfunctional
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When Connecticut changed its law to permit the purchase and possession of hypodermic needles without a prescription, the number of AIDS cases fell by ____ percent.
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40
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The principle of harm reduction that evaluates impacts in comparison to some other, or no, intervention is
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balancing costs and benefits
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The principle of harm reduction that accepts that some use of mind-altering substances is a common feature of human experience is ________________.
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pragmantism
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The primary aim of Dutch drug policy is focused on
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health protection
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dutch drug policy led to an influx of heroin users from other countries- so-called
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Drug tourists
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The moral-legal model attempts to control availability of drugs through _____
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penalties
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The ____________ model utilizes three methods to control potentially dangerous drugs in the United States,
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moral-legal
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By 2004 state prisons were operating at ____ percent of capacity.
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115
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Substances that fall under medical auspices are ____________.
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oxycontin, morphine, and amphetamine
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The Minnesota Supreme Court found unconstitutional and discriminatory against African Americans a state law providing twenty years in prison for crack possession but only ___ years for possession of powdered cocaine in State v. Russell (1991).
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5
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Although _________________ are clearly dangerous psychoactive chemicals—drugs—semantic fiction portrays them otherwise.
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Nicotine and alcohol
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The successful effort to force Turkey to curtail its production of opium in the 1970s resulted in a concomitant rise in opium production in ________ and Southeast Asia.
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Mexico
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The first woman convicted for delivering a controlled substance to her fetus, in Florida in ________.
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1990
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A study conducted by USA Today revealed that African Americans are ______ as likely as whites to be arrested on drug charges, even though both groups use drugs at about the same rate.
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4 times
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Women who abuse heroin during pregnancy frequently give birth to infants suffering from ____________________.
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neonatal abstinence syndrome
