Chapter 9 Physical and Cognitive Development in Childhood – Flashcards
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What is the most common health problem in childhood
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Vision-Myopia
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Causes of Obesity in Middle Childhood
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Overweight parents, Low SES, Parents' feeding practices, Low physical activity, Television, Cultural food environment
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What is a motor Development in Early Childhood?
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Gross motor skills
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Fine motor skills is a
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Motor Development in Early Childhood
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Gross Motor Skills Improvements
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Flexibility, Balance, Agility, Force
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Fine Motor Skills Gains
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Writing, Drawing
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What are Physical Play Development in Middle Childhood
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Games with Rules, Video Games, Adult-organized sports, Physical Education
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Video games is apart of
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Physical Play Development in Middle Childhood
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Adult-organized sports is apart of
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Physical Play Development in Middle Childhood
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Games with rules is apart of
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Physical Play Development in Middle Childhood
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Concentrations is apart of
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Piaget's Theory: Achievements of the Concrete Operational Stage
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Classification is apart of
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Piaget's Theory: Achievements of the Concrete Operational Stage
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Seriation is apart of
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Piaget's Theory: Achievements of the Concrete Operational Stage
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Spatial Reasoning is apart of
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Piaget's Theory: Achievements of the Concrete Operational Stage
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focusing on several aspects of a problem and relating them rather than centering on just one.
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Decentration
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ability to think through a series of step and then mentally reverse direction, returning to the starting point
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Reversibility
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able to focus on general category and two specific categories
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Classification
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The ability to order items along a quantitative dimension such as weight
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Seriation
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The concrete operation child can also seriate mentally
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Transitive inference
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mental representations of familiar large-scale spaces, such as school
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Cognitive Maps
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Key information processing improvements
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Increase in information-processing capacity, Gains in cognitive inhibition
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Attention in middle childhood becomes more
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Selective, adaptable, planful
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What is one memory strategy in middle childhood
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Rehearsal
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What is another memory strategy in middle childhood
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Organization
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What is one of the final memory strategies in middle childhood
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Elaboration
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Repeating the information to self
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Rehearsal
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Grouping related items together
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Organization
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Creating a relationship between two or more pieces of information that do not belong to the same category
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Elaboration
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Reading develops a
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whole language approach
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Whole language approach
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argued that reading should be taught in a way that parallels natural language learning. By exposing children to text in is complete form, using reading materials that whole and meaningful promote appreciation of the communicative function of written language.
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Phonics approach
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Believing that children should first be coached on phonics. Only after mastering these skills should they get complex reading material
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Two ways of information processing and academics learning
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reading, mathematics
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Identifies three broad interacting intelligences
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Triarchic theory of successful intelligence
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One of three interacting intelligences
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Analytical
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Two of three interacting intelligences
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Creative
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Three of three interacting intelligences
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Practical
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Application of intellectual skills in everyday situations
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Practical intelligence
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The capacity to solve novel problems
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Creative intelligence
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Information processing skills
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Analytical intelligence
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defines intelligence in terms of distinct sets of processing that permit individuals to engage in a wide range of culturally valued activities. Dismissing the idea of general intelligence.
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Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
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Vocabulary develops
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increased four fold during school year, 20 new word a day
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Grammar develops
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passive voice, infinitive phrases
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Pragmatics develop
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adjustment to people and situations phrase request to get what they want
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What are the Educational Philosophies and Practices
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Traditional v. Open Classrooms, New directions, self-fulfilling prophesies
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A ratio of weight to heigh associated with body fat.
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What is BMI
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What is obesity
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a greater than 20% increase over healthy weight
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What can can counteract BMI?
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Activity
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What causes a high bmi
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Overeating
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encourages students to construct their own knowledge. Although constructivist approaches vary, many are grounded in Piaget's theory, which views the children as active agents who reflect on and coordinate their own thoughts rather than absorbing those of others.
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Constructivist classroom
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the teacher is the sole authority for knowledge, rules, and decision making and does most of the talking. Students are relatively passive. Their progress is evaluated by how well they keep pace w/ a uniform set of standards for their grade.
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Traditional Classroom
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children may adopt teachers' positive or negative views and live up to them
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Self-fulfilling prophesies
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A major shortcoming of Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is that
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neurological evidence for the independence of his abilities is weak.
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According to Piaget, thought in middle childhood is far more __________ than in early childhood.
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logical
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According to Sternberg's triarchic theory, applying strategies and engaging in self-regulation are examples of __________ intelligence.
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analytical
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Adoption studies reveal that
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when children of low-IQ mothers are adopted at birth by parents who are well above average in income and education, they score above average in IQ during the school years.
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Along with body growth, __________ plays a vital role in improved motor performance in middle childhood.
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more efficient information processing
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Although 8-year-old Claire can easily arrange sticks of differing lengths from shortest to tallest, she cannot solve the following problem: "Jack is taller than Sam, and Sam is taller than Max. Who is the tallest?" This is because Claire's concrete mental operations work poorly with
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abstract ideas.
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Arthur Jensen's 1969 monograph, "How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?" was controversial because he argued that
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heredity is largely responsible for individual, ethnic, and SES variations in intelligence.
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At age 6, the average North American child weighs _____ pounds and is _____ feet tall.
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45; 3½
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Between the ages of 6 and 12, __________ primary teeth are lost and replaced by permanent ones. Selected Answe
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20
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By far, the most common chronic disease or condition of children in the United States is
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asthma
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Children with persistent learning difficulties in reading and math are often deficient in
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working-memory capacity.
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Dr. Goldberg introduces irrelevant stimuli into a task and records how well children attend to its central elements. Dr. Goldberg is probably studying
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selectivity of attention.
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During a conservation-of-water experiment, Emme can focus on several aspects of the problem and relate them, rather than centering on just one aspect. Therefore, Emme is capable of
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Decentration
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During the elementary school years, on average, children learn about _____ new words each day
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20
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Educators who advocate a whole-language approach argue that
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from the beginning, children should be exposed to text in its complete form so that they can appreciate the communicative function of written language.
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Gains in __________ contribute to a child's ability to play games with rules.
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perspective taking
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Jamal is able to think through a series of steps and then mentally return to the starting point. Therefore, Jamal is capable of
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reversibility.
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Kim Lee is able to mentally represent her neighborhood and describe it to others. Kim Lee's representation is known as a
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cognitive map.
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One valid criticism of youth sports is that
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they overemphasize competition and substitute adult control for children's natural experimentation with rules and strategies.
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Research on bilingual education shows that
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a strategy that promotes children's native-language skills while they learn English is most effective for non-English-speaking minority children.
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Extends from about 7 to 11 yrs and marks a major turning in cognitive development. Through is far more logical, flexible, and organized than it was earlier.
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Piaget's concrete operational stage
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Perfecting memory strategies requires _ , _
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Time + effort
