CJ 220 Final Exam – Flashcards
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classical school
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emphasized the rejection of spiritual or religious explanations of crime in favor of the view that offenders use their reasoning in deciding to commit crime; The individual criminal is capable of calculating what he or she wants to do
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positivist school
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emphasized the scientific study of criminals
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crime evenly distributed amongst the United States
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false
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As theories of crime chance, so do criminal justice policies.
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true
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Theories are empty ruminations and have no consequences in the real world.
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false
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Where did the early theories of crime locate the cause of crime?
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in the individual
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Spiritualism
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stresses the conflict between good and evil
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three methods constructed to deal with criminals in the spiritualistic era
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trial by battle, trial by ordeal, and compurgation
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father of criminology
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lombroso
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atavism
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lombroso argued that criminals were a throwback to earlier evolutionary states
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ferri
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author of The Theory of Imputability and the Denial of Free Will, attacked free will arguments and acknowledged the interrelatedness of social, economic, and political factors.
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pity; probity
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______ is the sentiment of the revulsion against the voluntary infliction of suffering on others, while _____ is the respect for the property rights of others.
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Gorin
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His study of 3000 English convicts concluded that there were no significant differences between the criminals and non-criminals except for stature and body weight.
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sheldons three body types
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endomorphy, ectomorphy, mesomorphy
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_____ concluded that because youths came from parents who were delinquent in very much the same way that the boys were delinquent, the factors that produce delinquency were inherited
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sheldon
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The _____ school seeks to explain crime by focusing attention on the personality and how it was produced.
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psychogenic
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Which theorist argued that crime is a symbolic expression of inner tensions that each person has but fails to control?
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freud
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The Social Darwinists felt that the best way to solve the crime problem was for the government to try to help people, such as through social welfare programs
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false
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Reformers, called _______, argued that the system should be arranged not to punish offenders but rather to rehabilitate them
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progressives
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_____ theories suggest that biological traits interact with the social environment to shape human behavior
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biosocial
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Markers for the ____ strategy would include low birth weight, large numbers of siblings, and earlier involvement in sexual activity
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r strategy
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Mednick proposed that certain high-risk individuals have inherited a/an _____ that is less sensitive to environmental stimuli.
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autonomic nervous system
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genetics tries to tease out the heritability component from the environmental contribution to various traits and behaviors, such as IQ and violence
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behavior genetics
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rGEs arise because of the way children inherit both their genes and their environment from their parents. These rGEs are given to the child as a package
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passive rGEs
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is based on the new discovery that environmental factors tend to alter gene functioning without affecting the molecular structure of DNA at all by activating or deactivating particular aspects.
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epigenetics
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If the biosocial approaches are successful, they have the potential to pull us away from the "criminal justice model" toward the "medical model."
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true
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The _____ school argued that one aspect of American society, the city, contained potent criminogenic forces
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Chicago
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The ________ movement was troubled by the plight of the urban poor, and argued that the poor were pushed by the environment into lives of crime
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progressive
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The _______ was characterized by the assumption that the government could be trusted to create and administer agencies that would affect needed social reform
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age of reform
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_____ concluded that Chicago's development and organization was not random or idiosyncratic, but rather patterned, and could be understood in terms of basic social processes
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park
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______ concluded that neighborhood organization was instrumental in preventing or permitting delinquent careers
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shaw and mckay
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______ argued that cities grow in a series of concentric zones or rings
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burgess
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Which zone was a particular cause for concern and study
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the zone in transition
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According to _______, disorganized neighborhoods helped to produce and sustain criminal traditions, which could be transmitted through successive generations
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shaw and mckay
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_____ substituted for social disorganization the concept of differential social organization
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sutherland
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The term ______ refers to criminal behavior being learned through social interactions
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differential association
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According to Sutherland, crime occurs when _____ favorable to crime outweigh those that are unfavorable to crime
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definitions
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______ is defined as social cohesion among neighbors combined with their willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good
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collective efficacy
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______ involves residents' behaving proactively when they see wayward behavior, e.g. calling the authorities, intervening when there is trouble, and telling unruly teenagers to quiet down or go home.
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informal social control
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According to Anderson, a _____ shapes how disrespected parties should act.
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code of the street
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In his/their social learning theory, ______ attempted to specify the mechanisms and processes through which criminal learning takes place
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ronald akers
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According to social learning theory, _____, or modeling, determines if people become involved in crime.
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imitation
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_______, also defined as rewards and punishments, determine whether any behavior is repeated.
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social reinforcements
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Which of the following is the most effective way to reduce crime, according to Shaw and McKay?
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reorganize communities
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Interventions based on differential association and social learning theory often attempt to _______.
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Remove offenders from settings that encourage crime and place them in settings that provide prosocial reinforcement
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The strategy of _____ was the creation of neighborhood communities in Chicago's disorganized slum areas
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CAP
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According to Shaw and McKay's research, juveniles were drawn into crime through their association with older siblings or gang members
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true
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Collective efficacy is evenly distributed across neighborhoods
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false
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Chicago was of interest to researchers because it had expanded so rapidly
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true
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For _____, the key ingredient to crime was not neighborhood disorganization, but the "American Dream."
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merton
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Which of the following is not a mode of adaptation according to Merton?
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Criminality
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According to Merton, most people engage in ______, or accept the cultural goal and institutional legitimacy.
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conformity
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According to Merton, ______ occurs when people maintain outward conformity to the norms but scale down their aspirations (accept the goals, reject the means).
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ritualism
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______ is defined as normlessness or deregulation
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Anomie
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According to Merton, youngsters where not led into crime by life in the slum, but rather by the ______.
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denial of the opportunity to leave the slum
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According to _____, besides economic strain, there may be other kinds of negative relations or situations that create strain and prompt people to break the law
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agnew
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According to Agnew _____ emotions create pressure for corrective action; individuals feel bad and want to do something about it
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negative
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Which theory is associated with Messner and Rosenfeld?
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institutional-anomie
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According to Messner and Rosenfeld, in the United States the institutional balance of power is tilted toward the _____.
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economy
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In 1938, Merton published Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang
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false
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Merton argued that the cultural goals in America may not be reached through conventional means in some social segments of the American population
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true
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U.S. social institutions are arranged to be subservient to and supportive of the economy
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true
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_____ takes the position that because conformity cannot be taken for granted, nonconformity is to be expected when social regulations are less than completely effective
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control theory
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Control theory is a theory of _____.
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conformity
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The origins of contemporary control theories of crime and delinquency are to be found in part in the work of _____.
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emile durkheim
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anomie
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______ is described as the more or less complete collapse of social solidarity itself, the destruction of the fundamental bonds uniting individuals in a collective social order so that each person is forced to go it alone
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According to Durkheim, _____ was considered to be the sum of social forces of constraint that bound individuals to the norms
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regulation
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According to Durkheim, _____ was described as a state of cohesion amounting to a common faith sustained by collective beliefs and practices leading to strong social bonds
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integration
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Which of the following theorists argue that delinquents retained a commitment to conventional society and its standards of behavior?
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gresham sykes and david matza
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According to Matza, two factors, preparation and deterrence, were triggering factors for delinquency.
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false
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Control theory asks the question, "Why do people commit crimes and acts of delinquency?"
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false
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Which of the following is the name of Hirschi's first theory?
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social bond theory
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The central premise of Hirschi's first theory is that delinquency arises when _____ are weak or absent
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social bonds
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According to Hirschi, what is the key issue that needs to be explained from a control perspective?
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Why people, who are all motivated to seek immediate gratification in the easiest way possible, refrain from doing so
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Which of the following is not a control factor for Hirschi?
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conformity
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According to Hirschi, what is indirect control?
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When children are not in the same location or physically separated from their parents but children refrain from offending because their attachment makes parents psychologically present
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Hirschi claims that youths who get good grades and have a stake in conformity will be less likely to commit delinquent acts. Which social bond is he describing?
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committment
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According to Hirschi, structured conventional activities take away chances to offend. What social bond is he referring to?
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involvement
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Who set forth self-control theory?
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gottfredson and hirschi
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According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, the inculcation of self-control depends on what?
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the quality of parenting during a child's early years
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______ studied the power relations between husbands and wives that shape the way their children are controlled.
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John Hagan
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power control theory
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The theory about how power relations between husbands and wives shape the way their children are controlled is called:
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Which of the following is not a policy implication of control theories?
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get tough policies
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Control theorists ask the question "why don't they do it?" rather than "why do they do it?"
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true
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______ argue that the criminal justice system anchors people in criminal careers
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labeling theorists
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Labeling theorists view crime as _______.
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socially constructed
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A lawbreaker's behavior is only one factor in determining whether a criminal _____ is conferred
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label
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According to labeling theory, the nature of ______ to crime determines whether a crime has occurred.
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societal reactions
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According to labeling theorists, _____ created crime rather than halted crime.
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state intervention
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According to Edwin Lemert, ______ deviance occurs when the offender tries to rationalize the behavior as a temporary aberration or sees it as part of a socially acceptable role.
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primary
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According to Edwin Lemert, _____ deviance occurs when social reaction intensifies progressively with each act of primary deviance, and the offender becomes stigmatized
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secondary
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Labeling theorists borrowed ______ concept of the self-fulfilling prophecy
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merton's
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For labeling theorists, _____ policies ultimately will prove self-defeating
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get tough
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Which of the following is not a policy implied by labeling theory?
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denial
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_____ is defined as the removal of many forms of conduct from the scope of the criminal law.
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decriminalization
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What policy eliminated discretionary abuse and forced judges to sentence according to written codes and not according to whim?
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due process
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What policy has had the effect of increasing state intervention or "widening the net" of state control?
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diversion
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The policy of ______ refers to the lessening of prison populations and instead, placing offenders in community programs.
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deinstitutionalization
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_____ shaming stigmatizes and excludes, thereby creating a class of outcasts.
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disintegrative
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postmodernism
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way of thinking about social problems, not a theory; crime is rooted in the unequal classes of society
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redemption scripts
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"i was always good i just off track"
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contamination or condemnation scripts
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"they were doomed from the start and thats why they will never be able to succeed in life"
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general abolitionism
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Punishment is never justified because it is a form of social control based on faulty logic that the infliction of pain
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restricted abolitionism
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Elimination of specific aspects of CJ system, esp. prisons
