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Hypothesis

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testable prediction of what should occur under a precisely stated set of conditions

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Replicability

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can be obtained by following the same procedures, allows other scientists to repeat studies in order to confirm or contradict the validity of findings

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Theory

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comprehensive explanation of observable events and conditions, a good theory makes precise, consistent predictions, it relies on a small number of underlying assumptions

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Falsifiable

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a theory that makes precise predictions

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scientific open-mindedness

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willingness to consider evidence, not questioning acceptance of any possibility in the absence of evidence

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operational definition

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behavioral, observable definitions are developed for constructs, these specify the procedures used to measure it

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population vs. sample

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population: research questions may be relevant to a large group of interest such as: seven-10 year old children or people diagnosed with depression

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convenience sample

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chosen because of easy availability

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representative sample

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closely resembles the population in proportion of sex, ethnic or racial groups, age levels, and other relevant characteristics

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cross-cultural sample

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comprised of people from two or more distinct cultures

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observational research designs:naturalistic, case history, surveys

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naturalistic: careful monitoring and description of humans and animals in natural settings (social organization and biological functioning of chimpanzees) case history: thorough description of a single event most often a unusual or rare condition (Phineas Gage) Surveys: study of the prevalence of certain beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors, based on people's responses to specific questions

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Correlational Studies: Correlation coefficient, scatterplot, correlation does not equal causation

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correlational research describes relationships between variables (height, weight) Correlation coefficient: numeric index of the relationship's strength and direction correlation does not equal causation: correlation tells how variables are related only. Two conditions appear together but may not have a causal relationship (the more someone weighs, the bigger her vocab is)

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Experiments: IV, DV, Experimental and control groups, random assignment

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Independent variable: a variable that does not depend on that of another dependent variable: value depends on another Experimental group: individuals receiving the treatment control group: individuals not exposed to the treatment random assignment: subjects placed in the experimental or control group based on chance

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Define cognition. What does cognitive neuroscience add to cognitive psychology?

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Mental activity, refers to the acquisition, storage, transformation, and use of knowledge. Cognitive neuroscience- studies the neural substrates of cognition

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What is the primary difference between behaviorist and cognitive approaches to the study of human behavior?

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behaviorist: positive and negative reinforcements, stimulus response Cognitive- thought processes, brain activity, memory, planning

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Who is given the title "father of cognitive psychology"? What are some of the topics discussed in his now classic book, Cognitive Psychology (1967)? Were these also topics researched by the behaviorists (e.g., Watson, Skinner)?

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Ulric Neisser Located and explored a range of research topics (perception, attention, pattern recognition, info processing, problem solving, remembering) within a unified theoretical framework. No these were not topics researched by the behaviorists.

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The hippocampus and amygdala are located in the medial temporal lobe; what are their primary functions?

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amygdala: emotion and species-typical behaviors hippocampus: memory and spatial navigation

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Electrical Recording EEG/ERP (note that EEG doesn't record from single neurons)

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Detect changes in the electrical activity of the neurons EEG- records electrical potentials or "brain waves" in the brain ERG- breif change in EEG signal in response to a discrete sensory stimulus, stimulus presented repeatedly and the recorded responses are averaged

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Brain Stimulation TMS, rTMS, DBS

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Induce changes in the electrical activity of the neurons TMS- stimulation of brain using a magnetic stimulator DBS- electrodes implanted in the brain to stimulate the tissue

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Static Imaging X-Ray Imaging - X-Ray ; CT

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- Sensitive to the density of different parts of the brain Produce static 2D image of the brain CT- passes x-ray beams through the brain at different images then combines the images to create a 3D image of the brain

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Dynamic Imaging PET, MRI, fMRI, DTI

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Records and manipulates ongoing changes in brain activity PET- radioactive molecules injected into the bloodstream or inhaled, molecules release particles that are detected by PET camera, computer reconstructs variations in the density of the flow of particles, an image representing areas of high and low blood flow is produced MRI- uses large magnet and a specific radiofrequency pulse to generate a brain signal that produces an image fMRI- based on principle that oxygen-rich blood is an index of brain activity DTI- images fiber pathways by detecting directional movements of water molecules

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Define sensation and perception. What's the difference?

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Sensation- converts physical stimuli into patterns of nervous system responses Perception- interprets those responses

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We talked about a few structures of the eye: pupil, lens, retina, rods & cones, fovea Look at figure?

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pupil- adjustable opening through which light enters the eye lens- light is directed into these and then the lens directs light to the back of the eyebal, varies in thickness, enabling eye to accommodate or adjust focus for different distances retina- contains photoreceptors: rods and cones

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Geniculostriate and tectopulvinar visual pathways

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geniculostriate: pathway takes part in pattern recognition and conscious visual functions tectopulvinar: detects stimuli and helps orient us to stimuli

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3 streams from visual cortex and their basic functions (dorsal, ventral, STS).

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STS: characterized by polysensory neurons, neurons responsive to both auditory and visual input or both visual and somatosensory input Dorsal (parietal) Ventral (temporal

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STS Function (e.g., McGurk Effect)

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neurons are responsive to both auditory and visual input Seeing someone's mouth and face while they speak makes it easier to hear them. Auditory neurons increase firing by 25% when the sound of voice is accompanied by a visual of the mouth speaking.

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Gestalt Principles (proximity etc.)

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proximity- we perceive objects close together as belonging to a group similarity- we perceive objects that resemble each other as forming a group continuation- we fill in gaps, or close familiar figures Good figure- we perceive one that is simple and symmetrical

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Face Recognition ; Prosopagnosia The brain structure to know is FFA (fusiform face area

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Prosopagnosia: "face blindness" is a syndrome in which people fail to recognize faces of family members, friends and even themselves

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Bottom-Up vs. Top-Down Processing

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Bottom up: emphasizes characteristics of the stimulus Top down: emphasizes our memory, expectations, and concepts

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Word Superiority Effect

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independent variable- words or nonwords, same or different, dependent- reaction time and proportion correct, faster at recognizing real words We identify a letter moe accurately and rapidly when it appears in a meaningful word.

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Change Blindness

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fail to detect changes in a scene or object on viewing it again

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Inattentional Blindness

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fail to notice when a new object has appeared gorilla study

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Divided Attention Multitasking What are some examples of distracted driving or walking? Why is texting while driving dangerous? The only statistic you need is the 5 sec/55mph/football field analogy

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Divided attention- attempt to attend to 2 or more simultaneous messages, and respond appropriately to teach Distracted walking- talking or texting on phone Distracted Driving- texting, eating, grooming Y is texting most dangerous?- requires visual, manual, and cognitive attention from the driver 5 seconds is average time eyes are off road while texting, while traveling 55mph that's enough time to cover the length of a football field blindfolded

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Selective Attention Dichotic Listening Cocktail Party Effect Stroop Effect/Task & Emotional Stroop (e.g., phobia, eating disorder) Visual Search (I would revisit Demonstrations 3.2 and 3.3 from text)

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Stroop Effect- either color and word are congruent or incongruent, reaction time, Dichotic: one message presented to left ear and a different message presented to right ear, shadow one of the messages, people notice very little about the unattended message, Cocktail- attend to your own name Emotional stroop task- naming ink color of words with strong emotional significance, phobic disorder- slower on anxiety arousing words than on control words Visual search- find a target in a visual display with numerous distractors, more accurate at identifying target if appears frequently

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Eye Movements in Reading

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a selective attention task, important in looking, searching, driving, speaking, and reading

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Theories of Attention Feature-Integration Theory

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basic elements: distributed attention, register features automaticaly, parallel processessing, identify features simultaneously, low-level processing, focused attention, slower serial processing, identify one object at a time, complex objects, identify which features belong together

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Neuroscience of Attention (areas of brain and their functions as presented in class)

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selecting info from sensory input, visual search parietal lobe- involved in creating a 3D representation of the space we are in subcortical- involved in attention superior colliculus (midbrain)- guides attentional eye movements pulvinar- involved in visual processing, orientating and shifting attention, and attentional filtering of stimuli Intraparietal sulcus- controlling the voluntary shifts of attention frontal eye field- establishes gaze in accordance with cofnitive goals rather than with characteristics of stimuli

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Name the 4 categories of neuroimaging techniques discussed in class, and an example of at least one What can these methods do for us? What kinds of questions can we answer by using each one?)

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dynamic brain imaging- records and manipulates ongoing changes in brain activity (Positron Emission Tomography, MRI, fMRI, DTI) electrical recording- detect changes in the electrical activity of the neurons (single cell recording, EEG: used for sleep studies, records electrical potentials or "brain waves" in the brain or monitoring the depth of anesthesia or studying normal brain function or to diagnose epilepsy, or ERP: ) brain stimulation- induce changes in the electrical activity of the neurons (Deep Brain Stimulation- electrodes implanted in brain to stimulate tissue (treatment for parkinsons), Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: movement disorders, chronic pain, and depression) static imaging- x-ray imaging, sensitive to the density of different parts of the brain (static 2D image of the brain, CT scan: locating brain tumors and lesions)

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Name the 4 lobes of the brain and 1 function of each

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Frontal- primary motor, planning Temporal- emotion, learning, memory Occipital- primary visual Parietal- auditory & visual, spatial perception, somatosensory

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relate the following terms: hypothesis, falsifiability, and operational definition

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Hypothesis is a testable prediction, falsifiability is things we know we can find to confirm or contradict, and operational definitions are a numerical value, measurable

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Independant and dependant variable and relate to an article

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independant- variable we manipulate dependent- measure, outcome, reaction time

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How do psychoanalytic, behaviorist, and cognitive approaches to human behavior differ?

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psychoanalytic- unconscious behaviors & thoughts behaviorist- positive & negative reinforcements, stimulus response cognitive- thought processes, brain activity, memory planning

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Give an example of bottom up and top down processing

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bottom up- something falls, someone says your name top down- reading

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what is the difference between change blindness and inattentional blindness?

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change blindness- not noticing change in a scene (gorilla?) inattentional blindness- fail to detect appearance of something new

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seeing someone's mouth and face while they speak makes it easier to hear them. This influence of visual info on speech perception is known as the _________ Pol;ysensory neurons in the _______ are responsive to both auditory and visual input

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Mcgerk?? STS

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visual perception is an active creation, not the mere adding together of lines and movement. This describes _______ psychology

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Gestalt

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You can identify a letter more accurately when it appears in a word than when it does not. This phenomenon is called the....

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Word superiority effect

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What is the function of saccadic eye movement in reading?

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series of little jumps of the eye, bring center of retina over the words being read

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How can the Stroop paradigm be used in clinical research? Feel free to come up with your own example.

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Man and the dog?

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Suppose that you are sitting in a cafeteria, trying to focus on a comment from a student on your left, while a student on your right is talking to a friend. This situation resembles the laboratory setup known as a. the Stroop task. b. dichotic listening. c. bottom-up processing. d. the feature-integration theory approach.

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dichotic listening

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Name 1 function of each of the 5 brain regions/structures: FFA Hippocampus Occipital lobe Superior colliculus Thalamus

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occipital: primary visual, visual association Hippocampus- memory an spatial navigation

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Change Detection Cog Lab-

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IV: flicker DV: response time ; proportion correct Scenes and the flicker and seeing if there was a change or not Change blindness

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Laptop multitasking hinders classroom learning for both users and nearby peers

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main findings: laptop multitasking will not allow you to perform well, multitasking affects others and not only yourself, cause more problems than help

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The pen is mightier than the keyboard: advantages of longhand over laptop note taking

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main findings: laptop note takers did not do as well on tests. longhand note taking allows students to do more well. Longhanded note takers did better

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Oxytocin eliminates the own-race bias in face recognition memory

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it did eliminate own race bias

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effects of oxytocin on behavioral and ERP measures of recognition memory for own race and other race faces in women and men

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oxytocin allowed for more accuracy but did not influence memory for own race and other race faces differently oxytocin enhances memory of faces with positive facial expressions oxytocin led to memory impairing effect on recollection but only in men

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